The Secret History of Iran

7/23/2019 The Secret History of Iran

1/313


2/313

5;43 Jdfdi Suednm / Cded` Ymfgs. Slfg rmojts rgsgrvgi (Sgg @mcgnsmno).

MSEN1 =?:-4-3;9-;:5:=-3


3/313

YJG SGCUGY

JMSYLU] LB MUDN

JDFDI SWEDNM

Rgrsmln 4.4


4/313

Blr d`` tjlsg wjl jdvg stlli up tl clnspmrdcy, Mrdn dni egylni.


5/313

CLNYGNYS

MNYULIWCYMLN ...................................................................................... =

BDMU IGD@MNO NLYMCG......................................................................... 4;IMSC@DMFGU......................................................................................... 45@MCGNSMNO........................................................................................... 43CJD[YGU LNG1 GDU@MGSY YMFGS ......................................................... 47

C]UWSYJGOUGDYDNIYJGDCJDGFGNMIGF[MUG................................ 47

_DSC]UWSYJGOUGDYIJW@-TDUND]NLBYJGTWUDN


6/313

5

YJGHJDUMAMYGSDSDNDUDE[JGNLFGNLNLUDNDAIM

[JGNLFGNLN


7/313

3

NGSYLUMDNCJUMSYMDNSMNBM@YUDYGYJGFLNOL@YUMEGS................. ::

OGNOJMSHJDN........................................................................................ =;

OGNOJMSHJDNS@LWCJGSYL_DUISYJGMS@DFMC_LU@I.................. =3

_GSYGUNZMDI]NDSY]UGSMSYSYJGFLNOL@S................................. =3

AMNI]NDSY]8BLUFGUFLNOL@LRGU@LUISEGCLFGRDSSD@S...... =3

HDUD-HJMYDNHJDNDYGIG@MRGUGIYLYJGFLNOL@SE]

CLNS[MUDC]......................................................................................... =9

HJ_DUGQF-SJDJEDMYSYJG_UDYJLBYJGFLNOL@S...................... =2

DEUMGBJMSYLU]LBYJGIMDEL@MCD@HJ_DUGQF-SJDJS................ =?

YJGHJ_DUGQF-SJDJDNIOGNOJMSHJDNCLNS[MUGYLCUGDYGD

[ULRLCDYMLNBLUYJGFLNOL@S.................................................. 4;3

CJD[YGU GMOJY1 YJG IGSYUWCYMLN LB YJG MS@DFMC _LU@I [JDSGM1 OGNOJMS HJDN IGSYUL]S YJG FWS@MFS LB HJ_DUGQF........... 4;9

YJGHJ_DUGQF-SJDJEDMYSYJGFLNOL@SGRGNBWUYJGUMNYLYJG

MS@DFMC_LU@I..................................................................................... 4;:JL_UWFMMSCLNNGCYGIYLYJGHJ_DUGQFSJDJSDNIYJG

FLNOL@MNRDSMLN............................................................................... 444

YJGSWCCGSSMLNLBOGNOJMSHJDN.................................................... 442

YJGFWUIGULBMS@DFMSYALCJM...................................................... 442

YJGSYUWOO@GYLSYL[YJGALCJMIOL@IGNJLUIGBULF

MNRDIMNOGWUL[G............................................................................ 44?CJD[YGU NMNG1 YJG IGSYUWCYMLN LB YJG MS@DFMC _LU@I [JDSGMM1 JW@GOW IGSYUL]S YJG DEEDSMIS, DNI [UGYGNIS YL IGSYUL]YJG MSFDM@MS..................................................................................... 454

JW@GOWIGSYUL]SYJGD]]WEMISMNS]UMD.......................................... 457

YJGEDYY@GLBDMNAD@WY1HJ_DUGQFSJDJDYYGF[YSYLSDELYDOG

MS@DFMCRMCYLU]................................................................................... 452

EGUHGSDRGSYJGFWS@MFJL@]CMYMGS................................................ 45=

YJGM@HJDNS.......................................................................................... 434


8/313

9

DEDTDFDUUMGSMNYLE]QDNYMNGUL]D@Y].................................... 433

YJGUMSGLBUDSJMI-D@-IMNJDFDIDNM.......................................... 439

L@AGMYWFDUUMGSMNYLE]QDNYMNGUL]D@Y]................................... 43:

[DYULNDOGLBSWBMS,SJMMYGSDNIFWYDQM@MYGS........................... 43=

CU][YL-E]QDNYMNGS@LSGCLNYUL@LBYJGM@HJDNDYG............... 49;

YJGSDUEDIDUS1ID]@DFMYGUGSMSYDNCGYLY]UDNN]...................... 494

CJD[YGU YGN1 YJG IGSYUWCYMLN LB YJG MS@DFMC _LU@I [JDSG MMM1DFMU YMFWU...................................................................................... 493

YJGLUMOMNSLBDFMUYMFWU............................................................... 492

DFMUYMFWUSCLNTWGSYLBMUDN...................................................... 47;

DFMUYMFWU[WYSDNGNIYLYJGOL@IGNJLUIGYJUGDYYLYJG

ULFDNLRS........................................................................................... 474

DFMUYMFWUGSYDE@MSJGSCU][YL-E]QDNYMNGSMNMNIMD................... 475

YMFWUSDRGSYJGE]QDNYMNGCD[MYD@(CLNSYDNYMNL[@G)BULF

BD@@MNOMNYLYJGJDNISLBYJGLYYLFDNS.................................... 477

YMFWUSW[[@DNYSYJGSDBDRMISMNMUDN............................................ 47:

YMFWUDYYGF[YSYLUGRMRGYJG]WDNI]NDSY]............................... 47=

CU][YL-E]QDNYMNGS@LSGCLNYUL@LBYJGYMFWUMIGF[MUG.......... 424

CJD[YGU G@GRGN1 UMSG LB YJG F]SYGUMLWS _JMYG SJGG[YWUHLFGN YJG DT TL]WN@W) ...................................................... 423

UGFNDNYSLBIMDEL@MCD@HJ_DUGQFSJDJFMNOEWUNW


9/313

7

YJGLUMOMNLBYJGSDBDRMIS............................................................... 4?;

SDBDRMISBLUFD@MSGYJGMUYMGS_MYJCU][YL-E]QDNYMNGS ......... 4?5

CU][YL-E]QDNYMNGS@LSGCLNYUL@LBYJGDT-TL]WN@W ........... 4?9

YJGF]SYGUMLWSTMQM@EDSJLRGU@D[_MYJYJGEGHYDSJMSDNIYJG

SJDEDH 4?9

SJDJMSFDM@M........................................................................................ 4?2

YJGEDYY@GLBCJD@IMUDN8UG@MOMLWSOMFFMCHU]RGUSWS

OWN[L_IGU..................................................................................... 4?=

SJDJYDJFDS[M................................................................................... 4:4MNYUMOWGSDODMNSYYJGLYYLFDNS............................................... 4:5

YJGBLUCGICLNRGUSMLNLBSWNNMMUDNYLY_G@RGUSJMMSFDNIYJG

YUDNSBLUFDYMLNLBMUDNMNYLDY_G@RGUSJMMYG[L@MCGSYDYG.... 4:5

@MFMYGIUGRMRD@LBNGL-[@DYLNMC[JM@LSL[J]MNSDBDRMIMUDN... 4=4

YJGSDBDRMISSW[[@DNYYJGFWOJD@SMNMNIMD............................... 4=5

SJDJDEEDSM......................................................................................... 4=9

CL@@D[SGLBYJGSDBDRMISYDYG......................................................... 4==

DBOJDNUGEG@S[WYDNMONLFMNMLWSGNIYLYJGSDBDRMISYDYG.. 5;;

UGRGUSD@LBSDBDRMI[UL-SJMMYG[L@MCMGSMNNDIMUSJDJSDBSJDUMI

I]NDSY]................................................................................................ 5;4

MNYUMOWGSDODMNSYNDIMUSJDJ......................................................... 5;5

YJGQDNII]NDSY]SDYYGF[YSYLIMS[@DCGYJGGFGUOMNO

TDADUS................................................................................................... 5;3

CJD[YGU YJMUYGGN1 YJG TDADUS..................................................... 5;2SGCLNIUWSSL-[GUSMDN_DULB4:52-4:5:8EUMYMSJSW[[@DNY

UWSSMDNSMNMUDN.................................................................................. 5;:

NMQDUM-MSFDM@MMFDFDOJDHJDNMB@GGSHGUFDNYLEUMYMSJMNIMD5;=

TDADUSIGNMGIJGUDYE]YJGEUMYMSJ,DNIYJGUWSSMDNS................ 544

YJGEDEMYJUGDY................................................................................... 543


10/313

2

DFMUHDEMU8YJGOUGDYGSYTDADUSYDYGSFDN.................................. 54?

YJGGFGUOGNCGLBYJGC@GUO]-FGUCJDNYD@@MDNCGDSDN

L[[LSMNOBLUCGYLYJGTDADUS........................................................ 54:

ADFD@WIIMNDBOJDNM......................................................................... 554

_DSADFD@WIIMNDBOJDNMYJGUGD@BLWNIGULBYJGFWS@MF

EULYJGUJLLI


11/313

?

NWC@GDU[L_GU............................................................................... 527

RDNMY] 527

DJFGIHDSUDRM.................................................................................... 522

D@MSJDUMDYM........................................................................................... 52?

D]DYL@@DJHJLFGMNMDNIYJG4=?=UGRL@WYMLN............................ 52=

YJGGDU@]]GDUSLBD]DYL@@DJHJLFGMNM.................................... 5?;

YJG4=?=UGRL@WYMLN.......................................................................... 5?9

CJD[YGU BMBYGGN1 YJG MS@DFMC UG[WE@MC LB MUDN....................... 5?=TWMZLYMCDYYGF[YSYLGZ[LUYYJG4=?=UGRL@WYMLN.................... 5?=

FWS@MFSYWIGNYLUODNMQDYMLNSMN_GSYGUNWNMRGUSMYMGS ..... 5:;

YJGSGMQWUGLBYJGOUDNIFLSTWGLBFGCCD ........................... 5:;

YJGMUDN-MUDT_DU(4=:;-4=::) ..................................................... 5:4

DYYGF[YSYLWSGYJGJDAA[M@OUMFDOGYLGZ[LUYYJG4=?=

UGRL@WYMLN...................................................................................... 5:3

YJGUWSJIMGBDY_D......................................................................... 5:3

CLNB@MCYSDNICLNYUDIMCYMLNS....................................................... 5:9

YDCMYDFGUMCDND[[ULRD@............................................................. 5:7

IUWOS


12/313

:


13/313

=

MNYULIWCYMLN

Mrdn ms d `dni lb gxtrgfg clntrdsts. Yjms dncmgnt p`dcg ms eltj e`gssgi dni

cursgi. Mt ms jlfg tl Ms`df, eut d`sl jlfg tl dntm-Ms`df.Ylidy, Mrdn ms tjg cgntgr stdog lb clntrlvgrsy dni clnb`mct nlt aust mn tjgFmii`g Gdst, eut d`sl ln d o`led` `gvg`. Yjms fdy dppgdr tl eg dnunprgcgigntgi igvg`lpfgnt. Eut `llhmno edch dt Mrdns Sgcrgt Jmstlry,`mtt`g jds cjdnogi. Mrdn wds d`wdys d jltegi lb mntrmoug, wdr dniclnspmrdcmgs, fdny lb tjgf egmno surprmsmno`y dntm-Ms`dfmc mn ndturg. Mn bdct,mt cdn eg drougi tjdt tjgsg jdvg eggn tjg fdalr gxplrts lb Mrdn tl tjg

rgfdmnigr lb tjg Ms`dfmc _lrì. Yjms ellh dttgfpts tl ermgb`y lut`mng tjg

`mtt`g hnlwn Sgcrgt Jmstlry lb Mrdn, jlw tjms cl`lrbu` dni slpjmstmcdtgindtmln jds eggn suevgrtgi ey tjg sgcrgt g`mtg lb dncmgnt Edey`ln. Dni jlwsgcrgt blrcgs mn Mrdn jdvg wdogi d clvgrt wdr dodmnst tjg Ms`dfmc wlrì.Yjms gxgrcmsg ms lb clursg, nlt d clfp`gtg rgprgsgntdtmln lb Mrdnmdn jmstlry,wjmcj d`sl mncùigs mnnufgrde`g clntrmeutmlns tl Ms`dfmc wlrì. Fy blcusms tjg Sgcrgt Jmstlry lb Mrdn, smncg 7;; EC tl tjg prgsgnt, wjmcj rgvl`vgsdrluni mntrmougs, clnspmrdcmgs dni sgcrgt slcmgtmgs. Sgìlf jds tjms sueagcteggn ilcufgntgi mn d clnsmstgnt fdnngr. Clnspmrdcy mtgrdturg pgrtdmnmnotl fligrn Mrdn ms gxtgnsmvg. Eut gxmstmno clnspmrdcy `mtgrdturg ln Mrdn (eltj[grsmdn dni Gno`msj) `drog`y clmncmigs wmtj rgcgnt igvg`lpfgnts, ds flrg

dni flrg pglp`g jdvg egclfg bgi up wmtj clnspmrdcy tjdn gvgr egblrg.Yjms ellh puts auimcmlus gfpjdsms ln prg-fligrn Mrdn ds wg``.

Nggi`gss tl sdy, Mrdn jds nlt jdi clnsmstgnt elunidrmgs dni gtjnmc orlupslvgr sucj d vdst pgrmli lb tmfg. Yjgrgblrg tjg jmstlrmgs lb ngmojelrmnorgomlns (mn pdrtmcu`dr, Mrdq) dni imbbgrgnt rg`momlns dni gtjnmc orlups tjdtjgì swdy mn tjg rgomln d`sl bmni tjgmr wdy mntl tjms ellh. Dni Mrdn ms

strlno`y clnngctgi tl tjg jmstlry lb Ms`df bl``lwmno tjg igdtj lb tjg[rlpjgt lb Ms`df. Yjgrgblrg, tjms ellh d`sl clvgrs slfg gdr`y Ms`dfmcjmstlry.

_jm`g M jdvg eggn bdmr`y crmtmcd` lb slfg wg``-hnlwn plgts dni scmgntmst-pjm`lslpjgrs Mrdn jds prliucgi, mt sjluì eg nltgi tjdt tjgy wgrg stm``mniggi orgdt plgts dni scmgntmst-pjm`lslpjgrs, mn tjg tgcjnmcd` sgnsg.

Mrdn sgrvgi ds tjg hgy tl tjg igstructmln lb tjg Ms`dfmc _lrì dt tjg jdnislb tjg Flnol`s. Lncg dodmn, Mrdn bmnis mtsg`b mn d smfm`dr rl`g, ds mt edmts tjgfligrn-idy Flnol`s gncmrc`mno tjg Fmii`g Gdst. Dni tjgrgblrg,unigrstdnimno Mrdn ms tjg hgy tl tjg survmvd` lb tjg Ms`dfmc _lrì.


14/313

4;

BDMU IGD@MNO NLYMCG

Gvgry gbblrt jds eggn fdig mn dijgrmno tl tjg Clpyrmojt Dct lb Cdndid, wjmcj d`sl sdtmsbmgs tjgrgqumrgfgnts blr tjg prltgctmln lb clpyrmojtgi wlrh unigr tjg Egrng clnvgntmln.

Clpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd` rgprliucgi mn tjms ellh, wjgtjgr tgxt lr pmcturgs, jds eggn tjlrluoj`y dnifgtmcu`lus`y scrutmnmzgi tl fdhg surg mt bd``s wmtjmn tjg Bdmr Igd`mno c`dusg lb tjg Clpyrmojt Dctlb Cdndid.

Yjg bl``lwmno clnsmigrdtmln jds eggn fdig wjgn rgprliucmno clpyrmojtgi tgxts.

D`` plssme`g dttrmeutmln dni slurcg mnblrfdtmln jds eggn prlvmigi wjgn clpyrmojtgxmsts lr wjgn tjg plssmem`mty lb tjg wlrh egmno clpyrmojtgi gxmsts.

Yjglrmgs dni mntg``gctud` gbblrt lb ltjgr mnimvmiud`s jds eggn crgimtgi tl tjgf. Yjg purplsg lb rgprliuctmln ms mn dcclridncg wmtj tjg dutjlrs rmojt tl clniuct

scjl`dr`y rgsgdrcj.

Yjg purplsg lb rgprliuctmln ms mn dcclridncg wmtj tjg dutjlrs rmojt tl brggilf lbgxprgssmln.

Ugprliuctmln lb clpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd` jds eggn unigrtdhgn ln`y wjgn mt wds ngcgssdryblr tjg prliuctmln lb tjms ellh dni tjg gxgcutmln lb mts tjgsms. Dni nln-clpyrmojtgi

fdtgrmd` cluì nlt eg bluni ds d suestmtutg.

Yjg tlpmc lb tjg scjl`dr`y rgsgdrcj ms dn mssug lb mffgimdtg dni flnufgntd`mfplrtdncg.

Yjg dflunt lb clpyrmojtgi tgxt qultgi ms bdmr`y fligrdtg lr gvgn fmnmscu`g, wjgnclfpdrgi tl tjg wjl`g wlrh.

Yjg qultmno lb tjg tgxt ilgs nlt divgrsg`y mfpdct tjg prlspgcts lb tjg clpyrmojt jlìgrdni jms lr jgr dutjlrmzgi pue`msjgr.

Yjlsg sgghmno tl rgprliucg tjms ellh wgrg mnblrfgi lb tjg prgsgncg lb clpyrmojtgifdtgrmd`, dni wgrg dshgi tl rgprliucg tjg clpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd` (mb tjgy cjlsg tl)wmtjmn tjg `god` Clpyrmojt prlvmsmlns lb tjgmr rgspgctmvg aurmsimctmln.

Slfg lb tjg clpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd` qultgi mn tjg ellh ms lescurg. Dni mts usdog mn tjmsellh wm`` rgsu`t mn wmigr pue`mc imssgfmndtmln lb tjg clpyrmojtgi wlrh8 d old` lb tjgClpyrmojt Dct lb Cdndid.

Yjg bl``lwmno clnsmigrdtmlns jdvg eggn fdig wjgn rgprliucmno clpyrmojtgi mfdogs dnim`ùstrdtmlns.

