The Secret of Japan’s Modernization The Secret of Japan’s Modernization and Reconstruction and Reconstruction

18681868--19451945--19681968--1971-1986-1989-2001-1971-1986-1989-2001-20092009

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Most large cities (60 cities) in Japan were Most large cities (60 cities) in Japan were devastated by the carpet bombing in 1945.devastated by the carpet bombing in 1945.

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Super Special ExpressSuper Special Express 　　　　　　 NozomiNozomiruns 180 mph (since1964)runs 180 mph (since1964)

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Honda Hydrogen Car from 2012Honda Hydrogen Car from 2012

Honda FCX Clarity: Hydrogen Engine Honda FCX Clarity: Hydrogen Engine (Monthly Lease for 600 $ in California)(Monthly Lease for 600 $ in California)

Digital Camera 84% Digital Camera 84%

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Ａｔｈｌｅｔｉｃ　Ｍｅｅｔ　Ａｔｈｌｅｔｉｃ　Ｍｅｅｔ　 in Japanese junior high in Japanese junior high schoolsschools

Uniformity, Harmony, CooperationUniformity, Harmony, Cooperation

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Ａｔｈｌｅｔｉｃ　Ｍｅｅｔ　Ａｔｈｌｅｔｉｃ　Ｍｅｅｔ　 in Japanese junior high in Japanese junior high schoolsschools

The Slogan is Self-independence, Creativity and Strong WillThe Slogan is Self-independence, Creativity and Strong Will

.. 和 和 wa wa 魂 魂 kon kon 洋洋 yo yo 才才 saisai

* Education and High Literacy Rate* Education and High Literacy Rate ** 和魂洋才（和魂洋才（ WaWa ・・ Kon Kon ・・ Yo Yo ・・ SaiSai ）） 　　　　 Japanese spirit, cultural identity Japanese spirit, cultural identity 　 　

combined with Western knowledgecombined with Western knowledge * Japanese Situational Ethics * Japanese Situational Ethics 1868-1945 1868-1945 1971 1971 1986-20011986-2001 1989-1989- 2009 2009 * * Japanese PrototypesJapanese Prototypes in technology, in technology,

business strategy and education based on business strategy and education based on and developed by Wa Kon Yo Sai.and developed by Wa Kon Yo Sai.

Situational EthicsSituational Ethics ：： From expelling to AdorationFrom expelling to Adoration排外排外 (( はいがいはいがい )) からから拝外拝外（はいがい）へ（はいがい）へ

①① 1853-18671853-1867 XenophobiaXenophobia and fear keep foreigners out and fear keep foreigners out

(principle of expelling foreigners-(principle of expelling foreigners- 攘夷攘夷 )) ②② Japanese young leadersJapanese young leaders realized the Western realized the Western

power and learned their wisdom and technology.power and learned their wisdom and technology. ③③ 1868 1868 Meiji Restoration Meiji Restoration 和魂洋才和魂洋才 (Wa Kon Yo Sai) Japanese Spirit combined (Wa Kon Yo Sai) Japanese Spirit combined

by Western knowledgeby Western knowledge Every year Meiji Government employed 600 Every year Meiji Government employed 600

British, American, French and German Engineers. British, American, French and German Engineers. Their pay is more than the income of Prime Their pay is more than the income of Prime Minister.Minister. Altogether Altogether ６０００　６０００　 engineers and engineers and experts were welcome from abroad. experts were welcome from abroad.

(Ex. Textile from Lyon, France, Constitution from Germany, (Ex. Textile from Lyon, France, Constitution from Germany, Parliament from UK, Technology from US)Parliament from UK, Technology from US)

④④ 1945 1945 From Militarism to From Militarism to Demilitarization and Demilitarization and 　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Democratization Democratization ⑤ ⑤ 1971 1989 1986-2001 2009 1971 1989 1986-2001 2009

Wa kon Yo sai (Japanese Spirit combined with Western Knowledge) and Japanese Situational Ethics

1868: Meiji Restoration by learning Western technology, systems and knowledge

1945: Demilitarization and Democratization for productive economy 1968: Japan became the Second largest Economy in the world next

to USA (QC: Quality Control and TQC: Total Quality Control) 1991-2001: Employing foreign presidents to learn from others Sony employed Sir Howard Stringer from UK. He is a British-

American businessman. In 2005 He became the Chairman and CEO of the Sony Corporation responsible for the whole of Sony including its media and electronics subsidiaries.

