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The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Key Concepts / PeopleKey Concepts / People
Copernicus (1473-1543)Copernicus (1473-1543)
Aim to glorify GodAim to glorify God Sun-centered universeSun-centered universe Challenged circular Challenged circular
orbitsorbits Universe of staggering Universe of staggering
sizesize Earth no different than Earth no different than
any other planetany other planet On the Revolutions of On the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheresthe Heavenly Spheres (1543)(1543)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)• Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer who built upon the scientific foundations laid by Copernicus and Kepler.
• He also observed four moons rotating around Jupiter – exactly the way Copernicus said the Earth rotated around the sun.
• Galileo assembled the first telescope which allowed him to see mountains on the moon and fiery spots on the sun.
• Galileo also discovered that objects fall at the same speed regardless of weight.
Galileo Galilei• Galileo’s discoveries caused an uproar. Other scholars came against him because like Copernicus, Galileo was contradicting Ptolemy.
• The Church came against Galileo because it claimed that the Earth was fixed and unmoving.
• When threatened with death before the Inquisition in 1633, Galileo recanted his beliefs, even though he knew the Earth moved.
• Galileo was put under house arrest, and was not allowed to publish his ideas.
• Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
• He used math to prove the existence of gravity - a force that kept planets in their orbits around the sun, and also caused objects to fall towards the earth.
• Newton was the most influential scientist of the Scientific Revolution.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)• Francis Bacon was an English
philosopher who wrote Advancement of Learning.
• Bacon popularized the scientific method and used it with philosophy and knowledge.
• Bacon argued that truth could not be known at the beginning of a question, but only at the end after a long process of investigation.
• Descartes was a French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher.
• Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding.
• Like Bacon, Descartes also believed that truth was only found after a long process of studying and investigation.
“I think, therefore I am”
Rene Descartes (1596-Rene Descartes (1596-1650)1650)
• In the 1600s Robert Boyle distinguished between individual elements and chemical compounds.• First argued that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, a principle today known as Boyle’s Law.•Boyle was heavily influenced by mechanical philosophy, the idea that everything in the universe can be explained by mechanical interactions (e.g. collisions, pushing, pulling, etc.) between particles.
Chemistry
Robert Boyle
Causes of the Scientific Causes of the Scientific RevolutionRevolution
Medieval Intellectual Medieval Intellectual Life and Medieval Life and Medieval UniversitiesUniversities
The Italian RenaissanceThe Italian Renaissance Renewed emphasis on Renewed emphasis on
mathematicsmathematics Renaissance system of Renaissance system of
patronagepatronage Navigational problems Navigational problems
of long sea voyagesof long sea voyages Better scientific Better scientific
instrumentsinstruments
Consequences of the Scientific Consequences of the Scientific RevolutionRevolution
Rise of the “Scientific Rise of the “Scientific Community”Community”
--Royal Society of --Royal Society of London (1662)London (1662)
--Academy of Royal --Academy of Royal Sciences (1666)Sciences (1666)
The modern scientific The modern scientific methodmethod
A universe ordered A universe ordered according to natural according to natural lawslaws
Consequences of the Scientific Consequences of the Scientific Revolution (cont)Revolution (cont)
Laws discovered by Laws discovered by human reasonhuman reason
““De-Spiritualized” and De-Spiritualized” and de-mystified the de-mystified the UniverseUniverse
Mechanical View of Mechanical View of the Universethe Universe
Deistic View of GodDeistic View of God
--God as the cosmic --God as the cosmic capitalistcapitalist
ProjectProject
Sci Rev ProjectSci Rev Project Will be worked on in class today and Will be worked on in class today and
tomorrow. We will share on Thursday.tomorrow. We will share on Thursday.
HomeworkHomework
• Read pages 502-510 in the textbook (notes)• Try to register for turnitin.com• Final thesis check tomorrow (paper turned in)• First draft due Friday (paper copy)
The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
““Siecle de Lumiere”Siecle de Lumiere”
““The Century of Light”The Century of Light”
Why?Why? Context: The Enlightenment came after a Context: The Enlightenment came after a
long time period of upheaval in Europe. The long time period of upheaval in Europe. The spread of ideas led to censorship and spread of ideas led to censorship and religious wars led to people questioning religious wars led to people questioning religion.religion.
Worn out by 200 years of this bickering, Worn out by 200 years of this bickering, warfare, dissension, and fanaticism, warfare, dissension, and fanaticism, Europe was ready for a change by the Europe was ready for a change by the late 1600s and early 1700s.late 1600s and early 1700s.
What was it?What was it?
