The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of NationalismChapter 12

War of 1812Army was ill prepared

◦Supplemented by militias

Canada◦Important battle ground◦British weakest there◦Americans not smart = offensive

3 pronged invasion U.S. fort captured

Great Lakes

Looked to the navy Skillfully handled Better gunners “Old Ironsides”

Constitution Thicker sides Heavier Firepower Larger crews

Cont.Control of Great Lakes

◦Oliver Hazard Perry Victory on lake Erie

Captured a British fleet Infused new life into the Americans

1814◦Americans grimly defending own soil◦Napoleon vanquished = Isle of Elba

Americans faced it alone

◦Redcoats pouring into Canada

Cont.British prepare for an attack on N.Y.

◦Using lake-river routes Lake Champlain waterway

Thomas Macdonough◦Challenged the British = Sept. 11, 1814◦Plattsburgh◦Floating slaughterhouses◦Snatched victory

British army forced to retreat

◦Saved the union from dissolution

Washington BurnedAugust 1814

◦4,000 redcoats = Chesapeake Bay Moving towards Washington 6,000 militiamen dispersed

Washington Burned ◦Set fire to most public buildings =

Capital and White House

Cont.Baltimore held strong

◦Fort McHenry hit with cannon = Could not capture the city

Francis Scott Key◦Detained American◦Wrote “The Star Spangled Banner”

Battle of New OrleansJanuary 1815

◦ Troops led by Andrew Jackson 7,000

◦ British launched frontal assault 2,000 killed / wounded ½ hour

◦ U.S. victory 70 casualties

◦ Before battle peace agreement already signed Treaty of Ghent --- Christmas eve 1814

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty of Ghent◦Christmas Eve 1814◦Armistice

Restore conquered territory No mention of grievances previously

fought for

◦Virtual Draw

Consequences of War 6,000 killed / wounded

Led to end of Federalist Party◦ Sectionalism / Hartford Convention

Growth of American industries = Manufacture products

Confirmed the status of the U.S. / free and independent nation◦ Less dependent on Europe

Canadian patriotism / nationalism

Rush Bagot Agreement = 1817◦ Limited naval armament on the lakes

Hartford Convention

December 15, 1814◦ Hartford

Convention Federalist discontent Massachusetts called

for convention Hartford Connecticut

Mass, Conn, R.I. = Full delegations

N.H. and Vermont = Partial

26 men = 3 weeks

Discuss grievances◦ Compensation◦ 2/3 vote

Embargo New state admission War declared

◦ 3/5 clause◦ President = single

term “Virginia Dynasty”

NationalismNationalism

◦ Most important by-product of War

◦ Emerged as one nation

Writers to use American scenes / themes◦ School textbooks /

magazines “North American Review”

Nationalistic Spirit

Revived Bank = 1816

Army expanded

Capital restored

American System1815

◦Madison moves U.S. toward economic independence Establishing a protective tariff

Manufacturing would flourish Re-chartering the National Bank

Credit Development of transportation

Steamboat Erie Canal = N.Y. 1825

Madison / Clay

Era of Good Feelings

James Monroe --- Elected in 1816

◦ Secretary of State John Quincy Adams

◦ Foreign policy = Nationalism National interest placed ahead of regional

concerns

◦Era of Good feeling? Tariff, bank, land, sectionalism

Panic of 1819Over speculation in frontier lands

◦Deflation◦depression / bankruptcies / bank

failures◦Unemployment /soup kitchens

“Wildcat Banks”◦Foreclosed mortgages

Missouri Compromise

1818◦Settlers in Missouri requested

admission to the Union Free State or Slave State?

1820 -1821◦Missouri Compromise◦Series of agreements passed◦36˚30´ Line◦Henry Clay

Sharing Oregon Expansion of territory

Anglo-American Convention of 1818◦Fixed the U.S. border at the 49th

parallel Michigan west to the Rocky Mountains

◦Agreed to jointly occupy Oregon territory with British

10 years

Florida1818

◦Americans believed Florida was destined to be theirs

◦ Jackson sweeps into Florida Seizes 2 Spanish posts

St. Marks / Pensacola

◦Florida Purchase Treaty 1819 “Adams-Onis Treaty” Spain ceded Florida U.S. abandon claims in Texas

Menace of Monarchy in AmericaNapoleon invaded Portugal and

Spain◦Did not have money to maintain

overseas colonies◦Napoleon defeated in 1815◦Now wanted to reclaim their colonies

Russians moving into Alaska◦Russo-American Treaty 1824◦Establishing posts in California

Monroe Doctrine1823

◦ President Monroe = Message to Congress European powers not to interfere in the Western

Hemisphere Do not attempt to create new colonies Do not try to over throw newly independent

republics The U.S. would consider actions dangerous to

peace and safety U.S. would not involve itself in European affairs

Principles known as = Monroe Doctrine◦ Foundation for future U.S. foreign policy