D`` plssme`g dttrmeutmln dni slurcg mnblrfdtmln jds eggn prlvmigi wjgn clpyrmojtgxmsts lr wjgn tjg plssmem`mty lb tjg wlrh egmno clpyrmojtgi gxmsts.. _jgn tjg lrmomnd`slurcg/dutjlr dni clpyrmojt mnblrfdtmln ms nlt dvdm`de`g, tjg slurcg dni clpyrmojt

jdvg eggn igsmondtgi ds ND (Nlt Dvdm`de`g). Yjms mn nl wdy derlodtgs tjg rmojts lrlwngrsjmp lb tjg clpyrmojt jlìgrs. Mb tjg clpyrmojt jlìgr mnblrfs us, wg wm`` cgrtdmn`yupidtg tjg mnblrfdtmln mn tjg ngxt gimtmln lb tjms ellh.


15/313

44

Ugprliuctmln lb clpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd` jds eggn unigrtdhgn ln`y wjgn mt wds ngcgssdryblr tjg prliuctmln lb tjms ellh dni tjg gxgcutmln lb mts tjgsms. Dni nln-clpyrmojtgi

fdtgrmd` cluì nlt eg bluni ds d suestmtutg.

Yjg purplsg lb rgprliuctmln ms mn dcclridncg wmtj tjg dutjlrs rmojt tl clniuctscjl`dr`y rgsgdrcj.

Yjg purplsg lb rgprliuctmln ms mn dcclridncg wmtj tjg dutjlrs rmojt tl brggilf lbgxprgssmln.

Yjg tlpmc lb tjg scjl`dr`y rgsgdrcj ms dn mssug lb mffgimdtg dni flnufgntd`mfplrtdncg.

Yjg purplsg lb usmno tjg mfdog wds sl`g`y tl m`ùstrdtg tjg leagct mn qugstmln. Dni nltmn dny wdy, tl mnbrmnog upln tjg rmojts lb tjg pjltlordpjgr. Dni mn sucj cdsgs, nln-

clpyrmojt lr pue`mc ilfdmn mfdogs wgrg nlt rgdim`y dvdm`de`g.

Yjg mfdogs imsp`dygi jdvg mn flst cdsgs eggn tjufendm`gi. Yjgy jdvg eggn rgiucgimn smzg dni rgslùtmln qud`mty. Yjms wm`` gnsurg tjdt tjlsg sgghmno burtjgr rgprliuctmlnlb d pdrtmcu`dr mfdog blr purplsgs egylni Bdmr Igd`mno wm`` jdvg tl clnsu`t tjg dutjlrlb tjg mfdog, dni tjms ellh wm`` tjus nlt sgrvg ds d clniumt blr pmrdcy.

_jgn pue`mc ilfdmn mfdogs drg usgi, tjg tgrf Clpyrmojt fdy nlt eg dpp`mcde`g msimsp`dygi. Smncg imbbgrgnt aurmsimctmlns jdvg imbbgrgnt clnimtmlns blr d wlrh tl eg pue`mc

ilfdmn.

Yjg mfdog mn slfg cdsgs fdy eg d jmstlrmcd``y smonmbmcdnt pjltl lr tjg pjltl lb d bdflusmnimvmiud`. D`flst d`` mfdogs drg rgprliucgi blr mnblrfdtmlnd` purplsgs. Yjg usdog lb tjg mfdog ilgs nlt divgrsg`y mfpdct tjg prlspgcts lb tjg clpyrmojt jlìgr

dni jms lr jgr dutjlrmzgi pue`msjgr.

Yjlsg sgghmno tl rgprliucg tjms ellh wgrg mnblrfgi lb tjg prgsgncg lb clpyrmojtgifdtgrmd`, dni wgrg dshgi tl rgprliucg tjg clpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd` (mb tjgy cjlsg tl)

wmtjmn tjg `god` Clpyrmojt prlvmsmlns lb tjgmr aurmsimctmln.

Slfg lb tjg clpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd` rgbgrgncgi mn tjg ellh ms lescurg. Dni mts usdog mntjms ellh wm`` rgsu`t mn wmigr pue`mc imssgfmndtmln lb tjg clpyrmojtgi wlrh8 d old` lb tjgClpyrmojt Dct lb Cdndid.

Mt ms tl eg fdig c`gdr tjdt nlng lb tjg dutjlrs lb tjg clpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd` qultgi mn tjms ellhc`dmf tl clncur wmtj tjg clncùsmlns lb tjg dutjlr lb tjms ellh. Dni mt sjluì nlt eg dssufgi ds

sucj, un`gss tjg dutjlr(s) lb tjg clpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd` gxprgss d stdtgfgnt lb clncurrgncg. Dningmtjgr sjluì tjg dutjlr lb tjms ellh eg sggn ds clncurrmno wmtj tjg vmgws lb dutjlrs qultgi. Mtms mfplssme`g blr fg tl igtgrfmng tjg vmgws, dctmvmtmgs dni dbbm`mdtmlns lb dutjlrs qultgi blr tjgsdhg lb bdctud` rgbgrgncg.


16/313

45

IMSC@DMFGU

Cded` Ymfgs prlvmigs tjg fdtgrmd`s clfprmsmno tjg Yjg Sgcrgt Jmstlry lb Mrdn ln dn ds-ms dni ds-dvdm`de`g edsms blr mnblrfdtmlnd` purplsgs ln`y. Jdfdi Suednm lr Cded` Ymfgs dssufgs nl

rgsplnsmem`mty blr dny grrlrs lr lfmssmlns mn tjg fdtgrmd`. Ngmtjgr il Jdfdi Suednm lr Cded` Ymfgsfdhg dny clffmtfgnt tl upidtg tjg mnblrfdtmln clntdmngi jgrgmn. Burtjgr, Jdfdi Suednm lrCded` Ymfgs cdnnlt scrggn blr trutj, igbdfdtmln lr dccurdcy dny clntgnt clntdmngi jgrgmn. Yjmsellh ms prlvmigi ds dn dttgfpt tl ordpp`g tjg rgd` bdcts clncgrnmno tjg sgcrgt jmstlry lb Mrdn.

Ydhmno mntl clnsmigrdtmln tjg fdonmtuig lb tjg rgsgdrcj, nlt d`` bdcts cdn eg clvgrgi8 ngmtjgr cdnd`` grrlrs eg lfmttgi. Jdfdi Suednm lr Cded` Ymfgs cdnnlt prlfpt`y rgflvg dny igbdfdtlry,lescgng, mndpprlprmdtg, un`dwbu` lr mndccurdtg clntgnt dbtgr trdnsfmssmln. Mb slfgtjmno ognumng`y

leagctmlnde`g ms erluojt tl lur nltmcg, wg fdy `llh mntl tjg fdttgr. Mb ylu imsdorgg, ylu fust nltwdstg ylur tmfg dny burtjgr ey rgdimno tjms ellh.

Jdfdi Suednm lr Cded` Ymfgs fdhgs nl, dni gxprgss`y imsc`dmfs dny, rgprgsgntdtmlns lr

wdrrdntmgs, gxprgss lr mfp`mgi, rgodrimno tjms ellh mnc`uimno, wmtjlut `mfmtdtmln, dny mfp`mgiwdrrdntmgs lb fgrcjdntdem`mty lr bmtngss blr d pdrtmcu`dr purplsg. Jdfdi Suednm lr Cded` Ymfgsfdhgs nl, dni gxprgss`y imsc`dmfs dny, wdrrdntmgs, gxprgss lr mfp`mgi, rgodrimno tjg clrrgctngss,dccurdcy, clfp`gtgngss, tmfg`mngss, dni rg`mdem`mty lb tjg tgxt, tjg rgbgrgncgs tl ltjgr ellhs,alurnd`s dni pgrmlimcd`s, ordpjmcs, `mnhs tl ltjgr smtgs dni dny ltjgr mtgfs dccgssgi brlf lr vmd tjms

ellh lr tjg Mntgrngt, lr dny ltjgr fdtgrmd`. Lr tjdt tjg sgrvmcgs wm`` eg unmntgrruptgi, grrlr-brgglr brgg lb vmrusgs lr ltjgr jdrfbu` clfplngnts. Wnigr nl cmrcufstdncgs sjd`` Jdfdi Suednm lr

Cded` Ymfgs, mts lwngr, lr dny lb tjgmr rgspgctmvg pdrtngrs, lbbmcgrs, imrgctlrs, gfp`lyggs, dognts,dsslcmdtgs lr rgprgsgntdtmvgs eg `mde`g blr dny idfdogs, wjgtjgr imrgct, mnimrgct, spgcmd` lrclnsgqugntmd` idfdogs blr `lst rgvgnugs, `lst prlbmts, igbdfdtmln, lr ltjgrwmsg, drmsmno brlf

rgdimno tjms ellh, usmno tjms ellh, sg``mno tjms ellh, prmntmno tjms ellh lr dccgssmno tjms ellh.

Yjg tgrfs lb tjms Imsc`dmfgr drg sueagct tl cjdnog wmtjlut prmlr nltmcg. [`gdsg letdmn dn upidtgi

clpy lb tjms ellh blr tjg `dtgst imsc`dmfgr.


17/313

43

@MCGNSMNO

Yjms wlrh ms `mcgnsgi unigr tjg Crgdtmvg Clfflns Dttrmeutmln-NlnClffgrcmd`-NlIgrmvs 5.7@mcgnsg. Yl vmgw d clpy lb tjms `mcgnsg, vmsmt jttp1//crgdtmvgclfflns.lro/ mcgnsgs/ey-nc-ni/5.7/cd/

lr sgni d `gttgr tl Crgdtmvg Clfflns, 793 Jlwdri Strggt, 7tj B`llr, Sdn Brdncmscl, Cd`mblrnmd,=94;7, WSD.

]lu drg brgg1

tl Sjdrg-- tl clpy, imstrmeutg, imsp`dy, dni pgrblrf tjg wlrh

Wnigr tjg bl``lwmno clnimtmlns1

Dttrmeutmln. ]lu fust dttrmeutg tjg wlrh mn tjg fdnngr spgcmbmgi ey tjg dutjlr lr`mcgnslr.

Nlnclffgrcmd`. ]lu fdy nlt usg tjms wlrh blr clffgrcmd` purplsgs.

Nl Igrmvdtmvg _lrhs. ]lu fdy nlt d`tgr, trdnsblrf, lr eumì upln tjms wlrh.

[`gdsg nltg tjdt tjms wlrh clntdmns clpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd` mn tjg blrf lb tgxt dni mfdogs,wjmcj drg rgprliucgi mn dcclridncg wmtj tjg Bdmr Igd`mno c`dusg lb tjg Clpyrmojt Dct lbCdndid. Yjg Crgdtmvg Clfflns @mcgnsg igscrmegi delvg mn nl wdy dpp`mgs tl sucj prgvmlus`yclpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd`, dni mn nl wdy dbbgcts tjgmr clpyrmojt stdtus. Mnstdncgs lb sucjclpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd` rgprliucgi mn tjms wlrh unigr tjg Bdmr Igd`mno c`dusg lb tjg Clpyrmojt

Dct lb Cdndid sjluì eg trgdtgi ds gxcùsmlns tl tjg Crgdtmvg Clfflns @mcgnsg. Dni tjlsgrgprliucmno tjms ellh ds d wjl`g, lr rgprliucmno pdrts lb tjms ellh clntdmnmno sucjclpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd`, sjluì il sl mn dcclridncg wmtj tjg Clpyrmojt `dws lb tjgmr rgspgctmvgaurmsimctmln. Mt ms tjg rgsplnsmem`mty lb tjg usgr/pue`msjgr/up`ldigr tl gnsurg tjdt jms lr jgrrgprliuctmln lb sucj prgvmlus`y clpyrmojtgi fdtgrmd` clntdmngi mn tjms ellh, ms ilng mn

dcclridncg wmtj tjg Clpyrmojt `dw lb jms lr jgr aurmsimctmln.

Blr dny rgusg lr imstrmeutmln, ylu fust fdhg c`gdr tl ltjgrs tjg `mcgnsg tgrfs lb tjms ellh.Mn ltjgr wlris, tjms ellh, mb rgprliucgi mn wjl`g, fust eg ilng sl wmtjlut dny cjdnog

wjdtslgvgr mn clntgnt, blrfdttmno gtc. Dni tjgsg mcgnsg pdogs fust d`sl eg imsp`dygi. Mb tjmsellh ms rgprliucgi mn pdrt, tjgsg `mcgnsg pdogs fust stm`` eg imsp`dygi.

Dny lb tjgsg clnimtmlns cdn eg wdmvgi mb ylu ogt pgrfmssmln brlf tjg clpyrmojt jlìgr. [`gdsgclntdct tjg dutjlr lb blr clffgrcmd` rgprliuctmln. Bdvlrde`g tgrfs wm`` eg rgdim`y ordntgi.

]lur bdmr usg dni ltjgr usgr rmojts drg mn nl wdy dbbgctgi ey tjg delvg.


18/313

49

Yjms ms d jufdn-rgdide`g suffdry lb tjg @god` Clig (tjg bu`` `mcgnsg), wjmcj ms dvdm`de`gln`mng dt jttp1//crgdtmvgclfflns.lro/`mcgnsgs/ey-nc-ni/5.7/cd/. [`gdsg clnsu`t tjg bu``

`mcgnsgmb ylu drg sgghmno dny hmni lb rgprliuctmln.


19/313

47

CJD[YGU LNG1 GDU@MGSY YMFGS

D rg`gvdnt stdrtmno plmnt blr lur purplsgs wluì eg 7;; EC. Drluni tjms

tmfg, tjg prgigcgsslrs tl tjg M`ùfmndtm wgrg lpgrdtmno tjg Ngl-Edey`lnmdn Gfpmrg mn wjdt ms prgsgnt idy Mrdq, dni Mrdn wds mtt`g flrg tjdnd trmeutdry lb Edey`ln. Eut tjg jgyidys lb Edey`ln wgrg `lno lvgr. Gvgntjg Goyptmdn pjdrdljs, wjl igrmvgi tjgmr lccu`t rg`momlus dni cu`turd`prdctmcgs brlf tjg fystgry rg`momlns lb Edey`ln wgrg mn igc`mng. Mnblrfgirgdigrs wm`` nltg tjdt Edey`ln wds nlt tjg crdi`g lb jufdn cmvm`mzdtmln mtms plrtrdygi tl eg. Mt wds tjg bmrst succgssbu` gxpgrmfgnt ey d fmnlrmty

crmfmnd` g`mtg mn sustdmnde`g s`dvgry lb d `drog orlup lb pglp`g. Yjms wdsplssme`g ey tjg crgdtmln lb pdodn dni lccu`t rg`momlus eg`mgbs dni cu`turd`

nlrfs tjdt hgpt `drog sgctmlns lb tjg plpu`dtmln mn d stdtg lb pgrpgtud`spmrmtud` crmsms.

C]UWS YJG OUGDY DNI YJG DCJDGFGNMI

GF[MUG

Yjg Gfpmrg lb Cyrus tjg Orgdt wds tjg `drogst tjg tjgn wlrì jdi sggn.

Cyrus MM wds d hmno wjl rgmongi lut lb Mrdn brlf 77: tl 73; EC. Eut Cyrus MMwds nlt d aust dny hmno, jg wds d clnqugrlr gxtrdlrimndmrg wjl blunigitjg Dcjdgfgnmi Gfpmrg. Lng lb jms emoogst dcclfp`msjfgnt wds tjgtlpp`mno lb tjg ngmojelurmno Ngl-Edey`lnmdn Gfpmrg. Dt tjdt tmfg, Edey`lnwds jgdvm`y blrtmbmgi, dni wds smtudtgi egtwggn twl fdalr rmvgrs mn Mrdq.Cyrus MM fdndogi tl imvgrt lng lb tjg rmvgrs burtjgr upstrgdf, dni jmsblrcgs wdii`gi dcrlss, cdpturmno Edey`ln. Wpln clnqugst lb Edey`ln, jg

rg`gdsgi tjg Agws dni s`dvgs brlf cdptmvmty. Yjms ms dn mfplrtdnt imstmnctmln.Egcdusg M`ùfmndtm cmvm`msdtmlns (Edey`lnmdns, Goyptmdns, Ulfdns) d`wdys


20/313

42

pgrsgcutgi tjlsg wjl lpgn`y prdctmcgi tjg Auidmsf lb tjg Ylrdj (Yjgyprgbgrrgi Sdeedtgdn-sty`g cryptl-Auidmsf mnstgdi).

_DS C]UWS YJG OUGDY IJW@-TDUND]N LB YJG

TWUDN

Dccgssgi Fdy 5;tj5;43.


93/313

:=

wm`` eg rgbgrrgi tl ds cryptl-Ngstlrmdns dni Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdns. Dflrg dccurdtg tgrf wluì prlede`y eg cryptl-Eyzdntmngs, egcdusg tjmsorlup wluì `dtgr turn lut tl eg strlno`y clnngctgi, mn tgrfs lb e`lli`mngsdni pl`mtmcd` leagctmvgs, tl tjg wmtjgrmno Eyzdntmng Gfpmrg. Eut tjms

imstmnctmln gfgrogi mn tjg `dtgr pjdsgs. Mt ms mfplrtdnt tl imbbgrgntmdtgegtwggn dctud` gvgryidy Cjrmstmdns dni tjg orlup egmno mfp`mgi jgrg. Yjg

orlup egmno mfp`mgi jgrg drg clnngctgi tl tjg M`ùfmndtm rlyd`ty lb Gurlpg,gmtjgr tjrluoj e`lli`mng lr tjrluoj sgcrgt slcmgtmgs, dni slfgtmfgs eltj.Dni Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdnmty ms ln`y d clvgr tjrluoj wjmcj tjgy lpgrdtg. Dnitjgmr Cjrmstmdnmty wds jmoj`y tdmntgi ey Fdnmcjdgmsf dni Sjdfdnmsf. Dsusud`, tjgmr vgctlrlb mnbm`trdtmln wds wlfgn. Yl qultg,

X.V Cjrmstmdn wmvgs jdi jgì gxd`tgi plsmtmlns mn tjg Flnol`Gfpmrg smncg mts egomnnmnos. Cjmnooms, tjg bmrst Flnol` Hjdn (imgi455?), lwgi jms gdr`y succgss mn `drog pdrt tl Ylojrm`, tjg _dnoHjdn lb tjg Hgrdmt trmeg, wjmcj jdi clnvgrtgi tl NgstlrgdnCjrmstmdnmty delut tjg egomnnmnos lb tjg g`gvgntj cgntury1 Yjmsru`gr wds tjluojt ey slfg tl jdvg eggn tjg `gognidry [rgstgrAljn. _jgn Cjmnooms suesgqugnt`y crusjgi tjg Hgrdmtgs, jg tllh

wmvgs brlf dflno tjgmr jmoj elrn Cjrmstmdn wlfgn. Lng lb tjgfwds Slrqlqtdnm Egom, nmgcg lb tjg igplsgi _dno Hjdn, wjl

egcdfg cjmgb wmbg lb Cjmnoomss ylunogst sln, Ylùm. (imgi 4535/3),dni wds fltjgr lb tjg Orgdt Hjdns Flnohg dni Tuem`dm, ds wg``ds lb tjg bmrst M`hjdn, Ju`gou. Cjmnooms ds`l odvg Ju`gou _dnoHjdns ordni-iduojtgr, Ilquz Hjdtun, wjl `dtgr egcdfg Ju`gouscjmgb wmbg Xds pgr tjg Flnol` custlf lb d sln dccgptmno jmsbdtjgrs wmvgs ds jms lwnV. Jms succgsslr, Dedqd, d`sl jdi Cjrmstmdnwmvgs, eltj Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdns dni dn Lrtjlilx Cdtjl`mc, Fdrmd[d`dgl`lomnd, Yd ndturd` iduojtgr lb Fmcjdg`, tjg Eyzdntmng

Gfpgrlr. Dedqds sln, Drojun, wjl d`sl wgi Ngstlrmdns, dtgr jdilng lb jms slns edptmzgi mn jms gbblrt tl wmn Cjrmstmdn supplrt. Yjdtprmncg wds iueegi Nmcjl`ds, mn jlnlur lb tjg [lpg.5;2

5;2Adfgs I. Uydn, Cjrmstmdn _mvgs lb Flnol` Hjdns1 Ydrtdr Tuggns dni FmssmlndryGxpgctdtmlns mn Cgntrd` Dsmd, Alurnd` lb tjg Ulyd` Dsmdtmc Slcmgty lb Orgdt Ermtdmn &Mrg`dni (Yjmri Sgrmgs) :.3 (4==:)1 947-942.