Progressive, Progressive, Rationalistic, Rationalistic, Humanistic worldviewHumanistic worldview
Emerged out of the Emerged out of the Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution and culminated in the and culminated in the French RevolutionFrench Revolution
Spokesmen = Rising Spokesmen = Rising Middle ClassMiddle Class
Paris = Center of Paris = Center of EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Optimism about Optimism about mankind’s abilitiesmankind’s abilities
Key IdeasKey Ideas
Distrust of Tradition Distrust of Tradition and Revealed Religionand Revealed Religion
Scientific method Scientific method could be applied to could be applied to society as wellsociety as well
Society can get better Society can get better as risks are takenas risks are taken
Man is naturally goodMan is naturally good Good life is on earthGood life is on earth
An Attack on the Old An Attack on the Old RegimeRegime
The World of the Old RegimeThe World of the Old Regime
Built on traditionBuilt on tradition World of hierarchy, World of hierarchy,
privilege and privilege and inequalityinequality
Allied with the Allied with the ChurchChurch
Challenged by the Challenged by the reform impulse of reform impulse of supporters of the supporters of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Conflict with the Capitalistic Conflict with the Capitalistic Middle ClassMiddle Class
Support for the Middle Support for the Middle Class social order Class social order against the traditional against the traditional social ordersocial order
Size and increasing Size and increasing power of the Middle power of the Middle ClassClass
New notion of wealthNew notion of wealth Tension and discord Tension and discord
created by the Middle created by the Middle ClassClass
Popularization of SciencePopularization of Science
The popularity of The popularity of science in the 17science in the 17thth and and 1818thth centuries centuries
Conversations on the Conversations on the Plurality of the WorldsPlurality of the Worlds (1686)—Bernard de (1686)—Bernard de FontenelleFontenelle
The Scientific The Scientific Revolution promised Revolution promised the comprehensibility the comprehensibility of the workings of the of the workings of the universeuniverse
A New World of UncertaintiesA New World of Uncertainties
The Idea of ProgressThe Idea of Progress The anti-religious The anti-religious
implications of the implications of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
The relativity of truth The relativity of truth and moralityand morality
John Locke’s New John Locke’s New PsychologyPsychology----Essay Concerning Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingHuman Understanding (1690)(1690)-- “Tabula Rasa”-- “Tabula Rasa”
The PhilosophesThe Philosophes
1818thth century French century French intellectualsintellectuals
Interest in addressing a Interest in addressing a broad audiencebroad audience
Committed to reformCommitted to reform Celebrated the scientific Celebrated the scientific
revolutionrevolution The “Mystique of The “Mystique of
Newton”Newton” Science applied to Science applied to
societysociety
The Problem of CensorshipThe Problem of Censorship
The attempt of the Old The attempt of the Old Regime to control new Regime to control new thinkingthinking
Publishers and writers Publishers and writers hounded by censorshounded by censors
Over 1000 booksellers Over 1000 booksellers and authors and authors imprisoned in the imprisoned in the Bastille in the early Bastille in the early 1700’s1700’s
Battling censorshipBattling censorship
The Role of the SalonThe Role of the Salon
Protection and Protection and encouragement encouragement offered by French offered by French aristocratic women aristocratic women in their private in their private drawing roomsdrawing rooms
Feminine influence Feminine influence on the on the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Madame GeoffrinMadame Geoffrin
Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia
Ultimate strength of the Ultimate strength of the philosophes lay in their philosophes lay in their numbers, dedication numbers, dedication and organizationand organization
Written between 1751-Written between 1751-17721772
Attempted to illustrate Attempted to illustrate all human knowledgeall human knowledge
Problems with Problems with publicationpublication
Emphasis on practical Emphasis on practical sciencescience
Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia (cont) (cont)
Desire to change the Desire to change the “general way of “general way of thinking”thinking”
Greater knowledge leads Greater knowledge leads to human progressto human progress
Emphasized moderation Emphasized moderation and toleranceand tolerance
Human nature can be Human nature can be moldedmolded
Inalienable rights and Inalienable rights and the social contractthe social contract
Knowledge improves Knowledge improves goodnessgoodness
Famous Enlightenment Famous Enlightenment ThinkersThinkers
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)1755)
The Spirit of the Laws The Spirit of the Laws (1748)(1748)
Despotism could be Despotism could be avoided if political power avoided if political power were divided and shared were divided and shared by a diversity of classesby a diversity of classes
Power must check powerPower must check power Admires British Admires British
governmentgovernment French parlements must French parlements must
be defenders of libertybe defenders of liberty Influence in the USInfluence in the US
Voltaire (1694-1778)Voltaire (1694-1778)
Enthusiasm for Enthusiasm for English institutionsEnglish institutions
Reformer not a Reformer not a revolutionaryrevolutionary
Admirer of Louis Admirer of Louis XIVXIV
Relationship with Relationship with Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great
““Ecrasez l’infame”Ecrasez l’infame”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)1778)
Rather than liberation, Rather than liberation, rationalism and rationalism and civilization destroys civilization destroys the individualthe individual
Man by nature was Man by nature was solitary, good and freesolitary, good and free
Civilization represents Civilization represents decay, not progressdecay, not progress
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
One of few philosophes One of few philosophes to live to see the French to live to see the French RevolutionRevolution
Enlightenment was a Enlightenment was a personal process—personal process—release from immaturityrelease from immaturity
More optimistic than More optimistic than RousseauRousseau
““Dare to Know”—Dare to Know”—Enlightenment was an Enlightenment was an act of personal courageact of personal courage