The Second Revolution

Becker

US History

Jefferson and Republicans

• Agenda for the Nation

• 1- Take apart Quasi-War

• 2- Create Agriculture-based economy

• 3- Establish Neutral Foreign Policy

First- Midnight Judges

• Adams appointed judges before leaving• Jefferson refuses to honor appointments

– William Marbury refuses to leave– Locks himself in office and won’t come out

• Marbury sues Jefferson and wins– Case is called Marbury v. Madison – Begins a new role for Supreme Court

• Judicial Review: courts can reject laws passed by Congress as unconstitutional

Take Apart Quasi-War

• Jefferson cuts army to 2500

• Eliminates the US Navy entirely

• Problem: Barbary Pirates begin attacking

• Jefferson builds “mosquito fleet”– 200 tiny gunboats: very ineffective

• After 4 years, larger boats built

• Pirates finally sign peace treaty

Create Ag-Based Economy

• Jefferson believes the nation needs land

• Begins secret negotiations with France

• Jefferson buys Louisiana for $15M in 1803

• Two MAJOR problems– Believes in weak president– Fails to consult Congress

• 1804 Lewis and Clark set out to explore

• Zebulon Pike also dispatched to Rockies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lewis_and_Clark.jpg

Toward War• England/France at War: US trades with both• England upset that US trades with her enemy

– Orders in Council issued in 1806– England begins seizing American ships/cargo– England also “impresses” American sailors (6000)

• 1807 Chesapeake Incident increases tension– Impressment of 4 sailors– Fired on by HMS Leopard– Americans call for war

• Other issues:– English troops also still in forts in Ohio R. – Violation of the Treaty of Paris– Indian issues: Tecumseh/Prophet/Tippecanoe, Redsticks

Preventing War

• Jefferson wants to avoid war• Embargo of 1807

– Bans US trade with any European country– Assumption that France and Britain need US trade

• Who does this hurt?– New England merchants, sailors– Farmers in west and south can’t export/sell crops

• Embargo backfires– Hurts New Englanders and Southerners alike– Results in booming smuggling business

Preventing War II• Nonintercourse Act of 1809

– Bans US trade ONLY with France and Britain– No more successful than original embargo

• Why is Embargo Unsuccessful?– France and Britain have other trade partners– Embargo is circumvented by smugglers– Embargo needs to stay in effect longer to have impact

• What Effects does the Embargo have?– Makes Jefferson unpopular, calls for war– Allows Federalist Party to regain power– Promotes industrial growth rather than ag growth

• Macon’s Bill #2 under Madison re-opens trade

Mr. Madison’s War

• Madison elected in 1808 (Jefferson dies)• Congress divides into two groups• Warhawks: Henry Clay, John Calhoun• Doves: Daniel Webster, Richard Henry Lee• Madison resists but strong pro-war pressure• Finally Congress declares war in 1812

– House votes 79-49, Senate 19-13

• Dems mostly pro-war, Federalists anti-war– Stop impressment/seizures– Get Canada

War of 1812

• 3-prong US offensive to take Canada– US invades Canada from Detroit and…– US invades Canada from Niagara, NY and…– US invades Canada from Lake Champlain and…

• Oliver Hazard Perry defeats British on Lake Erie– Recruits small navy, travels to Lake Erie– Builds a fleet from scratch, trains his men- and wins?!

• 1814 British burn Washington, DC to the ground• 1814 British move on to Baltimore: Fort McHenry

– Francis Key writes Star Spangled Banner

War of 1812 Winds Down

• 1815 British move on Mississippi Valley• Lead an attack on New Orleans• Andrew Jackson has just slaughtered Creek• Dec/JanAssembles a ragtag group of 7000 fighters

– Soldiers from Horseshoe Bend, private sailors– French Cajuns, Caribbean pirates, & blacks

• British bring 8000 arrogant well trained troops• Entrenched Jackson holds off frontal assault

– 2,037 British casualties including 291 fatalities– 13 fatalities, 39 wounded, 19 missing/captured

End of the Federalists• Jan 1815 Federalists hold Hartford Convention

– Anti-war meeting: New Englanders rely on trade– Argue that war is unwinnable, too expensive– Threaten that NE will leave US if no peace

• Meeting concludes, resolutions printed in papers– A few days later, New Orleans victory news arrives– Americans assume Brits will now beg for peace– The following week, news from England: Treaty of Ghent

• Federalists look silly, uninformed, and unpatriotic– Hartford Convention destroys the Federalists– No one wants to be associated with Federalists– Realistically, Dems/Feds almost the same now, anyway

Treaty of Ghent• Ship seizures?• Impressment?• Leave forts in the West?• Indian “issues”?• Worth being in the history books?

• Return to pre-1812 status• Positive effect: earns US world respect• Transcontinental Treaty with Spain• Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britain