94/313

=;

Yjg Hgrdmt wgrg tjg flst ilfmndnt trmeg lb tjgbmvg fdalr trmed` clnbgigrdtmlns lb Flnol`md. Yjgwlri Hgrdmt igrmvgs brlf tjg Flnol`mdn wlri'Hjgrggs' fgdnmno 'crlss,' dni rgprgsgnts tjg

Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdnmty lb tjg trmeg.5;?Yjg Hgrdmtwgrg mnstrufgntd` mn wrgst`mno Flnol`md brlf

tjg @mdl Iyndsty.

Ltjgr trmegs tjdt clnvgrtgi tl NgstlrmdnCjrmstmdnmty wgrg tjg Lnoui trmegs dni tjgNdmfdns. Eltj lb tjgsg wgrg dctmvg mn tjgFlnol` mnvdsmln. B. D. Nmxln, d Ermtmsj plstd`lbbmcmd` wlrhmno mn nlrtjgrn Cjmnd mn tjg 4=5;simsclvgrgi fdny Ngstlrmdn crlssgs mn tjgnlrtjgrn egni lb tjg ]g``lw rmvgr wjgrg tjgCjrmstmdn Lnoui trmeg wds lncg sgtt`gi. 5;: Yjgcrlssgs egdr typmcd` M``ufmndtm mclnlordpjy, sucj ds tjg crlss dsslcmdtgiwmtj tjg Ulsmcrucmdn flvgfgnt, Yjg Ygfp`dr Crlss, tjg `ltus, tjg swdstmhddni tjg d``-sggmno gyg.

OGNOJMS HJDN

Yjg lrmomns lb Ognojms Hjdn drg lescurg, d`tjluoj mt ms hnlwn tjdt jms

bdtjgr wds d sfd``tmfg d``y lb tjg Hgrdmts, dni jg igscgnigi brlf tjgElramomi c`dn. D `dtgr [grsmdn jmstlrmdn Udsjmi-d`-Imn Jdfdidnm wjlcjrlnmc`gi tjg Flnol`s, c`dmfgi tjdt fdny l`i Flnol`mdn c`dns (sucj dsEdru`ds, Wrui, Fdnojui, Ydmcjmut, Cjlnls, Hmydt) wgrg blunigi ey Elramomnfgfegrs. Udsjmi d`-Imn d`sl sdys tjdt Ognojms Hjdn jdi rgi jdmr dni orggngygs, wjmcj jmnts dt Gurlpgdn-Eyzdntmng dncgstry. Jms bdtjgr wds hm``gi ey

tjg Ydtdrs, trdimtmlnd` gngfmgs lb tjg Flnol`s. Jms fltjgr wds brlf tjgLnoomrdt trmeg, ds wg`` ds jms bmrst wmbg. Yjgrg ms strlno rgdsln tl eg`mgvgtjdt tjg Lnoomrdts wgrg jlsts tl cryptl-Ngstlrmdns.

_jdt ms hnlwn ms tjdt Ognojms Hjdn lbbgrgi jmfsg`b ds d vdssd` tl tl tjgHgrdmts. Jg tjgn stdrtgi unmbymno trmegs unigr jms ednngr ey mntrliucmnoprdctmcgs wjmcj wgrg clfp`gtg`y d`mgn tl Flnol` cu`turg. Mn Flnol`

cu`turg, bdfm`y tmgs wgrg tjg edsms lb gvgrytjmno. Ognojms Hjdn cjdnogi

5;?Dnltjgr tjglry ms tjdt tjg Hgrdmt drg slfgjlw clnngctgi tl tjg Auidmc Hdrdmtg sgct

lb tjg Hjdzdrs, eut tjms gxp`dndtmln ms prle`gfdtmc.5;:B.S. Irdhg, Ngstlrmdn Crlssgs dni Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdns mn Cjmnd unigr tjgFlnol`s, Alurnd` lb tjg Ulyd` Dsmdtmc Slcmgty Jlno Hlno Erdncj 5 (4=25)1 44-57.

Lng lb tjg fdny

Ngstlrmdn crlssgs

ungdrtjgi mn Cjmnd. Yjms

lng bgdturgs tjg swdstmhd

dni dn mnvgrtgi pyrdfmi

wmtj tjg d``-sggmno-gyg.

AUDS. @mfmtgi tjufendm`rgprliuctmln unigr Bdmr

Igd`mno.


95/313

=4

tjdt, dni stdrtgi rgwdrimno trmegs blr `lyd`ty dni legimgncg. D clig lbclniuct blr jms bl``lwgrs wds crgdtgi, wjmcj egcdfg hnlwn ds tjg ]dssd.

Yjms wds ygt dnltjgr mnnlvdtmln tjdt wds clfp`gtg`y d`mgn tl Flnol`mdnnlfdimc cu`turg. Ognojms Hjdn trmgi tl divdncg jms stdnimno ey dshmno blrtjg jdni lb tjg iduojtgr lb Ylojrm` (tjg jgdi lb tjg Hgrdmts) blr jms sln.

_jgn Ylojrm` rgbusgi, Ognojms Hjdn sgnt jms trustgi cjmìjlli brmgni,Adfuhjd tl mnbm`trdtg Ylojrm`s smig. Adfuhjd prgtgnigi tl eg dt liis wmtjOgnojms Hjdn eut sgcrgt`y odtjgrgi mntg``mogncg blr jmf. Adfuhjdsmntrmougs `gi tl tjg igbgdt dni gxgcutmln lb Ylojrm`, dni tjg deslrptmln lbtjg Hgrdmt trmeg mntl tjg clnbgigrdtmln lb Ognojms Hjdn. Adfuhjd wdsd``lwgi tl gscdpg dni jg dtgr mnbm`trdtgi tjg Ndmfdn trmeg dni suevgrtgimt mn d smfm`dr bdsjmln.

Yjg tdhglvgr lb suesgqugnt trmegs ds wg`` ds ngmojelurmno iyndstmgs eyOgnojms Hjdn bl``lws d c`gdr pdttgrn lb fdnubdcturmno prlvlcdtmlns dniclnqugrmno tjg rgomln unigr tjg prgtgxt lb rgsplnimno tl tjg prlvlcdtmln.

Yjms wluì eg tjg fligrn idy gqumvd`gnt lb d bd`sg b`do dttdch (Yjmnh Ou`blb Ylnhmn dni Lsdfd Emn @dign). Ognojms Hjdn nggigi sucj prlvlcdtmlns

tl clnvmncg jms sueagct trmegs tl fdhg sdcrmbmcgs blr tjg prlordf lbclnqugst. Eut c`gdr`y, sucj Fdcjmdvg``mdnmsf wds unjgdri lb mn Flnol`md

[l`mtmcd` Fdp lb tjg _lrì prmlr tl tjg Flnol` Mnvdsmln.


96/313

=5

egblrg jmf, dni dppgdrs flrg mn mng wmtj tjg strdtgomgs lb Gurlpgdn ru`mnog`mtg. Yjg pdttgrn egmno imscussgi delvg ms ds bl``lws1

4. Crgdtg dn drtmbmcmd` rmvd`ry/gnfmty wmtj d trustgi bg``lw Flnol`mdnNgstlrmdn Cjrmstmdn.

5. D``lw Flnol`mc Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdn tl gscdpg mntl tjg tgrrmtlrylb tjg trmeg lr iyndsty wjmcj ms tl eg clnqugrgi. Yjg Flnol`mdn

Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdn tjgn sgghs lbbmcmd` prltgctmln lb iyndsty lrtrmeg mn qugstmln. Mn diimtmln, jg odtjgrs mnsmig mntg``mogncg ln d``tjgmr wgdhngssgs, wjmcj ms sgcrgt`y trdnsfmttgi tl Ognojms Hjdn.

3. Ognojms Hjdn clnvmncgs jms sueagct trmegs tjdt tjg trmeg lr iyndstytl eg clnqugrgi ms wm`bu``y jdrelurmno dn gngfy, dni olgs tl wdr.Yjg Flnol`mdn Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdn sdeltdogs jms jlst tjrluojmntrmougs dni clnspmrdcmgs wjgn tjg drfy lb Ognojms Hjdn drrmvgs.

9. Yjg Flnol`mdn Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdn wjl dcts ds tjg dogntprlvlcdtgur ms sgcrgt`y rgjdem`mtdtgi edch mntl tjg Flnol` cdfp,wjm`g lbbmcmd` dcclunts c`dmf tjdt jg wds omvgn d pdmnbu` igdtj.

Yjg Ndmfdn trmeg wds rgsmstmno ilfmndtmln ey Ognojms Hjdn. Eut Adfuhjd

fdndogi tl mnbm`trdtg tjgf dni egcdfg tjgmr `gdigr. Wnigr tjg prgtgxttjdt tjg Ndmfdns wgrg jdrelurmno dn gngfy, Ognojms Hjdn wgnt tl wdrdodmnst tjg Ndmfdns dni tjg Fgrhmts. Adfuhjd dednilngi tjg Ndmfdns dttjg `dst flfgnt. _g drg tl`i tjdt Adfuhjd wds omvgn d jlnlurde`gigdtj, eut tjgrg ms mnimcdtmln tjdt jg clntmnugi sgrvmno Ognojms Hjdn.

Dbtgr tjg Ndmfdns, d`` prlfmngnt Flnol` trmegs egcdfg sueagcts lbOgnojms Hjdn. Yjg Wmojurs lb tjg Zmnamdno [rlvmncg lb Cjmnd cjlsg tl fdhgdn d``mdncg wmtj Ognojms Hjdn. Gvgn tjg Ydtdrs wgrg igbgdtgi mn 44=7 C.G.

Ognojms Hjdn d`sl pmlnggrgi dn g`delrdtg spymno ngtwlrh ds wg`` ds dsystgf lb clurmgrs. Eltj lb tjgsg wgrg ngw mnnlvdtmlns mn Flnol` cu`turg.Yjg fgtglrmc rmsg lb Ognojms Hjdn sjlu`i eg crgimtgi tl tjg lrodnmzgidctmvmty Gurlpgdn "Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdns wjl wjm`g lpgrdtmno mn sjdilws,lvgrsdw jms succgss. "Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdns jdi mnbm`trdtgi d`` fdalrFlnol` trmegs, dni usgi tjgmr mntrmougs tl gnsurg tjgy egcdfg sueagcts lbOgnojms Hjdn.


97/313

=3

OGNOJMS HJDN S@LWCJGS YL_DUIS YJG

MS@DFMC _LU@I

Yjg igstructmln lb tjg Ms`dfmc _lrì cluì nlt eg dcclfp`msjgi wmtjluttjg dcqumgscgncg lb slfg Cjmngsg iyndstmgs tjdt stlli mn tjg wdy.

_GSYGUN ZMD I]NDSY] UGSMSYS YJG FLNOL@S

Yjrluoj jms spy ngtwlrh, Ognojms Hjdn dcqumrgi mntg``mogncg tjdt tjg flrgplwgrbu` Amn iyndsty (trdimtmlnd` lvgr`lris lb tjg Flnol`s) wgrg un`mhg`y

tl supplrt tjg _gstgrn Zmd Iyndsty mn tjg gvgnt lb d Flnol` mnvdsmln.Ydhmno divdntdog lb tjms gnfmty, Ognojms Hjdn mnvdigi tjg _gstgrn ZmdIyndsty (d`sl hnlwn ds tjg Ydnout pglp`g). Eut jg subbgrgi sgvgrd`sgtedchs. Flnol` trllps wgrg nlt gbbgctmvg dodmnst blrtmbmgi cmtmgs. Smncgtjg prlordf lb tjg Flnol` Mnvdsmln wds fgdnt tl eg imrgctgi dt tjgMs`dfmc _lrì, sdcrmbmcmno Flnol` trllps mn Cjmnd fdig `mtt`g sgnsg. CjgnomsHjdn sugi blr pgdcg, d``lwmno tjg Zmd ru`grs tl rgfdmn ds bmourgjgdis lnclnimtmln tjdt tjgy supp`y trllps blr tjg upclfmno igstructmln lb tjgMs`dfmc _lrì. Yjg Zmd, egmno d ndtmln lb cmty-iwg``grs pruignt`y igc`mngisupp`ymno trllps blr d crlss-cluntry fdrcj. Ognojms Hjdn imi nlt prgss

tjgf, eut jg jdi dcqumrgi clntrl` lb tjg Zmd cluntrysmig. Dni smncg tjmssgrvgi jms purplsg lb crgdtmno d clrrmilr slutjwdris tlwdris tjg Ms`dfmc

_lrì, Ognojms Hjdn wdstgi nl burtjgr rgslurcgs ln tjg Zmd Iyndsty, dniblcusgi ln tjg Amn Iyndsty. Eut Ognojms Hjdn ngvgr blrodvg tjgf blrigc`mnmno supplrt, dni iurmno jms `dst ygdrs, jg wluì rgturn blr rgvgnog,ln`y tl fggt jms igdtj.

AMN I]NDSY]8 BLUFGU FLNOL@ LRGU@LUIS EGCLFG

RDSSD@SYjg Amn Iyndsty (d`sl hnlwn ds Aurcjgn pglp`g) wds `lcdtgi tl tjg gdst lbOgnojms Hjdn dni wds nlt mn tjg wdy lb jms clrrmilr tl tjg Ms`dfmc wlrì.Eut mt wds ngcgssdry tl sueiug tjgf egcdusg tjgy wgrg trdimtmlnd`lvgr`lris lb tjg Flnol`s, dni wgrg cdpde`g lb supp`dntmno tjgmr lwnsupplrtgrs mn Flnol`md lncg Ognojms Hjdn dni jms blrcgs `gbt blr tjgMs`dfmc _lrì. [rgvmlus`y, tjg Amn jdi supplrtgi tjg Ydtdrs, wjl jdi hm``gitjg bdtjgr lb Ognojms Hjdn. Eut tjg lpplrtunmstmc Ognojms Hjdn gvgn

sluojt rgbuog wmtj tjg Amn iurmno `lw plmnts lb jms cdrggr.

Ognojms Hjdn jdi usgi Fus`mf trdigrs ds spmgs tl dssgss tjg mntgrnd`wgdhngssgs lb tjg Amn iyndsty. Lng sucj spy ndfgi Adbdr (Sjmmtg


98/313

=9

Ognojms Hjdn rgfdrhde`g mntg``mogncg ln tjg mntgrnd` wgdhngssgs lb tjgAmn. Sggmno tjg lpplrtunmty lb d succgssbu` mnvdsmln, Ognojms Hjdn snueegiAmn dfedssdilrs wjl jdi clfg tl cl``gct trmeutg. Slfg irdfd wds nggigitl fdhg d`` jms sueagct trmegs dorgg tl d e`lliy wdr wmtj tjg Amn. Sl Ognojms

Hjdn c`mfegi dtlp tjg Eurhjdn Hjdìun fluntdmn dni gfgrogi tjrgg idys`dtgr, c`dmfmno tjdt tjg tjg Jgdvgns jdi prlfmsgi tjgf vmctlry dodmnst tjg

Amn. Jg d`sl trmgi tl rlusg jms Flnol` sueagct trmegs tl rgvgnog, rgfmnimnotjgf tjdt tjg Amn jdi gxgcutgi prlfmngnt Flnol`s. Jg ngvgr fgntmlngitjdt jg tll, sluojt rgbuog wmtj tjg Amn mn jms gdr`y ygdrs.

Yjg Amn jdi d bdr emoogr drfy tjdn Ognojms Hjdn, eut fdny lb tjgmr trllpsigbgctgi tl tjg Flnol`s. Igspmtg tjg swg``mno lb tjgmr nufegrs, tjgFlnol`s wgrg unde`g tl tdhg tjg blrtmbmgi Amn cdpmtd` lb Egmamno, dni OgnojmsHjdn wds wlunigi ey dn drrlw. Jg rgtrgdtgi tlwdris tjg cluntrysmig,rdvdomno mt. Slln jg jdi surrlunigi Egmamno dodmn, eut tjg cmty wluì nltbd``. Yjg Flnol` egsmgogrs stdrtgi stdrvmno dni gvgn rgslrtgi tlcdnnmed`msf. Yjg Amn usgi b`dfmno drrlws, wjmcj tjg Flnol`s wluì `dtgrdilpt. Ognojms Hjdn usgi Adbdr tl fdhg pgdcg lvgrturgs tl tjg Amn clurt.Yjgy o`di`y dccgptgi, dni lbbgrgi jmf mniucgfgnts tl rgturn tl Flnol`md,

dni mn gxcjdnog, dorggi tl eg d vdssd` stdtg lb Ognojms Hjdn. Eut lncgOgnojms Hjdn `gbt, tjg Amn flvgi tjgmr cdpmtd` tl tjg slutj dni stdrtgi

rgorlupmno. Ognojms Hjdn dttdchgi dodmn, dni tjms tmfg, tjrluoj d vdrmgtylb suetgrbuogs, fdndogi tl tdhg clntrl` lb flst lb nlrtjgrn Cjmnd. Egmamnowds cdpturgi, dni tgns lb tjlusdnis lb Amn wlfgn tjrgw tjgfsg`vgs brlftjg cmty wd``s tl dvlmi egmno rdpgi ey tjg Flnol`s. Yjg Amn wluì nl lnogrtjrgdtgn Flnol`md wjgn Ognojms Hjdn dni jms blrcgs wluì `gdvg blr tjgMs`dfmc wlrì.

