THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Leslie Justice, Ashley Szyjka, and Jessica Hurlbut

One of the leading figures in natural philosophy and in scientific methodology.

Wrote on questions of law, state and religion, and contemporary politics.

http://www.123rf.com/photo_8635233_background-concept-wordcloud-illustration-of-scientific-method-research.html

http://www.iep.utm.edu/bacon/

Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and Gray’s Inn.

Completed his law degree in 1582, and in 1588 he was named lecturer in legal studies at Gray’s Inn.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Railton_-_Gray's_Inn.jpg

He was elected to Parliament in 1584 where he stayed for over 30 years.

Also in 1584, he wrote his first political memorandum, A Letter of Advice to Queen Elizabeth. http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/parliament/22.html

He had a hard time rising in political power while Elizabeth was on the throne.

After he severed ties with Essex, his relationship with the queen improved.

http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/june2006/francis_bacon.html

Bacon was knighted in 1603.

Under James I, he rose to the highest political office, Lord Chancellor.

In 1621 he was impeached by Parliament for corruption in his office as a judge.

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/223478/enlarge

Bacon devoted the last five years of his life to his philosophical work.

He died in April 1626 of pneumonia after experiments with ice.h

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http://true-wildlife.blogspot.com/2011/02/chicken.html

The Renaissance showed educated men what the Romans and Greeks had done in certain subjects.

Invention of printing played a crucial role.

Pioneers were mainly Italians, but work was taken up by students in France, Germany, England, and other countries.

Copernicus (1473-1543) “Founder of Modern Astronomy” Copernican Theory: The Earth and other

planets rotate around a central sun. Caused controversy since it went

against the Bible.

http://www.polishamericancenter.org/Pictures/Copernicus.jpg

Galileo (1564-1642)Italian ScientistMade one of the first telescopes.Telescope was about as

powerful as an opera glass.

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-aSUkE-mmqDM/TWMsG8ypPfI/AAAAAAAAAA0/SZollJSF-qU/s320/Galileo-Galilei.jpg

Kepler (1571-1630) German Scientist Worked out the mathematical laws that

direct the movement of the planets. Investigations afterward helped to lead

to the discovery of the principle of gravitation.

http://www.memo.fr/Media/Kepler.jpg

Vesalius (1514-1564) and Harvey (1568-1657)

Vesalius gave the first careful description of the human body based on an actual dissection (Founder of Modern Anatomy).

Harvey observed living animals, and discovered the circulation of blood (Founder of Human Physiology).

http://www.nndb.com/people/270/000085015/andreas-vesalius-2-sized.jpg

In the Middle Ages, students were told to accept theories of Aristotle and other philosophers without question.

New Scientific Method relied on experimenting and observation.

"All depends on keeping the eye steadily fixed upon the facts of nature, and so receiving their images simply as they are, for God forbid that we should give out a dream of our own imagination for a pattern of the world.” - Lord Bacon

OLD IDEAS VS.

Scholasticism Was a combination of

natural magic and theology.

You couldn’t contradict God and his wisdom.

NEW IDEAS

Empiricism/Inductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning – with observed facts, a general rule or principle is created which is true for all facts; however, “there is always an element of doubt .”

Scientific knowledge could only be obtained through sensual observations (touch, smell, sight, etc.) of nature.

Knowledge began with observation, but never went beyond it.

Bacon was adamant that there was more to knowledge than the previous science method of rehashing the past.

He also believed the evils of current science were due to too much admiration for the mind.

“Man, the servant and interpreter of Nature, only does and understands so much as he shall have observed, in fact or in thought, of the course of Nature; more than this he neither knows nor can do.”

~ Francis Bacon

ROADBLOCKS

Bacon’s followers “lost sight of the deeper intent of his ideas.” George Bernard Shaw

Risk of contradicting God Found a loop-hole by stating that science

was the studying of God's creation, and, therefore, was to the glory of God.

Shakespeare

Shakespeare, however, seemed to be apposed to the new ideas Bacon proposed and may have been another roadblock to Bacon’s initial success.

We can tell this through the science mentioned in Shakespeare’s plays.

Macbeth (1606), V, iii MACBETH: Throw physic to the dogs; I'll

none of it. —.

Twelfth Night (1601), II, iii. SIR TOBY: Does not our lives consist of

the four elements? SIR ANDREW: Faith, so they say; but I

think it rather consists of eating and drinking.

SIR TOBY: Thou'rt a scholar; let us therefore eat and drink.

“No pleasure is comparable to the standing upon the vantage-ground of truth.“~ Francis Bacon

http://galileo.rice.edu/images/people/scientists/bacon1.gif

1. What did Francis Bacon die from?

2. What was Francis Bacon’s contribution to science?

3. Who were two prominent philosophers that contributed to the scientific outlook of the age?

4. Did Shakespeare approve of the new ideas Francis Bacon proposed?

Mulder, Henry. "Descartes and Locke." Science and You. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2011. <http://www.scienceandyou.org/articles/ess_23.shtml>.

Mulder, Henry. "Francis Bacon." Science and You. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2011. <http://www.scienceandyou.org/articles/ess_23.shtml>.

No. 1542: Francis Bacon. Dir. John H. Lienhard. Engines of Our Ingenuity. Web. 7 Oct. 2011. <http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1542.htm>.

William Shakespeare Quotes." TODAYINSCI. Today in Science, n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2011. <http://www.todayinsci.com/S/Shakespeare_William/ShakespeareWilliam-Quotations.htm>

"Elizabethan Science and Technology." ELIZABETHAN ERA. Web. 07 Oct. 2011. <http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/elizabethan- science-technology.htm>.