Carlos Ghosn, He is the current CEO and President of Nissan of Japan.

Carlos Ghosn, KBE (Arabic: كارلوس غصن; born 9 March 1954) is a Brazil-born Lebanese businessman. He is the current CEO and President of Renault of France and Nissan of Japan. He is largely credited with turning around .

Carols Ghosn Carlos Ghosn, the troubleshooter charged with reviving Nissan Motor Co. (NSANY), likes to be called the ''Icebreaker.''

From ultra-militarism From ultra-militarism to Democratization of Japanto Democratization of Japan

Before the warBefore the war Education focused on loyalty to the Education focused on loyalty to the

Emperor and nation stateEmperor and nation state diligence and dutydiligence and duty After the warAfter the war Democracy, strong economy, security, Democracy, strong economy, security,

peace and equalitypeace and equality Income distribution is far more Income distribution is far more

equitable than US (Dower) and other equitable than US (Dower) and other industrial nations today.industrial nations today.

Patterns and PrototypesPatterns and Prototypes

和 和 Wa Wa 魂 魂 Kon Kon 洋 洋 Yo Yo 才才 Sai Sai brought Japanesebrought Japanese prototypes in all prototypes in all

fields.fields. Kata, Kata, 型型 ,, 道道 Many Schools in Judo, Karate, Flower Many Schools in Judo, Karate, Flower Arrangement, calligraphy, Tea Arrangement, calligraphy, Tea

ceremonyceremony Architecture, construction, Architecture, construction,

productionproduction

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What is the Secret of Japan’s Modernization?What is the Secret of Japan’s Modernization?1.1.The power of EducationThe power of Education ( (High literacy rateHigh literacy rate

in Edo period in Edo period 藩校藩校 ,, 寺子屋）寺子屋）（（ 6 year compulsory education 6 year compulsory education １８１８ 8686 学校令）学校令）(9 year compulsory education (9 year compulsory education 19471947 学校教育法学校教育法 )) Education and the growth of GDP Education and the growth of GDP 1950-1970 1950-1970

2.2. Japanese Work Ethic Japanese Work Ethic influenced by influenced by ConfucianismConfucianism in ain a Learning and Borrowing Learning and Borrowing Society Society

3.3. 和 和 wa wa 魂 魂 kon kon 洋洋 yo yo 才才 saisai (Innovating (Innovating Cultural HybridityCultural Hybridity)) Japanese spirit combined with Western Japanese spirit combined with Western

knowledgeknowledge, expertise and wisdom without , expertise and wisdom without losing Japanese cultural identities = losing Japanese cultural identities = Techno-DemocracyTechno-Democracy

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What is the Secret of Japan’s Modernization?What is the Secret of Japan’s Modernization?4. 4. Harmony Harmony rather than Confrontation rather than Confrontation

Coexistence of Buddhism and ShintoismCoexistence of Buddhism and Shintoism

Group Harmony and group competition Group Harmony and group competition for effective productivity in most Japanese for effective productivity in most Japanese companies, schools and organizationscompanies, schools and organizations

5.5.The Unification of JapanThe Unification of Japan in 1603 in 1603

6. 6. Being on the peripheryBeing on the periphery (Off center (Off center concept) = Awareness of Japan as a small concept) = Awareness of Japan as a small island nation without natural resourcesisland nation without natural resources

7. 7. PacifismPacifism except (1905-1945 Japan except (1905-1945 Japan’’s dark s dark age) age) (Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution)(Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution)

8. 8. The economic support The economic support to Japan from USA to Japan from USA and other nations and other nations