HDUD-HJMYDN HJDNDYG IG@MRGUGI YL YJG FLNOL@S

E] CLNS[MUDC]Yjg Hdrd-Hjmtdn Hjdndtg wds gstde`msjgi ey ]g` Idsjm, d fgfegr lb tjgrlyd` bdfm`y lb tjg @mdl Iyndsty, wjmcj wds gdr`mgr deslregi ey tjg Amniyndsty. ]g` Idsjm cdfg mntl clnb`mct wmtj tjg Sgàuhs dni igd`t d igcmsmvgigbgdt tl Sdnadr dt Sdfdrhdni mn 4494 C.G. Dbtgr tjms edtt`g, tjg

ngmojelurmno slutjgrn Fus`mf hmnoilf lb Hjwdrgzf dni Hdrd HjdnmiHjdndtg egcdfg d vdssd` tl tjg Hdrd Hjmtdn Hjdndtg. Yjms edtt`g fdy jdvgeggn tjg mnspmrdtmln blr tjg prlordf lb usmno Flnol`s tl igstrly tjg

Fus`mf _lrì. [rmlr tl tjms igbgdt lb Sdnadr, tjg Sgàuhs wgrg clnsmigrgimnvmncme`g.


99/313

=7

]g` Idsjm wds tl`grdnt lb Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdns. Eut un`mhg tjgf, jg jgìnl ims`mhg lb Fus`mfs. Jg d``lwgi tjg Fus`mf Eurjdn bdfm`y tl clntmnug tlru`mno Euhjdrd.

_jgn Ognojms Hjdn jdi gdr`mgr sueiugi tjg tjg Ndmfdn trmeg, Hcjò,tjg sln lb Ydmeuqd (`gdigr lb tjg Ndmfdns) p`dygi dn mfplrtdnt rl`g mnsdeltdomno tjg Ndmfdns brlf wmtjmn. Hcjò wds elrn tl d Ngstlrmdn

Cjrmstmdn fltjgr, dni mt ms nl surprmsg tjdt jg mntrmougi wmtj Ognojms Hjdntl unigrfmng tjg Ndmfdns, mncùimno jms bdtjgr. Jms bdtjgr wdntgi tl tdhgd igbgnsmvg plsmtmln mn tjg fluntdmns, dodmnst tjg divdncmno blrcgs lbOgnojms Hjdn. Eut Hcjò unigrfmngi tjms strdtgoy, ey cd``mno jms bdtjgrsp`dn clwdri`y, dni cd``gi blr d clnbrlntdtmln wmtj tjg Flnol`s mn tjg lpgnp`dmns. Yjg rgsu`t wds d tltd` rlut blr tjg Ndmfdns. Ydmeuqd imgi lb jmsmnaurmgs, Ognojms Hjdn tllh jms wmbg mntl jms jdrgf. Hcjò wds d``lwgi tlgscdpg ey Ognojms Hjdn tl tjg slutj, sl tjdt jg cluì sgrvg ds dn dogntprlvlcdtgur, crgdtmno d prgtgxt blr Flnol` mnvdsmln lb slutjgrn iyndstmgs.Dt tjg sdfg tmfg, Hcjò wluì d`sl odtjgr mntg``mogncg ln slutjgrniyndstmgs tjdt stlli egtwggn Ognojms Hjdn dni tjg Ms`dfmc wlrì. Jgwluì unigrfmng tjgf wmtj jms mntrmougs wjgn tjgy prgpdrgi tl rgsmst

Ognojms Hjdn.

Hcjò mnbm`trdtgi tjg Hdrd Hjmtdn Hjdndtg dni fdndogi tl egclfg dndivmslr tl mts hmno, ]g` Qjmùou (d igscgnidnt lb ]g` Idsjm). Hcjòfdrrmgi lng lb jms iduojtgrs dni wds gvgn d``lwgi tl fdmntdmn d fm``mtdryunmt lb bg``lw Ndmfdns. Wn`mhg ]g` Qjmùou wjl fdmntdmngi d sd`drmgidrfy, Hcjò d``lwgi jms drfy tl `llt dni pùnigr dt wm``. Dni jg sllndttrdctgi d bl``lwmno lb fdrduigrs, nlfdis dni igsgrtgrs.

Ognojms Hjdn gnclurdogi tjg Wmojurs tl rgeg` dodmnst tjg Hdrd-Hjmtdns.Hcjò wds imspdtcjgi ey ]g` Qjmùou tl igd` wmtj tjg Wmojurs. Eut jg

monlrgi tjgf dni mnstgdi, `lltgi tjg cluntrysmig. Yjg Hdrd-Hjmtdn vdssd`,Hjwdrgzf-Sjdj, tllh Euhjdrd mn 45;?, eut wds igbgdtgi ey tjg Hdrd-

Hjmtdns dt Sdfdrhdni. ]g` Qjmùous blrcgs wgrg sl imscmp`mngi tjdt tjgyimi nlt pùnigr Fus`mf Sdfdrhdni wjgn tjgy rgclvgrgi mt.

Yjg Hjwdrgzf ru`grs burtjgr slutj jdi eggn clfp`gtg`y mnbm`trdtgi eyNgstlrmdn Cjrmstmdns, eut tjgy prgtgnigi tl eg Fus`mf. Mt ms nl surprmsg tjdtHcjò wluì sgcrgt`y gntgr mntl dn d``mdncg tjg Hjwdrgzf-Sjdj. _jgn]g` Qjmùou wds eusy igd`mno wmtj d rgeg``mln mn tjg ngmojelurmno Hdrd-

Hjdnmi Hjdndtg (mnstmodtgi ey tjg Hjwdrgzfsjdj), Hcjò sgmzgi tjgHdrd-Hjmtdn trgdsury. ]g` Qjmùou jdi tl wmtjirdw brlf Sdfdrhdni tligd` wmtj Hcjò. Dni Hjwdrgzf-Sjdj Fujdffdi MM cdpturgiSdfdrhdni, igbgdtmno tjg Hdrd-Hjmtdns. ]g` Qjmùou fdndogi tl igbgdt


100/313

=2

Hcjò, wjl tjgn b`gi gdst. Eut wjgn ]g` Qjmùou wds juntmno, Hcjòcdpturgi jmf. Yjrgg ygdrs `dtgr, ]g` Qjmùou wds igdi, dni Hcjòegcdfg tjg ru`gr lb lb tjg Hdrd Hjmtdn Hjdndtg.

Lncg mn plwgr, Hcjò imsp`dygi d jdtrgi lb Ms`df typmcd` lb tjg sjdilwyNgstlrmdn Cjrmstmdns jg wds clnngctgi tl, dni wjmcj blrgsjdilwgi tjgclfmno igstructmln lb tjg Ms`dfmc _lrì ey jms bg``lw Ngstlrmdn Flnol`s.

Jg mnsmstgi tjdt jms Fus`mf sueagcts clnvgrt tl Ngstlrmdnmsf lr Euiijmsf,lr wgdr tjg Hjmtdn odrfgnt. Hcjò mnvdigi tjg ngmojelurmno Fus`mfHdrd-Hjdnmi Hjdndtg dni cdpturgi tjg cmty lb Hdsjodr, puttmno dni gni tltjg vdssd` stdtg. Jg dntdolnmzgi tjg Fus`mf rgsmignts ey pm``domno dnieurnmno jdrvgsts, mnstmtutmno dntm-Fus`mf pl`mcmgs dni blrcmno rgsmignts tldcclfflidtg jms trllps mn tjgmr jlfgs. Jg d`sl crucmbmgi dn mfdf ndfgiD`d-d`-Imn Fujdffdi tl tjg illr lb jms fdirdssd. Dni jg ednngi tjg cd``stl prdygrs dni c`lsgi rg`momlus scjll`s.

Yjg Hdrd Hjmtdn Hjdndtg jdi bd``gn unigr jms clntrl` ds rgsu`t lb jmsmntrmougs dni clnspmrdcmgs. Nlw, mt wds tmfg tl trdnsbgr tjg Hjdndtg tlOgnojms Hjdn, sl tjdt Ognojms Hjdn cluì flvg burtjgr slutj tlwdris tjgMs`dfmc _lrì. Hcjò p`dygi dognt prlvlcdtgur ey dttdchmno tjg cmty lb

D`fd`mh, d tmny Yurhmc Hdodndtg wjmcj elrigrgi Ognojmsmi tgrrmtlry. Mts ru`gr

dppgd`gi tl Ognojms Hjdn blr jg`p. Dni d`` lb tjg Hdrd Hjmtdn Hjdndtg bg``tl Ognojms Hjdn.

Hcjò tjgn b`gi tlwdris tjg Fdfùh Su`tdndtg lb Mnimd, jlpmno tl p`dy dsmfm`dr rl`g wmtj tjgf ds jg imi wmtj tjg Hdrd-Hjmtdns. Eut jg fdig d wrlnoturn dni gnigi up trdppgi mn d vd``gy mn nlrtjgrn Dbojdnmstdn. _g drg tlìtjdt Hcjò wds cdpturgi dni egjgdigi mn 454:, dni tjms cluì jdvg eggnplssme`g mb jms Flnol` pursugrs (`gdi ey Ageg) wgrg nlt cryptl-Ngstlrmdn.Eut mt ms flrg `mhg`y tjdt jg wds sgcrgt`y rgjdem`mtdtgi `mhg Adfuhjd.

HJ_DUGQF-SJDJ EDMYS YJG _UDYJ LB

YJG FLNOL@S

Yjg ru`grs lb Hjwdrgzf jdi eggn clfp`gtg`y mnbm`trdtgi ey cryptl-Ngstlrmdns. Yjgy p`dygi dn mfplrtdnt rl`g mn tjg Flnol` igstructmln lb tjgMs`dfmc _lrì ey edmtmno tjg Flnol`s mntl mnvdimno tjg Ms`dfmc _lrì.Gstde`msjfgnt jmstlrmdns ds wg`` ds Flnol` dcclunts try tl pdmnt tjg pmcturg

tjdt Ognojms Hjdn wdntgi tl gstde`msj pgdcgbu` trdig rg`dtmlns wmtjHjwdrgzf, eut tjg furigrlus vml`gncg lb tjg Hjwdrgzf-Sjdj tlwdrisFlnol` fgrcjdnts dni dfedssdilrs prlvlhgi tjgf mntl igstrlymno tjgMs`dfmc _lrì.


101/313

=?

Yjg rgd`mty ms tjdt tjg prlordf lb igstrlymno tjg Ms`dfmc _lrì wdsprlcggimno swmbt`y lncg Ognojms Hjdn jdi clnsl`midtgi. Yjg Hjwdrgzfiyndsty wds tjg bmrst Fus`mf iyndsty Ognojms Hjdn wluì gncluntgr. Mtsru`grs, egmno cryptl-Ngstlrmdns, wgrg wm``mno tl sdcrmbmcg tjgmr gntmrg

iyndsty mn bdvlur lb tjg prlordf lb igstrlymno tjg Ms`dfmc _lrì. Yjgywluì edmt tjg Flnol`s mntl d rgvgnog-bm``gi fdrcj mntl tjg Ms`dfmc

jgdrt`dni. Dni lncg tjg furigrlus, pm``domno, rdpdcmlus dni unimscmp`mngiFlnol`s fdig mt tl tjg Ms`dfmc jgdrt`dni, tjgy wluì egclfg mnvl`vgi mnclnb`mcts wmtj ltjgr Ms`dfmc hmnoilfs ds wg``. Lb clursg, tjg cryptl-Ngstlrmdns dflno tjgsg Hjwdrgzf ru`grs wluì `dtgr eg spdrgi eyOgnojms Hjdn, dni tjgy wgrg d``lwgi tl gscdpg, dni slfg wgrg gvgnrgjdem`mtdtgi mntl tjg Flnol` clurt.

D EUMGB JMSYLU] LB YJG IMDEL@MCD@ HJ_DUGQF-

SJDJS

[rmlr tl Ms`df, tjg Hjwdrgzf rgomln wds ru`gi ey tjg Dbrmojmi iyndsty.Yjgsg wgrg Mrdnmdn Qlrldstrmdns, wjl sgrvgi ds vdssd`s tl tjg Sdfdnmis.Yjgy wgrg jmoj`y cu`turgi, dni tl`grdnt lb tjgmr Fus`mf sueagcts. Yjgjmstlrmdn D`-Emrunm wds d prliuct lb tjgmr clurt. Mn ==7 C.G., tjgy wgrglvgrtjrlwn ey slfg fystgrmlus dni lpplrtunmstmc Fus`mf trdigrs lbMrdnmdn lrmomn, wjl crgdtgi tjg Fdfunmi iyndsty. Ey 4;4?, tjg Hjwdrgzfrgomln cdfg unigr imrgct Ojdzndvmi clntrl`. Fdjfui Ojdznm fdig d

Yurhmc s`dvg clffdnigr, D`tun Ydsj, tjg olvgrnlr lb Hjwdrgzf. Eut dsuccgsslr lb D`tun Ydsj swmtcjgi d``gomdncg tl tjg Sgàuhs, wjl wgrg rmvd`slb tjg Ojdzndvmis. Yjms `gi tl d struoo`g egtwggn tjg Sgàuhs dni tjgOjdzndvmis blr tjg clntrl` lb Hjwdrgzf. Yjg Sgàuhs gfgrogi vmctlrmlusdni mnstd``gi d Yurhmc s`dvg clffdnigr, Dnusjtgomn Ojdrcjdm ds tjgolvgrnlr lb Hjwdrgzf.

Dnusjtgomn dni jms sln, Fujdffdi M, sgrvgi ds `lyd` olvgrnlrs lb tjgSgàuhs tm`` 445?. Eut tjg sln lb Fujdffdi M, Dtsmz, prlvgi tl eg vgrytrgdcjgrlus blr tjg Sgàuhs. Dni mt wds nlt fgrg lpplrtunmsf tjdt fdigDtsmz sl trgdcjgrlus. Slfg jdvg spgcu`dtgi tjdt Dtsmz wds tjg cjmì lb dNgstlrmdn Cjrmstmdn fltjgr, tjg sdfg orlup wjmcj jdi fdig pdrd``g`

mnrldis mntl tjg ngmojelurmno Flnol`s. Mt ms p`dusme`g tjdt jms fltjgrse`lli`mng wds clnngctgi tl tjg M`ùfmndtm ru`grs lb Eyzdntmuf. YjgEyzdntmuf Gfpmrg wds bdcmno dn gxmstgntmd` tjrgdt brlf tjg Sgàuhs, dni tjg

dntm-Sgàuh dctmvmty lb Dtsmz fdhgs sgnsg mn tjms rgodri. Yjgrg ms d`sl tjgplssmem`mty tjdt Dtsmz wds d cryptl-Msfdm`m. Mn 443:, Dtsmz rgeg``gi dodmnst tjgSgàuh Su`tdn Djfgi Sdnadr. Jg wds igbgdtgi dni Sdnadr mnstd``gi jmsngpjgw ds tjg olvgrnlr lb Hjwdrgzf. Dtsmz dttdchgi dni `lltgi Euhjdrd.


102/313

=:

Ey 4494, jg odmngi tjg lyd`ty lb Sdnadr lncg dodmn, dni egcdfg tjg lbbmcmd`Sgàuh olvgrnlr. Yjg Hdrd-Hjmtdn ]g` Idsjm cdfg mntl clnb`mct wmtj tjgSgàuhs dni igd`t d igcmsmvg igbgdt tl Sdnadr dt Sdfdrhdni mn 4494. Dtsmz

Yjg hjwdrgzf Gfpmrg dt mts pgdh.

aufpgi dt tjg lpplrtunmty dni lccupmgi drog swdtjgs lb tgrrmtlry mn SgàuhMrdn. Eut ]g` Idsjm tllh tjg lpplrtunmty tl pùnigr Hjwdrgzf ds wg``, dniblrcgi Dtsmz tl egclfg d trmeutdry. Mn `gss tjdn d ygdr, Sdnadr pusjgi edchDtsmz brlf Mrdn dni blrcgi jmf tl pdy trmeutg, fdhmno jmf d ilue`g-vdssd`lb eltj tjg Sgàuhs dni tjg Hdrd-Hjmtdns. Drluni 4493, Dtsmz trmgi tl

dssdssmndtg Sdnadr ey imspdtcjmno twl Msfdm`m dssdssmns. 5;= Eut d Sdnadr`lyd`mst mn Dtsmzs cdfp d`grtgi Sdnadr mn divdncg. Dtsmz tjrgw tjms Sdnadr

`lyd`mst mntl tjg Lxus Umvgr. Dn dnory Sdnadr divdncgi tlwdris Hjwdrgzf.Dtsmz fdy jdvg eggn mnvl`vgi mn tjg nufgrlus mntrmougs dni clfspmrdcmgstl pu`` ilwn nlt aust Sdnadr eut tjg Sgàuh Gfpmrg mtsg`b, wjmcj stm``clffdnigi `mfmtgi mnbùgncg mn tjg Eyzdntmng jlfg`dni lb Dndtl`md.Yjrluoj jms pdngoyrmc clurt plgt Udsjmi d`-Imn Rdtvdt, Dtsmz eldstgi tjgclfmno gni lb tjg Sgàuh Gfpmrg, wg`` mn divdncg.54;_jgn Sdnadr cdpturgi

5;=D`d-di-Imn 'Dtd-Fd`mh Auvdmnm, Yjg Jmstlry lb tjg _lrì-Clnqugrlr Rl`. 4. trdns. Aljn

Dnirgw Ely`g (Cdfermiog, Fdssdcjusgtts1 Jdrvdri Wnmvgrsmty [rgss, 4=7:) 5:5.54; C.G. Elswlrtj, Yjg [l`mtmcd` dni Iyndstmc Jmstlry lb tjg Mrdnmdn _lrì, Yjg

Cdfermiog Jmstlry lb Mrdn gi. A. D. Ely`g (Cdfermiog Wnmvgrsmty [rgss, 5;;4), 497.


