The Seed PlantsAngiosperms and Gymnosperms

12.3 and 12.4

General Characteristics

• Have seeds– Protect and feed their young!

• Have vascular bundles– Xylem-carries water

-hollow, dead cells– Phloem-carries food

• Plants are larger• Plants are more advanced

Leaf Structure

• Cuticle- waxy layer on outside of leaf• Stoma-an opening in the leaf: lets water,

carbon dioxide, oxygen in• Guard Cell-borders the stoma

Leaf Processes• Photosynthesis-

– uses water and carbon dioxide to make food– Release oxygen– In chloroplasts using chlorophyll

• Transpiration- – evaporation of water through the leaf

• Respiration-– Using oxygen to convert food into energy

• Abscission-– Leaves fall off in the fall– prevents transpiration

Gymnosperms

• No flowers

• Seeds are protected in cones

Angiosperms

• Have flowers which become fruit

• Seeds are protected in fruit

• Are divided into monocots and dicots

Dicot -seeds- Monocots2 seed coats 1 seed coat

Monocots roots Dicots

• Vascular bundles in a ring• Large cortex area• Vascular bundles in center• Large cortex area

Monocots stems Dicots

• Vascular bundles scattered• Vascular bundles around outside

Seed Plant Fertilization

• Male– Stamen

• Anther & filament

• Female– Pistil

• Stigma, style, ovary• Stigma is sticky to catch pollen

Seed Plant FertilizationFlowers

• Perfect-– has both male and female parts

• Imperfect-– has male or female parts

• Complete-– Has a pistil, stamen, petal, sepal

• Incomplete-– Does not have all 4 above parts

Seed Plant FertilizationProcess

• 1. Pollen sticks to stigma

• 2. Sperm are in pollen and move down style to ovule (egg) in ovary.

• 3. Double fertilization – Zygote (egg + sperm)– Endosperm (food for

zygote)

Seed Plant Fertilization Fruit • Zygote is the seed

• The seed is in the ovary• The ovary ripens with

the seeds inside.

• The fruit we eat are ripened ovaries with the seed (zygote) inside!

Types of Fruit

• Simple– 1 flower– 1 ovary – = 1 fruit

• Examples– Tomato, pear, apple, grains

Types of Fruit

• Aggregate– 1 flower– Many ovaries– = 1 fruit

• Examples– Raspberry, strawberry, blackberry

Types of Fruit

• Multiple– Many flowers– Many ovaries grow together– 1 fruit

• Example– Pineapple, bread fruit, mulberry