EQ: How did Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson help shape the New England colonies?

Separatists

vs.

Puritans

Sources of Puritan Migration

Covenant Theology“Covenant of Grace”:

between Puritan communities and God.

“Social Covenant”: Between members of Puritan

communities with each other. Required mutual watchfulness. No toleration of deviance or

disorder. No privacy.

Plymouth Plantation

William BradfordSelf-taught scholar.Chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in yearly elections.Worried about settlements of non-Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritan society.

Colonizing New England

First Seal of MA Bay

The MA Bay Colony1629 non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co.

Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England.

They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.”

1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships

Established a colony with Boston as its hub.“Great Migration” of the 1630s

Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.

Not all Puritans 20,000 came to MA.

John Winthrop

..we shall be as a ..we shall be as a City on a hill.The eyes City on a hill.The eyes of all people are upon of all people are upon

us.us.

Well-off attorney and manor lord in England.A Modell of Christian Charity.Became 1st governor of Massachusetts. Believed that he

had a “calling” from God to lead there.

Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Low mortality Low mortality average life average life expectancy was 70 years of expectancy was 70 years of age.age.Many extended families.Many extended families.Average 6 children per family.Average 6 children per family.Puritans were NOT tolerant of Puritans were NOT tolerant of other faithsother faithsAverage age at marriage:Average age at marriage:

Women – 22 years oldWomen – 22 years old Men – 27 years old.Men – 27 years old.

PatriarchyAuthoritarian male father figures controlled each household.

Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.

Puritan “Rebels”Young, popular minister in Young, popular minister in Salem.Salem. Argued for a full break Argued for a full break

with the Anglican Church.with the Anglican Church. Condemned MA Bay Condemned MA Bay

Charter.Charter.• Did not give fair Did not give fair

compensation to Natives.compensation to Natives. Denied authority of civil Denied authority of civil

govt. to regulate religious govt. to regulate religious behavior.behavior.

1635 1635 found guilty of preaching found guilty of preaching new & new & dangerous opinionsdangerous opinions and was exiled. and was exiled.

Roger Roger WilliamsWilliams

The Bloody Tenant of Persecution… by Roger

Williams [1644]

1636 1636 Roger Williams fled there. Roger Williams fled there. MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him

to England to prevent him from founding a to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony.competing colony.

Remarkable political freedom in Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RIProvidence, RI• Universal manhood suffrage Universal manhood suffrage later later

restricted by a property qualification.restricted by a property qualification.• Opposed to special privilege of any kind Opposed to special privilege of any kind

freedom of opportunity for all.freedom of opportunity for all.

RI becomes known as the “Sewer” RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters religious dissenters More liberal than More liberal than any other colony!any other colony!

Rhode Island

Intelligent, strong-willed,Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman.well-spoken woman.Threatened patriarchal Threatened patriarchal control.control.AntinomialismAntinomialism [direct [direct revelation]revelation] Means “against the law.”Means “against the law.” Carried to logical extremes Carried to logical extremes

Puritan doctrine of Puritan doctrine of predestination.predestination.

Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.Holy life was no sure sign of salvation. Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of

either God or man.either God or man.

Puritan “Rebels”

AnneAnneHutchinsonHutchinson

1638 1638 she confounded the Puritan she confounded the Puritan leaders for days.leaders for days.Eventually bragged that she had Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.Direct revelation was even more serious Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY??WHY??Puritan leaders banished her Puritan leaders banished her she & she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY.her family traveled to RI and later to NY. She and all but one member of her family She and all but one member of her family

were killed in an Indian attack in were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.Westchester County.

John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

Anne Hutchinson’s Trial

New England Spreads Out

New England Colonies, 1650

Indians especially weak in New England Indians especially weak in New England epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native popul.popul.Wampanoags [near Plymouth] Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the settlers.befriended the settlers. Cooperation between the two Cooperation between the two

helped by helped by SquantoSquanto..1621 1621 Chief Massasoit signed Chief Massasoit signedtreaty with the settlers.treaty with the settlers. Autumn, 1621 Autumn, 1621 both groups both groups

celebrated the First Thanksgiving.celebrated the First Thanksgiving.

Puritans vs. Native Americans

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637Pequots Pequots very very

powerful tribepowerful tribein CT river valley.in CT river valley.1637 1637 Pequot PequotWarWar Whites, withWhites, with

NarragansettNarragansettIndian allies,Indian allies,attacked Pequotattacked Pequotvillage on Mystic village on Mystic River.River.

Whites set fire Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!to homes & shot fleeing survivors!

Pequot tribe virtually annihilatedPequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.peace lasted for 40 years.

Only hope for Native Only hope for Native Americans to resist Americans to resist white settlers was to white settlers was to UNITE.UNITE.MetacomMetacom [King Philip to [King Philip to white settlers]white settlers] Massasoit’s son united Massasoit’s son united

Indians and staged Indians and staged coordinated attacks coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New on white settlements throughout New England.England.

Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.Boston.

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

The war ended in failure for the IndiansThe war ended in failure for the Indians Metacom beheaded and drawn and Metacom beheaded and drawn and

quartered.quartered. His son and wife sold into slavery.His son and wife sold into slavery. Never a serious threat in New England Never a serious threat in New England

again!!again!!

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

Population of the New England Colonies

Population Comparisons:New England v. the

Chesapeake

Compare & Contrast: New England vs. Chesapeake

• Entire families tended to emigrate to New England; in the Chesapeake, immigrants were often single males

• The climate in New England was more hospitable, and so New Englanders tended to live longer and have larger families than Chesapeake residents

• A stronger sense of community led New Englanders to settle in large towns that were closer to one another

• Those in the Chesapeake lived in smaller, more spread-out farming communities = had tobacco has a cash crop