103/313

==

tjg tlwn lb Jdzdr-Dsp, jg lrigrgi tjg cdpturg dni gxgcutmln lb Rdtvdt.544Rdtvdt dppgd`gi blr fgrcy dni wds de`g tl wmn Sdnadrs blromvgngss. Dtsmztll, unde`g tl fustgr tjg clurdog tl bmojt Sdnadr, egoogi blr jmsblromvgngss dni wds spdrgi gxgcutmln. Mn 4473 Sdnadr wds cdpturgi ey d

cl``gctmln lb Lojuz trmegs. Dtsmz rusjgi tl cdpturg dni pùnigr Sgàuh Mrdn,eut Sdnadr gscdpgi brlf cdptmvmty, dni Dtsmz wds blrcgi edch mntl

Hjwdrgzf.

Hjwdrgzf rg`momlus pl`mcy iurmno tjg rgmon lb Dtsmz dni jms succgsslrsegcdfg fdrhgi`y prl-Sjmmtg dni prl-Futdzm`mtg. _jm`g tjg Hjwdrgzf-sjdjs drg plrtrdygi ds Sunnms, tjgy wlrhgi jdri tl burtjgr tjg b`giog`mnoSjmmtg ilctrmng. Yjg Hjwdrgzfsjdjs vlùntggrgi tl fdmntdmn dnipdtrlnmsg mfplrtdnt Sjmmtg sjrmngs. Dcclrimno tl d Sjmmtg wgesmtg,

Mn 245 D.J./ 4547 D.I., ds elrng lut ey mnscrmptmlns ln cgrtdmn tm`gs,D``duimn Hjwdrgzf Sjdj XFujdffdi MMV cdrrmgi lut rgnlvdtmlnsln tjg sjrmng Xlb FdsjjdiV. Ywl lb tjg prdygr nmcjgs, gfeg``msjgiwmtj g`godnt plrcg`dmn tm`gs, ds wg`` ds tjlsg wmtj Hubmc mnscrmptmlnstjdt dilrn tjg wd``s tl tjg uppgr smig lb tjg jl`y eurmd` cjdfegr,egdr tjg ndfg lb jms vdzmr D`m emn Fujdffdi Fuqrm. D clup`gt mn

[grsmdn ey Deiu``dj emn Fujdffdi emn Deiu``dj ln tjg wd`` d`sl

cdrrmgs tjg idtg 245 D.J. Iurmno Hjwdrdzf-Sjdjs pgrmgi, UdzdvmSjrmng wds pdmi fucj dttgntmln dni slfg rgpdmrfgnt dniigclrdtmln wgrg fdig mn mt. Mn tjms grd(245/4547), twl vgryo`lrmlus gfelssgi tju`tj (d drog Ndshj jdniwrmtmno ) mnscrmptmlnsmn blrf lb squdrg tm`g wlrh wgrg bmxgi ln eltj smigs lb tjg sjrmnggntrdncg-ey tjg smig lb Idr d`-Jubbdz plrcjmn wjmcj tjg ndfgsdni igscgnt lb Mfdf Ugzd(D.S.) edch tl Mfdf D`m (D.S.) wgrgwrmttgn. Slfg ltjgr mnscrmptmlns dni tjrgg fmjrdes (d spgcmd` p`dcgblr prdygr-`gdigr mn flsqugs) eg`lnomno tl tjms dog gxmst mn tjms

jl`y clfp`gx.545

Mn tjg clurt lb tjg `dtgr Hjwdrgzfsjdj Fujdffdi MM wds d jmoj`ygstggfgi clntgfplrdry lb D`-Bdrdem, Fujdffdi men Qdhdrmyd Udzm(Ujdzgs). Jg g`gvdtgi Slcrdtgs tl tjg `gvg` lb mfdf, dni drougi tjdt smncgrgdsln d`lng wds tjg hgy tl hnlwmno Oli, rgvg`dtmln dni [rlpjgcy wgrg

544D`d-di-Imn 'Dtd-Fd`mh Auvdmnm, Yjg Jmstlry lb tjg _lrì-Clnqugrlr Rl`. 4. trdns. AljnDnirgw Ely`g (Cdfermiog, Fdssdcjusgtts1 Jdrvdri Wnmvgrsmty [rgss, 4=7:) 5:3.545Dnlnyflus, Yjg Jmstlry lb tjg Jl`y Sjrmng lb Mfdf Ugzd (D.S.), Mfdf UgzdNgtwlrh 0jttp1//mfdfrgzd.ngt/gno/mfdfrgzd.pjp Dccgssgi 5;tjFdrcj

5;43.


104/313

4;;

unngcgssdry, smncg tjgy rgtdrigi hnlw`giog dni cdusgi wdrs.543Jms ellh,Cl``gctmln lb tjg Erdncjgs lb Hnlw`giog, wds igimcdtgi tl HjwdrgzfsjdjYghmsj. Mn mt, jg wdrngi rgdigrs nlt tl rgsmst tyrdnny, droumno tjdt gvgn dtyrdnnmcd` hmno prliucgi flrg olli tjdn gvm`. 549 Hjwdrgzfsjdj

Fujdffdi MM eum`t d spgcmd` scjll` blr Udzm dni jms bl``lwgrs. 547 Mt msmntgrgstmno tl nltg tjdt prmlr tl sgtt`mno mn Hjwdrgzf, Udzm trmgi mnbm`trdtmno

tjg clurt lb tjg Hjwdrgzf rmvd`s, tjg Sunnm Ojurmis. 542 [rmlr tlHjwdrgzfsjdjs, tjg Hjwdrgzf rgomln jdi d`sl prliucgi D`-Bdrdem dniDvmcgnnd, `gdimno bmourgs mn tjg clrruptmln lb Ms`dfmc tjgl`loy. Mn tjg rgmonlb tjg `dst Hjwdrgzfsjdj Fujdffdi MM, nln-Futdzm`mtg Fus`mfs egodn tleg lpgn`y pgrsgcutgi. Yjgy wgrg cùeegi dni egdtgn, dni tjgmr jlusgswgrg pùnigrgi ey Futdzm`mtgs, wmtj tjg tdcmt dpprlvd` lb tjg

difmnmstrdtmln.54?

Yjg Hjwdrgzf drfy wds hnlwn blr mts sdvdogry dni jdinlt bu``y dssmfm`dtgi wmtj Fus`mf cu`turg, rgtdmnmno pdodn eg`mgbs (YjgHjwdrgzf-sjdjs hnlwmno`y tl`grdtgi tjms).

MM-Drs`dn, tjg sln lb Dtsmz, tllh divdntdog lb tjg igdtj lb Sdnadr tl gxpdnimntl Mrdn eut fdig `mtt`g prlorgss. Jg d`sl mnvdigi tjg ngmojelurmno HdrdHjdnmi Hjdndtg. Eut jg rgtrgdtgi bgdrmno tjg Hdrd-Hjmtdm. Dbtgr rgbusmno tl

pdy trmeutg tl tjg Hdrd-Hjmtdm, tjg Hdrd-Hjmtdm `duncjgi d punmtmvggxpgimtmln dni Hjwdrgzf drfy wds igbgdtgi. MM-Drs`dn imgi sjlrt`y drluni

tjms tmfg (44?5) dni d succgssmln wdr erlhg lut egtwggn twl lb jms slns,Yghmsj, dni Su`tdn Sjdj. Mt ms c`gdr tjdt dflno tjgsg twl cdnimidtgs, Yghmsjrgprgsgntgi tjg sjdilwy Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdns. Yghmsj p`gdigi blr supplrtbrlf tjg Hdrd-Hjmtdns dni cdfg tl plwgr usmno tjgmr drfy. Jms erltjgr,Su`tdn Sjdj, trmgi tl d``y wmtj tjg Sgàuhs eut wds igbgdtgi ey Yghmsj. Su`tdnSjdj dni jms fltjgr tjgn sluojt rgbuog dflno tjg Ojurmis. Yghmsjsblrcgs fdndogi tl dssdssmndtg jms fltjgr. Lncg mn plwgr, Yghmsj stdrtgirgbusmno tl pdy trmeutg tl tjg Hdrd-Hjmtdns, dni gvgn hm``gi slfg lb tjgmr

lbbmcmd`s. Yjg Hdrd-Hjmtdns igcmigi tl prlp up Su`tdn Sjdj ds tjg ru`gr lbHjwdrgzf dni sgnt d Hdrd-Hjmtdn drfy tl dssmst jmf. Yghmsj trmgi jd`tmnotjgmr fdrcj ey ergdhmno tjg iyhgs lb tjg Dfu Idryd, dni cdusmno d b`lli.

543Dntlny E`dch, Yjg Jmstlry lb Ms`dfmc [l`mtmcd` YjluojtBrlf tjg [rlpjgt tl tjg[rgsgnt (Ngw ]lrh1 Ulut`giog, 5;;4) 23.549E`dch 452.547N. Jdnmb, Emlordpjmcd` Gncyc`lpdgimd lb Subms1 Cgntrd` Dsmd dni Fmii`g Gdst (Ig`jm1

Sdrup & Slns, 5;;5) 3?3.542Jdnmb 3?3.54?Edjduiimn Rd`di, Yjg Irlwngi Ellh - Gcstdtmc dni Gdrtjy Ugb`gctmlns lbEdjduiimn, Yjg Bdtjgr lb Uufm trdns. Cl`gfdn Edrhs Dni Aljn Flyng (Jdrpgrcl``mns

g-Ellhs, 5;;9) 4;7.


105/313

4;4

Yghmsj tjgn b`gi tl Mrdn, wjgrg jg jdrdssgi tjg Sgàuhs lb Jdfdidn dnisndtcjgi cgntrd` Hjurdsdn brlf tjg Dfmrs lb Nmsjdpur. Iurmno tjmsclnbrlntdtmln, jg dt lng plmnt sgnt d Hubdn mfdf ds d fgimdtlr tl tjgDfmrs lb Nmsjdpur. Yjms mfdf fdy jdvg eggn d fgfegr lb tjg Hmnim c`dn,54:

wjmcj wds mnbdflus blr cryptl-Sdedgdns. Dbtgr sueauodtmno Hjurdsdn,Yghmsj odvg mt tl jms sln, Fd`mh-Sjdj. Yghmsj egcdfg tjg ru`gr lb Hjwdrgzf

mn 44=3, wjgn Su`tdn Sjdj pdssgi dwdy. Mn d sgcrgt d``mdncg wmtj tjgDeedsmi Cd`mpj, Yghmsj igbgdtgi dni hm``gi Ylojru` MMM, tjg dst Sgàuh Su`tdn,puttmno dn gni tl tjg Sgàuh Gfpmrg, ds tjg plgt Rdtvdt jdi gdr`mgrprlpjgsmsgi. Yjg eliy lb Ylojru` MMM wds jdnogi mn tjg fdrhgtp`dcg lbUdy.54=Yjms bmxdtmln ln tjg Sgàuhs c`gdr`y jmnts dt tjg Eyzdntmng rllts lbYghmsj. Jg sgnt tjg jgdi lb Ylojru` MMM tl tjg Deedsmi Cd`mpj Ndsmr MM. Yjg

Cd`mpj dccgptgi jmf ds tjg ru`gr lb Hjwdrgzf. Eut Yghmsj wdntgi tl jdvgjms sln supp`dntgi ds tjg ngxt Cd`mpj, dni igfdnigi tjdt tjg Cd`mpj puttjg ndfg lb jms sln mn tjg Brmidy sgrfln, gbbgctmvg`y fdhmno jms sln tjgngxt Cd`mpj. Ey tjgn, Yghmsj jdi d`sl dpprlprmdtgi tjg e`dch b`do lb tjgDeedsmis. _jgn Yghmsj wds vmsmtgi ey tjg vmzmgr lb Cd`mpj Ndsmr MM, Yghmsjdttdchgi dni hm``gi jmf dni jms rgtmnug. Yjg jgdi lb tjg vmzmgr wds

imsp`dygi mn Hjwdrgzf. _jm`g gxpdnimno mntl Mrdn, Yghmsj d`sl jdi tl igd`wmtj Msfdm`m cdst`gs. Jms Fus`mf sueagcts igfdnigi wdr, smncg tjg Msfdm`mswgrg jdtgi ds jgrgtmcs. Yghmsj imi jms egst tl rgiucg Msfdm`m cdusd`tmgs. Mnlng cdsg, jg succgssbu``y sueiugi dn Msfdm`m cdst`g, eut d``lwgi mts odrrmsmlntl pgdcgbu``y igpdrt tl tjg Msfdm`m strlnojlì lb D`dfut.55;

Yjg sln lb Yghmsj, Fujdffdi MM, clntmnugi tjg cdfpdmon lb pusjmno d``rgfndnts lb tjg Sgàuhs lut lb Mrdn. Fujdffdi MM d`sl fdig twl curmlusbdrdwdy d``mgs.

4. Yjg ngl-Sdssdnmi Idy`dfmtg Edvdni iyndsty p`giogi d``gomdncg tlFujdffdi MM. Ds fgntmlngi gdr`mgr, tjms iyndsty wds clnngctgi

tl tjg sjdilwy dntm-Ms`dfmc orlups dt Ctgsmpjln.

5. Yjg Ndejdnm iyndsty lb Lfdn, wjmcj gfgrogi dbtgr lvgrtjrlwmnotjg Sgàuh olvgrnlr lb Lfdn, d`sl p`giogi d``gomdncg tlFujdffdi MM. Yjms iyndsty fdy jdvg eggn clnngctgi tl tjgJmfydrmtg erdncj lb tjg ]gfgnmtg Sdedgdns.

54:D`d-di-Imn 'Dtd-Fd`mh Auvdmnm, Yjg Jmstlry lb tjg _lrì-Clnqugrlr Rl`. 4. trdns. AljnDnirgw Ely`g (Cdfermiog, Fdssdcjusgtts1 Jdrvdri Wnmvgrsmty [rgss, 4=7:) 5=71 nltg

97.54=Auvdmnm _lrì-Clnqugrlr Rl`.4 3;3.55;Auvdmnm _lrì-Clnqugrlr Rl`.4 345.


106/313

4;5

Fujdffdi MM clfpgtgi wmtj tjg Ojurmis, tjg Hdrd-Hjdnmis dni tjg Hdrd-Hjmtdm blr gxpdnimno jms tgrrmtlrmgs. Yjg Ojurmis plsgi dn gxmstgntmd` tjrgdttl tjg Hjwdrgzfsjdjs. Mt ms mntgrgstmno tl nltg tjdt tjg lvgr-dcjmgvmnoOjurmi `gdigr Fujdffdi lb Ojlr wds dssdssmndtgi dt @djlrg mn 45;2 ey

dn Msfdm`m dssdssmn. Yjg mntrmougs lb Fujdffdi MM wgrg mnstrufgntd` tl tjgigstructmln lb tjg Hdrd-Hjdnmi Hjdndtg. Fujdffdi MM gnclurdogi

Wtjfdn, tjg hmno lb tjg Hdrd-Hjdnmis, tl fdhg wdr dodmnst jms plwgrbu`Hdrd-Hjmtdn ngmojelur. Yjg rg`momlus `gdigrs lb Sdfdrhdni prdofdtmcd``ysupplrtgi tjg nln-Fus`mf Hdrd-Hjmtdns, wjl jdi d bdr egttgr trdch rgclrilb tl`grdncg dni olvgrndncg. Fujdffdi MM lrodnmsgi d rgvl`t dodmnst tjgrg`momlus `gdigrs. Yjg Hdrd-Hjmtdns rgsplnigi ey sgnimno tjgmr drfy tlSdfdrhdni, tjg cdpmtd` lb tjg Hdrd-Hjdnmis. Hcjò, tjg Flnol` cryptl-

Ngstlrmdn wdr`lri mn tjg sgrvmcg lb tjg Hdrd-Hjmtdns usgi tjg lpplrtunmtytl lvgrtjrlw jms Hdrd-Hjmtdn fdstgrs. Hcjò wluì `dtgr edmt jms bg``lwFlnol`s mntl mnvdimno tjgsg Hjdndtgs. Fujdffdi MM fdndogi tl odmnclntrl` lb Sdfdrhdni ds d rgsu`t lb jms sgcrgt d``mdncg wmtj Hcjò. Eut mn4545, tjg Fus`mf plpu`dtmln lb Sdfdrhdni rgvl`tgi, hm``mno Hjwdrgzfmdnsmnstd``gi tjgrg. Fujdffdi MM rgsplnigi ey sdchmno tjg cmty dni gxgcutmno

4;,;;; lb mts cmtmzgns.554Wtjfdn, tjg Hdrd-Hjdnmi hmno wds d`sl gxgcutgidni d`` fgfegrs lb jms rlyd` bdfm`y wgrg fdssdcrgi. Yjms blrgsjdilwgitjg `drogr fdssdcrgs tjg Hjwdrgzfsjdjs wluì mnb`mct ln tjg Ms`dfmc_lrì. Igspmtg jms rl`g mn tjg ilwnbd`` lb eltj tjg Hdrd-Hjdnmi dni Hdrd-Hjmtdn Hjdndtgs, Fujdffdi MM gvdcudtgi tjgsg prmzgs blr Hcjò, wjlwluì pdss tjgf ln tl Ognojms Hjdn. Mntgrgstmno`y, Fujdffdi MM d`sligsl`dtgi slfg b`lurmsjmno Fus`mf sgtt`gfgnts ngdr Bgrojdnd, egblrgdednilnmno tjgf tl Hcjò. Fujdffdi MM sgt up d Sjmmtg Cd`mpj (D`-d`-fl`h Ygrfg) tl cluntgr tjg Deedsmis. Dni fdrcjgi tl Edojidi tl gnitjg Deedsmi Cd`mpjdtg wjmcj igspmtg egmno d flndrcjy, wds tjg sg`b-prlbgssgi vdnoudri lb Ms`df. Eut wjgn crlssmno tjg Qdorls Fluntdmns, jms

drfy wds cduojt mn d e`mzzdri dni wds igcmfdtgi. Jg wds blrcgi tl rgtrgdt.Yjg bdmùrg lb Fujdffdi MM tl gxtmnoumsj tjg Deedsmi `mng ms wjdt fdy jdvgprlfptgi tjg bdst Flnol` divdncg tl bmnmsj tjg ale egblrg tjg Sgàuhsrgodmngi tjgmr plsmtmln ds prltgctlrs tjg Deedsmi Cd`mpjdtg.

