The scientific study of the chemical substances, processes, and
reactions that occur in living organisms BIOCHEMISTRY THE CHEMISTRY
OF LIFE
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MATTER AND ENERGY Always here, always will be in one form or
the other!
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MATTER Matter IS EVERYTHING AROUND YOU. Law of Conservation of
Matter and Energy states Matter can neither be created or
destroyed. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change
its form. The total quantity of matter and energy available in the
universe is a fixed amount and never any more or less.
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Matter is anything that has a mass and volume. What is Mass and
Volume? Mass = Amount of matter in the object. Expressed in
grams/kilograms Volume = Amount of space that matter occupies
Expressed in cubic units (cc) or (ml)
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Matter exists in FOUR STATES or PHASES (okay 5, but we will
look at 4)
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THE STATES/PHASES OF MATTER SOLID MATTER THAT HAS A DEFINITE
SHAPE AND DEFINITE VOLUME LIQUID MATTER THAT HAS AN INDEFINITE
SHAPE AND DEFINITE VOLUME GAS MATTER THAT HAS AN INDEFINITE SHAPE
AND INDEFINITE VOLUME PLASMA MATTER THAT HAS AN INDEFINITE SHAPE
AND INDEFINITE VOLUME WITH ELECTRICALLY CHARGED PARTICLES
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WHAT IS GOING ON INSIDE MATTER?
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STATE OR PHASE?
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WHAT STATES OF MATTER ARE IN OUR BODIES? ALL FOUR SOLID -Bones
and Muscles LIQUID - Saliva/Bodily Fluids GAS Air Lungs & Body
Cavities PLASMA - Blood Component
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ELEMENTS Simple substances of matter 100 OR MORE
NATURAL/ARTIFICIAL ELEMENTS CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER
SUBSTANCES CHEMICALLY REACT WITH OTHER ELEMENTS ATOMS ARE THE BASIC
UNITS OF ELEMENTS
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ATOMS MATTER HAVE MASS MOST IN NUCLEUS WITH PROTONS AND
NEUTRONS HAVE VOLUME MOST OF SPACE TAKEN UP BY ELECTRON CLOUD
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ATOMIC THEORY ALL MATTER MADE OF ATOMS LIVING/NONLIVING ALL
ATOMS OF GIVEN ELEMENT ARE SIMILAR TO ONE ANOTHER BUT DIFFERENT
ATOMS OF =>THAN 2 ELEMENTS COMBINE TO FORM COMPOUNDS CHEMICAL
REACTIONS INVOLVE REARRANGEMENTS, SEPARATION OR COMBINATION OF
ATOMS ATOMS ARE NEVER CREATED OR DESTROYED DURING A CHEMICAL
REACTION
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE NUCLEUS CENTER, DENSE AREA OF PROTONS &
NEUTRONS ORBIT MULTI CONTAIN NEARLY WEIGHTLESS ELECTRONS
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ATOMIC TERMS AND PROPERTIES ATOMIC NUMBER = NUMBER OF PROTONS
IN NUCLEUS NORMAL CHARGE IS NEUTRAL - #PROTONS = ELECTRONS
MOLECULES 2 OR MORE ATOMS BONDED TOGETHER BOND CHEMICAL COMBINATION
OF ATOMS TYPES OF BONDS IONIC AND COVALENT IONIC ONE ATOM GAINS
WHILE ONE LOSES ELECTRONS IONS COVALENT - ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS
HYDROGEN WEAK, HOLD WATER TOGETHER BY BRIDGING HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN.
BIND MOLECULE PARTS INTO THREE DIMENSIONAL SHAPE
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WHY BIOCHEMISTRY? TWO BASIC REASONS 1. Chemicals provide a
source of energy to support life. 2. Chemicals provide structure to
the body.
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CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL REACTIONS MIXTURES SOLUTIONS COMPOUNDS
SUSPENSIONS MACROMOLECULES AND POLYMERS SATURATION POINT LETS FIND
OUT MORE!
