The Simple sugars include-Monosaccharides

• A) Glucose

• B) Fructose

• C) Galactose

Keep in mind that it is only the monosaccharides that are small enough to be absorbed; I’ll have a picture of this later in the slide show.

Simple sugars include– Monosaccharides– Disaccharides

• A)Sucrose

• B)Lactose

• C)Maltose

These are too large to be absorbed and must be hydrolyzed into monosaccharides

This shows the hydrolysis of maltose. The

process is similar for all the

disaccharides.

This shows how disaccharides and

polysaccharides are made in the first place. Plants make

sucrose. Our liver cells make glycogen by attaching glucose molecules together in a series of condensation

reactions.

BRUSH BORDER/CELLS LINING

INTESTINE

This slide shows what happens to a molecule of starch as it travels through the digestive tract. In the mouth and lumen of the small intestine, it is hydrolyzed into primarily maltose. At the microvilli (“brush border”) of small intestinal cells, maltase hydrolyzes maltose into 2 glucose, which then enter the cell and continue into the capillary of the villus.

This slide shows the disaccharide enzymes and the “tunnels” that allow the monosaccharides into the cells. Because of the scale of this illustration, you cannot make out microvilli. To understand where the nutrients are traveling, pay close attention to the spaces labeled “lumen of small intestine,” “cell interior,” and “capillary.” Now, if you look at a picture of a villus, you should be able to understand the context.

• This is a simple illustration showing the uptake of glucose by a liver cell. The circle is a tunnel allowing glucose to enter. Insulin is pointed out to remind you that cells (including liver cells) take glucose out of the blood when insulin tells them to do so.

Liver cellBlood

• Plants store starch in seeds. Seeds contain a baby plant plus nutrients for the baby plant, much like a bird’s egg.

• The germ is the baby plant. This is a grain seed, such as wheat or corn. Beans, nuts and oats are laid out a little bit differently, and it’s not as easy to separate the nutritious baby plant and fibrous outer covering from the starch storage. (Actually, nuts store mostly fat for the baby plant)

• This slide illustrates the different 3-D layout of starch vs. the fiber cellulose. It’s hard to illustrate 3-D using a 2-D picture!

• The following slide hopefully illustrates some of the possible fates of proteins (amino acids) and fatty acids when they are used for energy SPECIFICALLY DURING A FAST.

• I created the slide, so I apologize if it’s not as clear as it could be!

• The graphics at the bottom are trying to depict (from left to right): glucose entering a cell, a fatty acid entering a cell, a ketone body entering a cell.

• Amino Acids Fatty Acids

• converted used by converted

• to body to

• cells

• Glucose Ketone bodies

• used by used by

• brain cells all cells

Brain CellLiver Cell

Any cell