554Udbms Dedzlv, [dòrdvg Clncmsg Jmstlrmcd` Dt`ds lb Cgntrd` Dsmd ([dòrdvg Fdcfm` dn,

5;;:) 93.


107/313

4;3

YJG HJ_DUGQF-SJDJ DNI OGNOJMS HJDN CLNS[MUG

YL CUGDYG D [ULRLCDYMLN BLU YJG FLNOL@S.

Fujdffdi MM jdi gdr`mgr sgnt d trustgi dfedssdilr, Edjd d`-Imn, tl tjgclurt lb Ognojms Hjdn mn 4547. Yjgrg wds nl mnimcdtmln lb dny jlstm`mtyegtwggn tjg twl. _jgn Edjd d`-Imn rgturngi, jg rgplrtgi ln tjg fdssmvgeumì up lb drfmgs mn Flnol`md, dni Ognojms Hjdns igstructmln lb Cjmngsgiyndstmgs. Igspmtg tjms mnblrfdtmln, Fujdffdi MM wluì `dtgr hnlwmno`yprlvlhg tjg Flnol`s. Ognojms Hjdn rgsplnigi tl tjg Hjwdrgzfdfedssdilrs vmsmt ey sgnimno tjrgg Fus`mf trdigrs mn 454: ds pdrt lb dimp`lfdtmc fmssmln. Ognojms Hjdn bl``lwgi tjms up wmtj wmtj d fdssmvgtrdig cdrdvdn lb 97; fgrcjdnts, wjmcj stdrtgi ùfegrmno tlwdris tjg

Hjwdrgzf rgomln. Smncg tjg cryptl-Ngstlrmdns ln eltj smigs jdi dorggi mndivdncg tjdt tjms cdrdvdn wds tl eg s`duojtgrgi mn Hjwdrgzf tl prlvlhgtjg Flnol`s, Ognojms Hjdn gnsurgi tjdt mt clnsmstgi sl`g`y lb Fus`mf, dninlt jms bg``lw Ngstlrmdn Cjrmstmdns, lr jms Flnol` slìmgrs. Jg fdig surgFus`mf Flnol`s brlf tjg rgtmnug lb gdcj dni gvgry clffdnigr wgrgmncùigi mn tjg trdig cdrdvdn, sl tjdt tjgy cluì eg `dtgr fltmvdtgi blrrgvgnog. Yjms p`dygi dn mfplrtdnt rl`g mn tjg dbtgrfdtj lb tjg s`duojtgr. Mtwdsnt aust tjg cryptl-Ngstlrmdns wjl wluì cry blr tjg e`lli lb tjg

Hjwdrgzf-Sjdj, eut d`sl d`` lb jms Flnol` clffdnigrs.

Yjg cdrdvdn rgdcjgi tjg Hjwdrgzf tlwn lb Ltrdr mn prgsgnt idy

Hdzdhjstdn (nltjmno rgfdmns lb mt tlidy). Yjg olvgrnlr lb Ltrdr wds c`lsg`yrg`dtgi tl Fujdffdi MM, dni mt cluì eg dssufgi tjdt jg wds jdnipmchgitl cdrry lut tjg prlvlcdtmln. D`` lb tjg fgrcjdnts wgrg s`duojtgrgi dnitjgmr fgrcjdnimsg wds slì mn tjg fgrcjdnts lb Euhjdrd. Lb clursg, lng lbtjgf wds d``lwgi tl gscdpg, sl tjdt jg cluì rgturn tl tg`` Ognojms Hjdnlb wjdt jdi trdnspmrgi. Ognojms Hjdn sgnt tjrgg dfedssdilrs, lng egmno

d Fus`mf dni tjg ltjgr twl egmno Flnol`. Yjg Fus`mf wds egjgdigi eutblr slfg rgdsln, tjg Flnol`s wgrg spdrgi dbtgr jdvmno tjgmr jgdis sjdvgi._mtj tjg bmrg lb rgvgnog nlw eurnmno ermojt`y mn tjg jgdrts lb jms Flnol`bl``lwgrs, Ognojms Hjdn prlcggigi tl mnvdig Hjwdrgzf. Yjms flvg wds lbclursg, nlt erluojt delut ey tjg prlvlcdtmln. [rgpdrdtmlns jdi eggn

unigrwdy blr qumtg slfg tmfg. Ln tjg ltjgr jdni, tjg Hjwdrgzfsjdjsprlpgnsmty tl sjgi Fus`mf e`lli dt Ltrdr, dni mn tjg dtgr cdsg, hm``mno ln`ytjg Fus`mf dfedssdilr, jmnts dt tjgmr sdnoumng clntgfpt lb Fus`mfs(rdtjgr tjdn Flnol`s).


108/313

4;9

CJD[YGU GMOJY1 YJG IGSYUWCYMLN LB

YJG MS@DFMC _LU@I [JDSG M1 OGNOJMS

HJDN IGSYUL]S YJG FWS@MFS LBHJ_DUGQF

Mn rgsplnsg tl tjg trdogiy

dt Ltrdr, Ognojms Hjdnclnvgngi d huru`tdm dni mntjg sprmno lb 454=, jmsfdssmvg drfy stdrtgi

flvmno slutj. Yjgy wluìspgni tjg suffgrbdttgnmno tjgmr jlrsgs mn tjgordss`dnis dni mfprlvmnotjg lrodnmzdtmlnd` structurglb tjgmr unmts. Ognojms Hjdntrdmngi jms drfy tjrluojfdssmvg juntmno gxgrcmsgs,

mn wjmcj junirgis lb dnmfd`s wgrg jgrigi tlogtjgr dni dttdchgi. Smgogwgdplns brlf Cjmnd wgrg d`sl mnclrplrdtgi mntl tjg drfy, clfp`gtg wmtjCjmngsg spgcmd`msts tl lpgrdtg tjgf. Yjgy flvgi tlwdris Hjwdrgzf mn tjgdutufn lb 454=. Yjg smzg lb jms blrcg rdnogs brlf :;;,;;; tl 5;;,;;; fgn.Wpln rgdcjmno Hjwdrgzf tgrrmtlry, Ognojms Hjdn imvmigi jms blrcgs tlclncgntrdtg tjgf ln imbbgrgnt cmtmgs lb tjg Hjwdrgzf, wjm`g jg jmfsg`bflvgi tlwdris Euhjdrd.

Hjwdrgzf-sjdj Fujdffdi MM prgpdrgi tl dutl-igstruct Hjwdrgzf

egblrg tjg Flnol`s. Mnstgdi lb odtjgrmno d juog drfy tl clnbrlnt tjgFlnol`s, jg sgqugstgrgi jms drfy mn tjg odrrmslns lb d`` tjg mfplrtdnttlwns lb Hjwdrgzf. Yjms wluì fdhg tjg tlwns (dni tjgmr Fus`mf

plpu`dtmlns) bdcg tjg wrdtj lb tjg Flnol`s. Fujdffdi MM sgqugstgrgijmfsg`b mn Sdfdrhdni, lng lb tjg flst fdonmbmcgnt cmtmgs lb tjg Ms`dfmc_lrì. Jg mfplsgi juog tdxgs ln tjg rgsmignts lb Sdfdrhdni blr eumìmnod igbgnsmvg wd``. Yjms wd`` wds ig`megrdtg`y `gbt unclfp`gtgi. Jg tjgnrgtmrgi slutj tl tjg cmty lb Ed`hj mn prgsgnt idy Dbojdnmstdn. Blr tjg flrd`g

lb tjg rgsmignts lb Sdfdrhdni, tjms wds d nmojtfdrg._jgn tjg cmtdig` lb Ltrdr wds surrlunigi, d prlfmngnt `lcd` lbbmcmd` lbLtrdr egtrdygi mntg``mogncg delut tjg mnsmig smtudtmln tl tjg Flnol`s. YjgHjwdrgzf fm`mtdry clffdnigr lpgngi tjg odtgs tl tjg Flnol`s. _g drg

Yjg Yrmignt ln Flnol` Stdnidris ms d`sl dn

lccu`t syfel`. Mn _gstgrn lccu`t cmrc`gs, mt ms

rgbgrrgi tl ds tjg crlws bllt.


109/313

4;7

tlì tjdt tjms fm`mtdry clffdnigr wds tdhgn prmslngr, dni tjg olvgrnlrwds d`sl tdhgn prmslngr. Eltj lb tjgf wgrg tdhgn egblrg Ognojms Hjdn.Eut wgrg tjgy gxgcutgi lr sgcrgt`y rgjdem`mtdtgi ey tjgmr cryptl-Ngstlrmdnergtjrgn. Yjg tlwn lb Ltrdr wds pùnigrgi dni rdzgi, dni flst lb mts

pglp`g wgrg blrcme`y clnscrmptgi.

Fus`mf tlwns wjmcj surrgnigrgi pgdcgbu``y wgrg lrigrgi tl vdcdtg d``

tjgmr rgsmignts. Yjg rgsmignts wgrg odtjgrgi tlogtjgr dni lrigrgi tl omvgd`` tjgmr pgrslnd` wgd`tj. Gvgn dbtgr clfp`ymno, tjg Flnol`s pùnigrgitjgmr jlusgjlìs. _jgn tjgy jdi bgi tjgmr jlrsgs dni rgbrgsjgitjgfsg`vgs blr tjg fdrcj slutjwdris, tjg gntmrg tlwn wds rdzgi ilwnusmno fdnolng`s dni eurnt. ]luno fgn wgrg clnscrmptgi, dni wlfgn dnicjmìrgn wgrg blrcgi mntl s`dvgry. Yjg rgfdmnigr lb tjg plpu`dtmln wds `gbttl bdcg tjg wmntgr mn tjg p`dmns. Clnscrmpts wgrg fdig tl cdrry Flnolèdnngrs tl omvg tjg mfprgssmln lb d `drog bmojtmno blrcg. _jgn tjgclnscrmpts cluì nl `lnogr wd`h egcdusg lb junogr lr tjmrst, tjgy wgrghm``gi.

Mn tjg jgdvm`y blrtmbmgi cmtdig` lb Euhjdrd, d Flnol` igsgrtgr ndfgi HjhjHjdn jdi mnbm`trdtgi tjg rdnhs lb tjg `gdigrsjmp. Yjgrg ms rgdsln tl eg`mgvg

tjdt Hjhj Hjdn/Orhjdn wds nlng ltjgr tjdn tjg cjmìjlli brmgni lb

Ognojms Hjdn, Adfuhjd (wjl d`sl jgì tjg tmt`g lb Orhjdn). Ds wg drgdwdrg, smfm`dr dntmcs lb Adfuhjd jdi rgsu`tgi mn Ognojms Hjdn clnqugrmnotjg Ndmfdn trmeg. Yjrgg idys mntl tjg smgog, d`` lb tjg Hjwdrgzf fm`mtdryblrcgs igsgrtgi Euhjdrd. Hjhj Hjdn/Orhjdn/Adfuhjd rgfdmngi mn tjgcmtdig`, trymno tl rd``y tjg rgsmignts mntl bmojtmno tjg Flnol`s. Eut tjgrgsmignts dvlmigi bd``mno mntl jms trdp dni cjlsg tl pgdcgbu``y surrgnigr.Yjg Flnol`s tjgn bgi Fus`mf rg`momlus ellhs tl tjgmr jlrsgs dni irdnh dnipdrtmgi mn tjg flsqugs. Cjgnoms Hjdn c`mfegi tjg pu`pmt lb tjg fdmnflsqug dni dnnluncgi tjdt jg wds tjg sclurog lb Oli, sgnt tl punmsj

Fus`mfs blr tjgmr smns. Mn rgd`mty, jg wds tjg igscgnidnt lb d vgnogbu` rlyd`bdfm`y (Eyzdntmuf), trymno tl unil Sgàuh mncursmlns mntl Gurlpg. Eut jg jditl omvg slfg bdux rdtmlnd`g sl tjdt buturg ogngrdtmlns wluì dvlmi imoomnoiggpgr. Lbbmcmd` Flnol` jmstlrmdns d`sl `dtgr clntrmeutgi tl tjgedredrmdn/fdifdn mfdog lb Ognojms Hjdn. _jgrgds jg wds d fgrgbmourgjgdi lb d wg``-lm`gi prlordf, mnvl`vmno fdny sgcrgtmvg cded`s dnispdnnmno sgvgrd` cluntrmgs dcrlss sgvgrd` ogngrdtmlns. Ognojms Hjdnlrigrgi tjg rgsmignts lb Euhjdrd tl omvg gvgrytjmno lb vdùg tjgy cluì

omvg, dni tjg rgsmignts clfp`mgi. Wsmno tjg prgtgxt tjdt HjhjHjdn/Orhjdn/Adfuhjd jdi stm`` nlt surrgnigrgi, Ognojms Hjdn jdi tjgcmty eurnt ilwn. Dni wg cdn sdbg`y dssufg tjdt HjhjHjdn/Orhjdn/Adfuhjd sdbg`y rgunmtgi wmtj jms cjmìjlli brmgni. D`` fgn


110/313

4;2

lb tjg Tdno`m Yurhs wgrg hm``gi. Yjg rgfdmnmno wgrg clnscrmptgi dni tjgmrwlfgn dni cjmìrgn egcdfg s`dvgs. Yjg rgfdmnigr lb tjg plpu`dtmln wdsirmvgn lut mntl tjg p`dmns mn wmntgr. Shm``gi drtmsdns dni crdbtsfgn wgrgigplrtgi tl Flnol`md.

_jgn Ognojms Hjdn surrlunigi Sdfdrhdni, jg imspdtcjgi twl lb jmsogngrd`s, Hjdido Eddtdr dni ]dsdur tl wjdt ms prgsgnt`y tjg nlrtjgdst lbDbojdnmstdn ln d rgclnndmssdncg fmssmln. Yjms wds egylni Hjwdrgzftgrrmtlry, dni mt ms d c`gdr mnimcdtmln tjdt Ognojms Hjdn jdi jms smojts ln tjgrgfdmnigr lb tjg Ms`dfmc wlrì. Mt ms d`sl mntgrgstmno tl nltg tjdt OgnojmsHjdn wds nlw usmno fmnmfd` tmfg dni rgslurcgs dodmnst sfd`` Hjwdrgzftlwns, dni slfgtmfgs jg gvgn monlrgi tjgf. Yjms wds egcdusg tjg fdmnleagctmvgs lb tjg Flnol` Mnvdsmln wgrg Edojidi dni egylni. Yjg cmty lbSdfdrhdni wds dttdchgi ey Ognojms Hjdn usmno Hjwdrgzf prmslngrs dsjufdn sjmgìs. Ds egblrg, rgsmignts lbbgrgi tl surrgnigr. Eut dbtgr OgnojmsHjdn pùnigrgi tjg cmty, rgbrgsjgi jms fgn dni jlrsgs, jg lrigrgi tjgrgsmignts lut mntl tjg p`dmns. Yjms tmfg, tjg rgsmignts wgrg hm``gi. Ds dsyfel`mc trmeutg tl tjg M`ùfmndtm, Goyptmdn sty`g pyrdfmis wgrg fdig lbtjgmr sgvgrgi jgdis. Yl clnstruct tjgsg pyrdfmis, Ognojms Hjdn lrigrgi

gdcj lb jms slìmgrs tl ermno d bmxgi nufegr lb jgdis.

Yjg `dst Hjwdrgzf strlnojlì Wrogncj put up d stmbb rgsmstdncg. Lng lbOgnojms Hjdns sln, Alcjm, wdntgi tl ngoltmdtg d pgdcgbu` surrgnigr, eutOgnojms Hjdn lvgrru`gi jmf. Dcclrimno tl Auvdynm, 7;,;;; Flnol`s wgrgomvgn tjg tdsh lb gxgcutmno 59 Fus`mfs gdcj. Yjms wluì jdvg dfluntgi tl4.5 fm``mln Fus`mfs hm``gi ngdr Wrogncj d`lng.

Yjg cmtmgs lb tjg nlrtjgrn Mrdnmdn rgomln lb Hjurdsdn clnstmtutgi d prlvmncglb tjg Hjwdrgzf Gfpmrg. D`` lb tjgsg cmtmgs, ndfg`y, Fgrv, Ygrfgz, Ed`hj,Jgrdt, Nmsjdpur, Ylls dni Fdsjdi bg`` tl tjg Flnol`s. Yjg cmtmgs lb Fgrv

dni Nmsjdpur wgrg tjg scgng lb juog fdssdcrgs. Yjg tlwn lb Edfmydn mnDbojdnmstdn wds clfp`gtg`y igstrlygi. Eut smncg tjg p`dcg cluì sgrvg ds

dn lutplst blr tjg buturg igstructmln lb tjg Fus`mfs mn Mnimd, Ognojms Hjdn`gbt egjmni d smzde`g clntmnognt lb jms lwn Flnol` trllps dni tjgmr s`dvgwlfgn. Yjgsg Flnol`s wluì eg dncgstlrs tl wjdt egcdfg hnlwn ds tjgJdzdrd Sjmmtgs. Yjg wlri Jdzdr fgdnmno 4;;; mn [grsmdn, dni Flnol`fm`mtdry unmts wgrg clfplsgi lb 4;;; fgn.555

555[du` Udtcjngvshy, Ognojms Hjdn Jms @mbg dni @godcy (Cdfermiog dni Lxblri1

E`dchwg` , 4==4) 429.


111/313

4;?

_mtj d`` lb Hjwdrgzf clnqugrgi, Ognojms Hjdn rgturngi tl Flnol`md`gdvmno egjmni jms slns dni gstde`msjmno Flnol` odrrmslns. Lng erdncj lbtjg Flnol` drfy rgturngi vmd tjg Cducdsus. Yjgy cdfg mntl clnb`mct wmtjtjg Rlòd Euòdrmdns dni tjg Hmgvdn Uus (wjl wgrg rmvd`s lb Eyzdntmuf).

Yjg Flnol`s jdi fmxgi succgssgs dodmnst tjgf.