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CHEMICAL REACTIONS WHAT IS IT? TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES CONVERTED
INTO A THIRD SUBSTANCE SYNTHESIS REACTION BY BONDING TOGETHER TO
MAKE A NEW COMPOUND DECOMPOSITION REACTION BY BREAKING DOWN ONE
SUBSTANCE INTO TWO OR MORE CATALYST AFFECT THE RATE OF CHANGE
WITHOUT CHANGING THEMSELVES
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MAJOR BODY ELEMENTS CARBON (C) = 19% HYDROGEN (H) = 10% OXYGEN
(O) = 65% NITROGEN (N) = (3%) Phosphorous, Sulfur, Calcium
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PRIMARY ROLES OF BODY ELEMENTS OXYGEN KEY IN BREATHING, WITH H
MAKES WATER CARBON GOOD BASIS OF ORGANIC LIFE FORMS FORMS AMINO
ACIDS/PROTEINS/NUCLEIC ACIDS BAD - FORMS CARBON DIOXIDE WASTE
HYDROGEN COMBINES WITH OXYGEN TO MAKE WATER. COMBINES WITH
CARBON,OXYGEN FOR CARBS, LIPIDS, PROTEINS KEY IN ----- HYDRATION,
CHEMICAL REACTION ALL MAKE THAT ALL IMPORTANT GLUCOSE ATP -
ENERGY
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MAJOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CARBOHYDRATES ENERGY SOURCE LIPIDS
(FATS) ENERGY STORAGE PROTEINS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELLS
NUCLEIC ACIDS GENETIC CODES
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COMMON SUBSTANCES IN US! WATER 60-80% OF CELLS HYDROLYSIS,
SOLVENT, LUBRICANT CARBON DIOXIDE WASTE PRODUCT GLUCOSE MOLECULAR
OXYGEN = O - BREATHING AMMONIA NH - NITROGEN SOURCE FOR PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS, INJURIOUS TO CELLS CONVERTED TO UREA AND EXCRETED
MINERAL SALTS ESSENTIAL FOR CELL SURVIVAL Ca , PO , Cl , Na, K
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COMMON SUBSTANCES IN US! CARBOHYDRATES RIBOSE, DEOXYRIBOSE,
GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE. STARCH GLYCOGEN LIPIDS INSOLUBLE IN WATER 95%
TRIGLYCERIDES MADE OF GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACID PROTEINS CHONHS
STRUCTURE, REGULATION NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA/DNA GENETIC CODING ATP
ENERGY CREATED IN CELL RESPIRATION
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MAJOR BODY FLUIDS INTRACELLULAR - FLUID WITHIN THE CELLS
INTERSTITIAL FLUID BETWEEN THE CELLS FLUID IN SPECIAL CAVITIES
PERITONEAL FLUID ABDOMINAL CAVITY CSF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN
CRANIAL CAVITY AMNIOTIC FLUID FLUID IN PREGNANT UTERUS PLASMA FLUID
PORTION OF BLOOD 60% VOLUME = 92% of which is WATER
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OSMOTIC PRESSURE RESULTS
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ELECTROLYTES HAVE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CHARGE FOR BONDING BODY
FUNCTIONS MOST EFFICIENT WHEN WITHIN SPECIFIC RANGE (NL) LOST
THROUGH SWEATING LOST THROUGH ELIMINATION OF URINE FECES
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HOMEOSTASIS pH BALANCE pH parts hydrogen pH scale way to
measure pH of substance Values = 0-14 7 = neutral 7 = BASE ACID -
>Hydrogen Ions than Hydroxyls BASE < Hydrogen Ions than
Hydroxylx
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pH SCALE
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THE ROLE OF ACIDS AND BASES BODY FLUIDS HAVE NORMAL Ph - NARROW
RANGE > OR < Ph WILL AFFECT CHEMICAL REACTION NORMAL HUMAN
ACTIVITIES SHIFT Ph CAN YOU NAME SOME? BUFFERS COMPENSATE FOR
CHANGES: BICARBONATE IN RESPIRATION PHOSPHATE IN KIDNEYS PROTEINS
IN INTRACELLUAR FLUID BUFFERS CONTAIN WEAK ACID AND WEAK BASE TO
REACT WITH STRONGER ONE TO ADJUST Ph PUT IT ALL TOGETHER WE HAVE
HOMEOSTASIS AND A GOOD WORKING METABOLISM!