Yjg _gstgrn Zmd Iyndsty (d`sl hnlwn ds tjg Ydnouts), wjmcj jdi gdr`mgr

succgssbu``y rgsmstgi tjg Flnol`s, jdi d`sl rgbusgi tl supplrt tjg Flnol`mnvdsmln lb tjg Ms`dfmc _lrì. Ey tjg tmfg Ognojms Hjdn rgturngi, tjgy jdialmngi blrcgs wmtj rgfndnts lb tjg Amn iyndsty, dni wgrg dctmvg`y rgsmstmnotjg Flnol`s. Mn 455? Ognojms Hjdn igstrlygi tjgmr cdpmtd` cmty. Jg wds fgtwmtj bmgrcg dni unprgcgigntgi rgsmstdncg. D ngw Zmd Gfpgrlr fdig tjgfmstdhg lb blrfd``y surrgnigrmno, dni tjms wds bl``lwgi ey tjg surrgnigrlb d`` jms pglp`g. Ognojms Hjdn lrigrgi tjg gxgcutmln lb d`` fgfegrs lb tjgZmd rlyd` bdfm`y. Ognojms Hjdn jdi tjg jdemt lb blrcme`y idtmno tjg wlfgnlb tjg gngfmgs jg jdi aust gxgcutgi. Yl qultg jmf,

Yjg rgd` orgdtgst p`gdsurg lb fgn ms tl rgprgss rgeg`s dni igbgdtgngfmgs, tl gxtgrfmndtg tjgf dni orde gvgrytjmno tjgy jdvg8 tlsgg tjgmr fdrrmgi wlfgn crymno, tl rmig ln tjgmr stggis wmtj

sflltj edchs, tl trgdt tjgmr egdutmbu` quggns dni clncuemngs ds

pdadfds dni pm``lws, tl stdrg dni hmss tjgmr rlsg-cl`lurgi bdcgsdni tl such tjgmr swggt `mps lb nmpp`g-cl`lurgi.553

Ognojms Hjdn tllh d Ydnout prmncgss ds jms clncuemng. Eut sjg sfuoo`gi dhnmbg mntl tjg jdrgf dni usgi mt tl cdstrdtg jmf,559prgsufde`y wjgn jgwds s`ggpmno. Ognojms Hjdn imi nlt survmvg tjg cdstrdtmln dni imgi. Yjgprmncgss clffmttgi sumcmig ey aufpmno mntl tjg ]g``lw Umvgr. 557 Yjgprgfdturg igdtj lb Ognojms Hjdn aglpdrimzgi tjg prlordf lb igstrlymnotjg Ms`dfmc _lrì. Dni mt wds ln`y dtgr wjgn Dfmr Ymfur clnsl`midtgi tjdt

tjg prlordf clntmnugi. Ognojms Hjdn mntgnigi tl rgturn lncg flrg, tlput dn gni tl tjg Deedsmis ds wg`` ds tjg Sgàuhs lb Uuf, wjl wgrg

lccupymno jms dncgstrd` Eyzdntmng jlfg`dni, dni tl rgp`dcg tjg FdfùhSu`tdndtg lb Ig`jm wmtj tjgmr lwn p`dygrs. _mtjlut Ognojms Hjdn, tjgcryptl-Ngstlrmdns `lst clntrl` lb tjg Flnol`s. Ngvgrtjg`gss, tjgy sluojttl fmnmfmzg tjg mfpdct lb jms igdtj ey b`ldtmno `gognis tjdt jg jdi olng

553Udsji d`-In Ydee, Adfm' d`-tdwdrmhj vl`. 4.e. Cjmngsg trdns. ]u Idaun, Qjlu Amdnqm& Sjdnwu ]mnsjuoudn (MSEN1=?:?4;;;473;4, 4=:3) 325.559@ynn [dn, Mntl Cjmnd's jgdrt1 dn gfmor's alurngy d`lno tjg ]g``lw Umvgr m`ùstrdtgi

gi. (_gdtjgrjm``, MSEN ;-:39:-;5;7-:, 4=:7) 444.557Aljn Fdn, Ognojms Hjdn1 @mbg, Igdtj, dni Ugsurrgctmln m`ùstrdtgi gi. (@lniln1

Edntdf Ellhs, 5;;9) 5?9-5?7.


112/313

4;:

mntl d trdncg dni wluì rgturn tl gdi tjg Flnol` pglp`g. Yjms wds smfm`drtl tjg omffmchs gfp`lygi ey tjg Sdedgdns tl fdmntdmn tjg tjg clntmnumtylb tjg e`lli`mng lb Cd`mpj D`m.

Ey tjg tmfg lb jms igdtj,Ognojms Hjdn jdi hm``gidpprlxmfdtg`y 9; fm``mln

pglp`g. Yjms wds d ollicjunh lb tjg gntmrgplpu`dtmln lb tjg wlrì dttjdt tmfg. Yjms bgdt wds ln`ysurpdssgi `dtgr ey tjgFdlmsts dni tjg cdsud`tmgslb tjg Sgclni _lrì _dr. Dni gdcj Flnol` cdvd`ryfdn trdvg``gi wmtj blurtl bmvg jlrsgs.552Dormcu`turd` `dni wds clnvgrtgi mntl pdsturgs blr tjgsgjlrsgs, wjmcj dbbgctgi tjg gclnlfy lb sgigntdry plpu`dtmlns. Mn tjg sty`glb tjg [jdrdljs, d sgcrgt unigrorluni tlfe wds eum`t blr Ognojms Hjdn, dswg`` ds slfg lb jms jmoj gvg` cryptl-Ngstlrmdns. Eut tjg lcdtmln wds ngvgrrgvgd`gi dni stm`` rgfdmns d c`lsg`y oudrigi sgcrgt lb tjg [lwgrs Yjdt Eg.

Yjg olvgrnfgnt lb Flnol`md ms hnlwn tl imsrupt drcjdgl`lomlcd`gxpgimtmlns mn sgdrcj lb tjg tlfe.

YJG HJ_DUGQF-SJDJ EDMYS YJG

FLNOL@S GRGN BWUYJGU MNYL YJG

MS@DFMC _LU@I

Drluni tjg tmfg Sdfdrhdni bg``, Fujdffdi MM b`gi gvgn burtjgr slutj, tledmt tjg Flnol`s mntl sfdsjmno burtjgr mntl tjg Ms`dfmc jgdrt`dni.

Fujdffdi MM pdssgi tjrluoj Om`dn dni Fdzdnidrdn, wjgrg tjgrg drgfdny strlnojlìs lb tjg Msfdm`ms, dni fdny fgfegrs lb tjg hjwdrgzf-Sjdj jlusgjlì sgcrgt`y letdmngi rgbuog dni dssmstdncg jgrg. FujdffdiMM fdig mt tl d prgsgnt`y suefgrogi ms`dni mn tjg Cdspmdn Sgd, ngdr tjg plrtlb Dedshun (ds wg drg tlì). Yjg Flnol`s wluì clnvgnmgnt`y blrogt jmf.Eut mn jms pursumt, tjgy wluì pgrfdngnt`y gstde`msj tjgfsg`vgs mn tjgMs`dfmc jgdrt`dni, dni tjgmr igscgnidnts wluì igstrly tjg DeedsmiCd`mpjdtg.

552Ogng U. Odrtjwdmtg, Yjg [grsmdns (Lxblri1 E`dchwg`` [ue`msjmno, 5;;7) 43:.

E] YJG YMFG LB JMS IGDYJ,

OGNOJMS HJDN JDI HM@@GI

D[[ULZMFDYG@] 9; FM@@MLN

[GL[@G.


113/313

4;=

Igspmtg jms tgnulus cmrcufstdncgs, Fujdffdi MM crlwngi jms sln, Ad`d`di-Imn Fmnoeurnu, ds jms succgsslr. Mn tjg sty`g lb Hcjò, Fmnoeurnujgdigi tlwdris Mnimd, wmtj tjg Flnol`s mn pursumt. Yjms wds pdrt lb tjgM`ùfmndtm prlordf lb tdhmno lvgr tjg Fdfùh Su`tdndtg lb Mnimd dni

gstde`msjmno d blltjlì mn Mnimd. Mncmigntd``y, tjg Flnol`s cduojt up tl jmfmn 4554, eut jg wds d``lwgi tl gscdpg. Jlwgvgr, Fdfùh Su`tdn M`tutfmsj

rgbusgi tl ordnt jmf dsyùf. Sl Fmnoeurnu gntgrgi mntl dn d``mdncg wmtjtjg Hjlhjdrs dni pùnigrgi Smnij dni Ouadrdt. Eut jg bdcgi `mtt`g succgssmn gstde`msjmno jmfsg`b mn tjg Mnimdn sueclntmngnt. Sl jg rgturngi tl Mrdn tlclntmnug tjg lrmomnd` Flnol` prlordf lb clfp`gtg`y grdimcdtmno tjgSgàuhs.

Egmno d cryptl-Eyzdntmng, Fmnoeurnu d`sl jdi d oruiog dodmnst tjg Dyyuemiiyndsty. Yjg Dyyuemis jdi prliucgi strlno rgsmstdncg tl tjg crusdigrs,dni wgrg ndturd` d``mgs lb tjg Sgàuhs. Fmnoeurnu cdpturgi tjg tlwn lbDj`dt brlf tjgf. Jg tjgn sluojt supplrt lb tjg Oglromdn CjrmstmdnEdordtmlnm iyndsty dodmnst tjg Flnol`s. _jm`g tjg Edordtmlnm iyndsty wdsAgwmsj-Hjdzdr mn lrmomn, mt wds nlt dbbm`mdtgi wmtj tjg M`ùfmndtm. Dnitjgrgblrg mt wds d`sl tdrogtgi blr gxtgrfmndtmln iurmno tjg Flnol`

mnvdsmln lb tjg Ms`dfmc _lrì. Mn diimtmln, Yjg Edordtmlnm iyndsty jdiprlppgi up d cl`lny mn dn mfplrtdnt pdrt lb tjg blrfgr Eyzdntmuf Gfpmrg.

Yjms cl`lny, wjmcj egcdfg hnlwn ds tjg Gfpmrg lb Yrgemzlni, wds jgdigiey tjg Drfgnmdn Cjrmstmdn Hlfngnls bdfm`y. Yjg Hlfngnls jdi gdr`mgrclfpgtgi wmtj tjg M`ùfmndtm lvgr clntrl` lb Cjrmstmdn Eyzdntmuf (Eutgvgntud``y, tjg Gfpmrg lb Yrgemzlni wluì eg mnbm`trdtgi dni tdhgn lvgr eytjg Eyzdntmngs). Yjg Edordtmlnm iyndsty rgbusgi tl d``lw Fmnoeurnudsyùf. Fmnoeurnu wgnt ln tjg lbbgnsmvg, igstrlymno d`` cjurcjgs dnifdssdcrmno tjg Cjrmstmdn plpu`dtmln. 55? Nlw gstde`msjgi mn Oglromd,Fmnoeurnu sdw tjg plssmem`mty lb rgc`dmfmno tjg Dndtl`md lb jms Eyzdntmng

dncgstlrs brlf tjg Sgàuhs lb Uuf. Mn 453; jg bluojt tjg Sgàuhs lb Uuf(`gdi ey Hdyquedi M dni tjg Dyyuemis) dt tjg edtt`g lb ]dssm Cjgfgn.Fmnoeurnu wds igbgdtgi dni b`gi tl Ydermz. Wnigr tjg prgtgxt lb juntmnoilwn Fmnoeurnu, tjg Flnol`s divdncgi mntl Dzgredmadn, dni rdnsdchgiOglromd dodmn mn tjg prlcgss. Buturg Flnol`s sucj ds Dfmr Ymfur wluìbmnmsj tjg prlcgss lb igstrlymno tjg Edordtmlnm iyndsty, dni mt wluìu`tmfdtg`y eg deslregi mntl Ulfdnlv Uussmd. _g drg tlì tjdt Fmnoeurnuwds cdpturgi dni hm``gi ey tjg Flnol`s mn 4534. Eut mt ms flrg `mhg`y tjdtjg fgt tjg bdtg lb jms ordnifltjgr Ygrhgn Hjdtun, wjl wds rgjdem`mtdtgi

55?Ugn Orlussgt, Yjg Gfpmrg lb tjg Stgppgs1 D Jmstlry lb Cgntrd` Dsmd trdns. Ndlfm

_d`blri (Erunswmch, NA1 Uutogrs Wnmvgrsmty [rgss, 4=?;) 52;.


114/313

44;

mn tjg Flnol` cdpmtd` lb Hdrdhlruf.55:Fujdffdi MM jdi twl iduojtgrsbrlf jms wmvgs. Eltj wgrg omvgn tl tjg sln lb Ognojms Hjdn Cjdodtdm Hjdn,dni lng lb tjgf egcdfg jms spgcmd` clncuemng.55=Fujdffdi MM d`sl jdiltjgr iduojtgrs brlf clncuemngs, dni tjgsg tll wgrg dilptgi mntl tjg

jdrgfs lb mfplrtdnt Flnol`s.53;

Fmnoeurnus erltjgr Ojmydtj-di-imn [mr-Sjdj ermgb`y sluojt sdbgty mn tjgMsfdm`m strlnojlì lb D`dfut.534Jg d`sl hm``gi dn lvgrdcjmgvmno clffdnigrlb jms erltjgr Fd`mh Nusrdt 535 blr fystgrmlus rgdslns. Lng lb jms lwnclffdnigrs Edrdq Jdame wjl wds sgvgrd` ygdrs sgnmlr, egcdfgmncrgdsmno`y prltgctmvg lb Ojmydtj-di-imn dni gvgn fdrrmgi jms fltjgr. Eutsjlrt`y dbtgr tjg fdrrmdog, Edrdq imsclvgrgi slfg hmni lb clnspmrdcydodmnst jmf ey Ojmydtj-di-imn dni jms fltjgr. C`gdr`y, ngmtjgr lb tjgfwdntgi Edrdq tl rgorlup dodmnst tjg Flnol`s, dni fdy jdvg eggnmntrmoumno dodmnst jmf. Mn d bmt lb rdog, Edrdq hm``gi Ojmydtj-di-imn, jmsfltjgr dni jms gntmrg rgtmnug. Edrdq slln orgw mntl d plwgrbu` wdr`lri lnjms lwn dcclri dni Fmnoeurnu wluì try tl trmch jmf mntl `lyd`ty dnisuefmssmln, eut Edrdq wmsg`y imstdncgi jmfsg`b brlf tjg imdel`mcd`Hjwdrgzfsjdjs lncg dni blr d``.

Fmnoeurnu `gbt egjmni d smzgde`g clntmnognt lb jms Sjmmtg Yurhmc Dbsjdrm

trmegsfgn mn gdstgrn Dndtl`md. Yjgy wluì `dtgr blrf tjg HdrdfdnmiGfmrdtg, wjmcj lpplsgi tjg Sgàuhs (dni `dtgr tjg Lttlfdns) dt gvgrylpplrtunmty. Yjg Lttlfdns wluì put dn gni tl tjg Hdrdfdnmi Gfmrdtg.Eut tjg Flnol` Dfmr Ymfur wluì rgsurrgct mt dbtgr igbgdtmno tjgLttlfdns. Fmnoeurnu d`sl sgtt`gi d plrtmln lb tjg Sjmmtg Yurhmc Dbsjdrmtrmegsfgn mn Imydr Edhmr, dni tjgy wluì `dtgr gfgrog ds tjg _jmtg SjggpYurhlfgn (Dq Tlyunù). Dbtgr Dfmr Ymfur, tjg Lttlfdns bmnd``y gnigi tjgHdrdfdnmi Gfmrdtg blr olli, dni pusjgi tjg Dq Tlyunù lut lb nlrtjgrnSyrmd ds wg``. Yjg Dq Tlyunù wluì ol ln tl p`dy mn mfplrtdnt rl`g mn tjg

blunidtmln lb tjg Sdbdvmi Gfpmrg.

55:D`d-di-Imn 'Dtd-Fd`mh Auvdmnm, Yjg Jmstlry lb tjg _lrì-Clnqugrlr Rl`. 4. trdns. Aljn

Dnirgw Ely`g (Cdfermiog, Fdssdcjusgtts1 Jdrvdri Wnmvgrsmty [rgss, 4=7:) 92:.55=Auvdmnm _lrì-Clnqugrlr Rl`.4 92:.53;Auvdmnm _lrì-Clnqugrlr Rl`.4 92:.534Auvdmnm _lrì-Clnqugrlr Rl`.4 9?4.535Auvdmnm _lrì-Clnqugrlr Rl`.4 9?4.


115/313

444

JL_ UWFM MS CLNNGCYGI YL YJG

HJ_DUGQFSJDJS DNI YJG FLNOL@

MNRDSMLNYjg Hjwdrgzfsjdj wgrgnt ilng ygt. Dnltjgr Hjwdrgzfsjdjigscgnidnt, tjg bdflus Subm fystmc, Ad`d` di-Imn Uufm, wluì clntmnug tjgHjwdrgzfsjdj fmssmln lb imsp`dcmno tjg Sgàuhs brlf Dndtl`md, wmtj fmxgirgsu`ts. Mn plpu`dr mtgrdturg, Uufms e`lli`mng ms bd`sg`y dttrmeutgi tl Cd`mpjDeu Edhr, wjgrgds mt ms jmoj`y `mhg`y tjdt jg wds `mnhgi tl tjg imdel`mcd`Hjwdrgzfsjdj rlyd`ty. Yjg bdtjgr lb Hjwdrgzfsjdj Fujdffdi MM, Su`tdn

Yghmsj, jdi d iduojtgr ndfgi Fd`mh-g-Adjdn. Yghmsj jdi jgr fdrrmgi tlJussgmn emn Djfgi d`-Hjdtme Ed`hjm.533D`` wg hnlw delut Jussgmn wds tjdtjg wds d fystmc. Mt ms mfplrtdnt tl nltg tjdt sgcrgt e`lli`mngs sucj ds tjgcryptl-Eyzdntmngs p`dcg d `lt lb gfpjdsms ln fdrrymno wmtjmn tjg c`dn.Jussgmn jdi d sln ndfgi Edjd ui-Imn _d`di. Jg fdrrmgi Fufmn Hjdtun,

tjg iduojtgr lb Uuhn d`-Imn, tjg Hjwdrgzf gfmr lb Ed`hj. Uufm wds lng lbtjg twl slns jg jdi. Edjd ui-Imn _d`di wds d`sl d fystmc, dni jg wdspdtrlnmsgi ey tjg Hjwdrgzfsjdj Fujdffdi MM. @dtgr jmstlrmdns jdvg trmgitl crgdtg slfg hmni lb clnngctmln egtwggn jmf dni tjg ognumng Subm, Ndaf

d`-Imn Huerd. Eut tjms clnngctmln ms imsputgi. Edjd ui-Imn orgw gxtrgfg`ymnbùgntmd` mn tjg Hjwdrgzf clurt, wjgrg jg wluì igedtg wmtjFujdffdi men Qdhdrmyd Udzm (Ujdzgs), 539 tjg ngl-[`dtlnmc pjm`lslpjgrwjl qugstmlngi tjg rg`gvdncg lb imvmng rgvg`dtmln. Mn tjg Hjwdrgzf clurt,Edjd ui-Imn wds rgbgrrgi tl ds Su`tdn d`-W`dfd. Lng lb jms stuignts SdyygiEurjdn ui-Imn Fujdqqmq Ygrfgim egcdfg Uufms tgdcjgr. Mb ms unc`gdrwjgtjgr Sdyygi Eurjdn ui-Imn Fujdqqmq Ygrfgzm wds mn dny wdy

clnngctgi tl D`-d`-fl`h Ygrfg, dnltjgr Sdyygi wjlf Hjwdrgzfsjdj

Fujdffdi MM dpplmntgi ds d Sjmmtg cluntgr-Cd`mpj tl tjg Deedsmis. Uufmfdy jdvg orlwn up wmtngssmno tjg clurt`y igedtgs lb jms bdtjgr, dni tjgyil bmni tjgmr wdy mntl jms plgtry.537@mtt`g rgfdmns lb Edjd ui-Imn _d`diswrmtmnos, gxcgpt d imdry gntmt`gi Fddrmb. Mts clntgnts drg d fmx lb sgnsud`mfdogry dni gsltgrmcd. Yl qultg,

Jgrg, blr mnstdncg, drg fy igsmrgs dt tjg flfgnt1 M wdnt degdutmbu` wlfdn. M wdnt wmng, fusmc, dni `duojtgr. M wdnt

533N. Jdnmb, Emlordpjmcd` Gncyc`lpdgimd lb Subms1 Cgntrd` Dsmd dni Fmii`g Gdst (Ig`jm1

Sdrup & Slns, 5;;5) 3:9.539Jdnmb 3:9.537Jdnmb 3:9.


116/313

445

gvgrylng tl sgg tjg sdcrgingss lb `mbg. M wdnt wmig rgclonmtmln blrfysg`b. M wdnt fy wdntmnos mntgnsmbmgi, dni M wdnt tl bgg` tjgimvmng egmno plurmno tjrluoj fg gvgry flfgnt.532

Dni g`sgwjgrg,

M jdvg wlnigrgi wjdt tjg nyfpjs lb pdrdimsg, tjg wjmtg lngs,wm`` eg `mhg. Fdyeg `mhg tjg flrnmno M `dy wmtj tjg iduojtgr lb

Auiog Sjdrdb. M ognt`y emt jgr `mp ds M jgì jgr. Sjgs d egdut mbu`yluno wlfdn, eut jgr shmrt jdi e`lwn up lvgr jgr wdmst ds tjluojsjg wgrg d cjmì p`dymno. Sjg hgpt wjmspgrmno mn fy gdr, Lj Oli,Oli, cd``mno tl tjg sdfg lng wjl odvg us tjg p`gdsurg lb lurelimgs ds tjgy wgrg flvmno tlogtjgr. M wds hmssmno dni ergdtjmno

jgr ergdtj mn dni lut mn d ig`mojtbu` wdvg lb lrodsf.53?

C`gdr`y, Edjd ui-Imn _d`di wds nlt tjg egst cdnimidtg blr Su`tdn d`-W`dfd,Dni mt sggfs jg ngvgr clnilngi tjg pgrsgcutmln lb nln-Futdzm`mtgFus`mfs mn Hjwdrgzf. Yl qultg,

Mn Hjwdrdzf tjg orgdt fdalrmty drg Futdzm`ms. Nl lng tjgrg gvgrc`dmfs tl jdvg jdi d vmsmln lb Oli. Yjg pglp`g tjmnh lb tjgfsg`vgsds brgg`y dctmno fdhgrs lb tjgmr lwn `mvgs. Mb tjgy fggt up wmtj d

Adermyd, lng wjl eg`mgvgs gvgrytjmno ms prgigstmngi, tjgy cubb jmfdelut tjg jgdi dni sdy, Mts Olis p`dn tjdt M il tjms. Hjwdrdzf mstluoj ln prgigstmndtgi pglp`g. Yjgmr jlusgs drg pùnigrgi, dnids tjgy wd`h delut mn plvgrty, tjgy drg cùeegi dni egdtgn.Futdzm`ms, ln tjg ltjgr jdni, gnaly tjg wgd`tj tjgy sgmzg brlf tjgAdermyds, tjgsg `dzy lngs wjl ngvgr mnmtmdtg dnytjmno. Yjdt ms Oliseusmngss, tjgy sdy. Yjgmrs, gvmignt`y, ms tl subbgr mn eltj wlrìs.53:

Mb wg sgg Ognojms Hjdns igstructmln lb tjg Ms`dfmc _lrì ds d almnt

clnspmrdcy, fdndogi ey cryptl-Ngstlrmdns ln tjg smig lb Ognojms Hjdn dswg`` ds mn tjg clurt lb tjg Hjwdrgzgfsjdj, tjgrg jdi tl eg cllrimndtmlnegtwggn tjg twl. Hjwdrgzfsjdj Fujdffdi MM jdi sgnt Edjd d`-Imn tl

tjg clurt lb Ognojms Hjdn mn 4547. Auzadnm rgbgrs tl Edjd d`-Imn ds d flstwlrtjy sdyymi dni d Udzm (d tgrf usgi tl igscrmeg slfglng wjlf Oli

532Edjduiimn Rd`di, Yjg Irlwngi Ellh - Gcstdtmc dni Gdrtjy Ugb`gctmlns lbEdjduiimn, Yjg Bdtjgr lb Uufm trdns. Cl`gfdn Edrhs Dni Aljn Flyng (Jdrpgrcl``mns

g-Ellhs, 5;;9) ::.53?Rd`di 72.53:Rd`di 4;7.


117/313

443

ms p`gdsgi wmtj).53=Dflno d`` fgfegrs lb tjg clurt lb tjg Hjwdrgzfsjdj,ln`y tjg Su`tdn d`-W`dfdEdjd ui-Imn _d`di bmts tjms igscrmptmln. _g drgtlì tjdt Edjd ui-Imn wds sgnt tl dssgss tjg strgnotj lb tjg Flnol`s._jgn jg rgturngi, jg imi rgplrt ln tjg fdssmvg drfy eumìup lb tjg

Flnol`s dni tjgmr dtrlcmtmgs mn Cjmnd. Igspmtg tjms bmrstjdni mnblrfdtmln,tjg Hjwdrgzfsjdj wluì stm`` prlvlhg tjg Flnol`s.

Mt fdhgs pgrbgct sgnsg tjdt twl sgcrgt erdncjgs lb cryptl-Eyzdntmngs wgrgalmnt`y p`dnnmno lut tjg upclfmno igstructmln lb tjg Ms`dfmc wlrì. Mn 454=,Edjd d`-Imn dni jms bdfm`y suiign`y igpdrtgi Ed`hj. Yjms wds drluni tjgsdfg tmfg Ognojms Hjdns juog drfy stdrtgi egmno prgppgi blr tjgmnvdsmln lb Hjwdrgzf. C`gdr`y, fdny fgfegrs lb tjg Hjwdrgzfsjdjbdfm`y sggfgi tl jdvg divdncg hnlw`giog lb tjg mnvdsmln. Dt jms `dst`gcturg dt Ed`hj, Edjd ui-Imn _d`di prgimctgi tjg upclfmno igstructmlnlb Hjwdrgzf dt tjg jdnis lb tjg Flnol`s. Yl qultg,

Egblrg tjgy `gbt Ed`hj, Edjduiimn odvg d sgrfln egblrg tjg hmnodni d `drog dssgfe`y mn wjmcj jg prgimctgi tjg igstructmln lbEd`hj ey Flnol` drfmgs dni tjg del`mtmln lb tjg flndrcjy, d`` lbwjmcj jdppgngi mn tjg ngxt ygdr, 455; CG.59;

Edjd ui-Imn pdssgi tjrluoj Nmsdpur mn Mrdn. @dtgr jmstlrmdns wluì crgdtg

dn dcclunt lb tjg yluno Uufm fggtmno tjg fystmc plgt Dttdr dt Nmsdpur,wjmcj ms stm`` imsputgi. Edjd ui-Imn imi nlt stlp dt Nmsdpur. Jg clntmnugid`` tjg wdy tl Dndtl`md. Yjms jmnts dt twl tjmnos. Bmrst`y, jg wds dwdrg lb tjggxtgnt lb Flnol` igvdstdtmln tjdt wds tl bl``lw. Sgclni`y, Dndtl`md fdyjdvg eggn jms dncgstrd` jlfg`dni. Mn Fdy 455:, Edjd ui-Imn dni jms bdfm`y(mncùimno Uufm) wluì sgtt`g mn Hlnyd, wjmcj wds tjgn ru`gi ey tjg Sgàuhlb Uuf Hdyquedi M. Mn 453;, Fmnoeurnu, tjg sln lb HjwdrgzfsjdjFujdffdi MM wgnt tl edtt`g dodmnst Hdyquedi M (gvgn tjluoj jg wds

supplsgi`y b`ggmno tjg Flnol`s) eut wds igbgdtgi. _ds Edjd ui-Imnprlvmimno survgm``dncg blr Fmnoeurnu< Dni mb Hdyquedi M wds igbgdtgi ds

p`dnngi, mt ms `mhg`y tjdt Fmnoeurnu, Edjd ui-Imn dni tjg rgst lb tjg cryptl-

53=Deu 'Wfdr Fmnj-da u`-I-mn 'Wsf-dn men Smr-da u`-I-mn (A-uzadn-m.) Ydedh-dt-m-n-dsmr-m1d

ogngrd` jmstlry lb tjg Fujdffdidn iyndstmgs lb Dsmd, mncùimno Jmni-ust-dn, brlf D.J.

4=9 (:4; D.I.), tl D.J. 27: (452; D.I.), dni tjg mrruptmln lb tjg mnbmig` Fuojd`s mntl Ms`-df Rl`. 5. trdns. Jgnry Oglrog Udvgrty (@lniln1 Omègrt & Umvmnotln, 4::4) =23.59;Edjduiimn Rd`di, Yjg Irlwngi Ellh - Gcstdtmc dni Gdrtjy Ugb`gctmlns lbEdjduiimn, Yjg Bdtjgr lb Uufm trdns. Cl`gfdn Edrhs Dni Aljn Flyng (Jdrpgrcl``mns

g-Ellhs, 5;;9) xmv.


118/313

449

Eyzdntmngs wluì qumgt`y rg-gstde`msj mn tjgmr dncgstrd` jlfg`dni lbDndtl`md. Eut tjms wds nlt jlw gvgnts turngi lut tl eg.

Edjd ui-Imn egcdfg tjg jgdi lb d fdirdsd mn Hlnyd, unigr tjg pdtrlndog

lb Hdyquedi M (wjmcj wluì eg qumtg mrlnmc, mb jg jdi clfg tl unigrfmngtjg Sgàuhs). Mn 4599, Uufm cdfg mntl clntdct wmtj d fystgrmlus igrvmsjndfgi Sjdfs-g Ydermzm, wjl mnspmrgi Uufms plgtmcd` cdrggr. Sjdfs-gYdermzm wgnt ey tjg pgn-ndfg tjg gferlmigrgr (zdriuz). Dssggn mn tjggdr`mgr sgctmln ln ]gfgnmtg Sdedgdns,fgfegrs lb tjg ]gfgnmtg Hmnim c`dnwgrg d`sl hnlwn ds wgdvgrs.Clmncmigntd``y, dn Msfdm`m mfdf,Sjdfs d`-imn Fujdffdi d`sl wlrhgids dn gferlmigr dt tjg sdfg tmfg mnYdermz. 594 Sjdfs-g Ydermzm `dtgrimsdppgdrs brlf Uufms `mbg. Ds Uufmsbdfg orgw, mt wds nlt pruignt tl egdsslcmdtgi wmtj dn Msfdm`m mfdf. YjgFdqd`dt-g Sjdfs-g Ydermzm wjmcj ms

dttrmeutgi tl tjg fystgrmlus Sjdfs-gYdermzm egdrs strlno D`mi mnc`mndtmlns.

Odermg``g vdn ign Egro jds rgcgnt`ylpgngi tjg plssmem`mty tjdt Sjdfs-gYdermzm cluì eg d pgn-ndfg lbUufm.595Uufm d`sl clrrgsplnigi wmtjtjg cryptl-Msfdm`m vmzmgr lb Ju`gou,Ndsmr d`-Imn Yusm.593

Yjg ndfg Uufm wds lb clursg d pgn ndfg, dni mt fgdns brlf Ulfg,wjmcj burtjgr jmnts dt Uufms Eyzdntmng clnngctmlns. Yjgrg ms rgdsln tleg`mgvg tjdt Uufm dilptgi tjms pgn ndfg `lno egblrg jms bdfm`y fmordtgitl Hlnyd, lr tjg dni lb Ulfg (ds mt wds hnlwn). Dcclrimno tl Uufm, plgtry,fusmc dni idncg wgrg pdtjs tl rgdcj Oli. Yjg prle`gf ms tjdt tjg `dttgrtwl drg lut`dwgi mn Ms`df. Dni tjms rdmsgs qugstmlns delut Uufms Ms`dfmc

594Sjdbmqug N. Rmrdnm, Yjg Msfdm`ms mn tjg Fmii`g Dogs1 D Jmstlry lb Survmvd`, D Sgdrcjblr Sd`vdtmln (Ngw ]lrh1 Lxblri Wnmvgrsmty [rgss, 5;;?) 74.595Sgg O.U., vdn ign Egro Yjg C`dssmcd` [grsmdn ojdzd` dni Uufm mn tjg Lrd` [lgtry lbtjg Msfdm`ms lb Ydamh Edidhjsjdn, Mn gi. Rdn Uuyfeghg C., Fdms Clffgnt [gut-lntrg [grsdn


119/313

447

mnc`mndtmlns. Mt wds brlf Uufmsmigds tjdt tjg rmtud` lb wjmr`mnoigrvmsjgs gfgrogi. Mn tjms rmtud`,fgn twmr` drluni `mbg`gss`y dni

clfp`gtg`y igvlmi lb dnypgrslnd`mty, ds mb tjgy jdvg eggn

suspgnigi brlf tjg cgm`mno ey drlpg tjdt ms rdpmi`y unwmnimno.Yjms ms supplsgi tl rgprgsgnt dndttgfpt dt letdmnmno bdnd, lrdnnmjm`dtmln lb tjg sg`b, mn pursumtlb unmty wmtj Oli. Yjg migd ms

Onlstmc mn lrmomn, dni bmnispdrd``g`s mn Nmgtzscjgs supgrfdn, wjl d`sl olgs egylni tjg gdrtj`yelunidrmgs lb fdn tl gfgrog ds d oli/supgrfdn. Yjg clncgpt ms tjg sdfg1tjg pursumt lb egmno gxtrd-flrtd`. _jm`g Uufms plgtry ms prlede`y lng lbtjg jmojgst qud`mty lb [grsmdn plgtry prliucgi ey tjg Ms`dfmc wlrì, mtsfgssdog ms gcufgnmcd`. Mts blcus ms ln tjg imonmty lb mbg dni `lvg, dni Ms`df

ms fgrg`y d jmojgr trutj, dttdmnde`g tjrluoj gsltgrmc fgdns. Mn ltjgr wlris,Uufm wds rgcyc`mno tjg ngl-[`dtlnmc migd lb D`-Bdrdem,599dègmt wmtj fucjegttgr pdchdomno. Mt fdhgs sgnsg wjy mn tjg _gst, Uufm dni Men d`-Drdemdrg tlutgi ds tjg rgprgsgntdtmvgs lb tjg gntmrg ognrg lb Submsf.

_jgn Uufm imgi mn 45?3, jms bl``lwgrs blunigi tjg Fgv`gvm Subm Lrigr. Yjmswds fgdnt tl eg d bmojtmno blrcg, ermnomno tjg cryptl-Eyzdntmngs tl vmctlry,mn tjg fdnngr tjg dtgr Tmzmèdsj bdndtmcs erluojt tjg Sdbdvmis tl vmctlry mnMrdn. Jms sln, Edjd d`-Imn Fujdffdi-m _d`di (ndfgi dbtgr Uufms bdtjgr)p`dygi dn mnstrufgntd` rl`g mn tjg gdr`y ygdrs lb tjg Fgv`gvm Lrigr. Eut tjgFgv`gvms jdi `mtt`g succgss mn tjg bdcg lb tjg unprgcgigntgi rmsg lb tjg

Lttlfdns dni tjgmr adnmssdrmgs. Yjgy rgstrmctgi tjgfsg`vgs tl mnbm`trdtmnoLttlfdn plsmtmlns.

Dnltjgr Hjwdrgzfsjdj dbbm`mdtgi cryptl-Eyzdntmng wm`` eg imscussgi `dtgr.Tutuz dppgdrgi mn Fdfùh Goypt dni dttgfptgi tl sdeltdog d crmtmcd`Fus`mf vmctlry lvgr tjg Flnol`s dt Dmn Adùt.

599Dnngfdrmg Scjmffg`, Yjg Yrmufpjd` Sun1 D Stuiy lb tjg _lrhs lb Ad`d`liimn Uufm

(SWN] [rgss, 4==3) 35:.

_jmr`mno Igrvmsjgs....tjg bdstgr tjg U[F,

tjg ngdrgr tjgy dpprldcj Olijlli.


120/313

442

YJG SWCCGSSMLN LB OGNOJMS HJDN

YJG FWUIGU LB MS@DFMSY ALCJM

Ognojms Hjdn jdi blur slns g`mome`g blr succgssmln. Yjgy wgrg Alcjm,Cjdodtdm, ogigm dni Yl`um. Alcjm egmno tjg g`igst wds tl eg jms succgsslr.Eut iurmno tjg sdvdog clnqugst lb tjg Hjwdrgzf tlwn lb Wrogncj, Alcjm

egcdfg imsoustgi dt jms bdtjgrs bmxdtmln ln fdssdcrmno Fus`mfs. Yl qultg,

_jgn Yusjm XAlcjmV dni Cjdojdtdg, tjg slns lb Cjmnomz Hjdnbmnmsjgi tjgmr wlrh dt Hjwdrdzf, tjgy turngi tjgmr bdcgs tlwdrisHjmbcjdh XHmpcjdhV8 dni tjg blrcgs dni trmegs lb Hjmbcjdh tjgy

clntmnugi tl sueiug lng ey lng, dni fdhg cdptmvg8 dni tjgyerluojt tjg wjl`g

Documents

The Secret History of Iran