The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

Discoveries and InventionsDiscoveries and Inventions

The Big Idea

During the Scientific Revolution, new ideas and inventions changed the

nature of knowledge.

7.10.2

The Discovery of the AmericasThe Discovery of the Americas

• Main Idea 1: • The discovery of

the Americas led scholars to doubt ancient Greek ideas. PtolemyPtolemy

The Americas:

North & South America

The Discovery of the Americas

• In 1492, Christopher Columbus set out to sail to Asia using a map created by the ancient Greek Ptolemy. Instead of landing in Asia, Columbus reached North America.

• The accidental discovery of this land proved that the ancient Greek authorities were not always

right. This led people to question the

theories of the ancient Greeks.

ChristopherColumbus

Christopher Columbus lands in the Bahamas (in the Americas), not in India (which is in Asia) like he first thought.

DohDoh

The Discovery of the Americas

• The ancient Greeks had been the authority on many things, including geography, but the discovery of the Americas made Europeans begin to doubt the Greeks.

• Greek map maker, Ptolemy, did not have the Americas on his maps.

• People began to wonder – “What other things might the Greeks be wrong about?” As a result, many people began to investigate things for themselves.

HuhHuh??

Here is Ptolemy’s map of the world that Columbus used in his travels. Notice that there is no mention of the Americas? Ptolemy does have Europe, Africa, and Asia. Their labels are circled in orange on the map.

Advances in AstronomyAdvances in Astronomy

• Main Idea 2:• Advances in astronomy were key

events of the Scientific Revolution.

Advances in Astronomy

• In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published a book that contradicted what the Greek authorities had written. Many historians believe that this book marked the beginning of the Scientific Revolution.

Copernicus’ book - Copernicus’ book - On the On the Revolution of the Celestial SpheresRevolution of the Celestial Spheres

Heck yes Heck yes I did.I did.

Advances in Astronomy

• The Greeks believed the earth was at the center of the universe.

• Copernicus said the planets orbited the sun.

Now looky, Now looky, I say, looky I say, looky

here.here.

Advances in Astronomy

• Tycho Brahe charted the positions of hundreds of stars, using careful observation and detailed recordings.

TychoBrahe

Advances in Astronomy

• Johannes Kepler observed that planets moved in oval orbits, not circular ones.

OvalOval

CircleCircle

Kepler’s model

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Advances in Astronomy

• Galileo Galilei was the first person to study the sky with a telescope. He used experiments to test his theories.• Galileo discovered craters &

mountains on the moon. He also discovered that moons orbit Jupiter.

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei

wowwow

Advances in Astronomy

• Galileo was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to test his theories.• He is remembered as the father

of experimental science.

Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei

This painting shows Galileo defending himself before Church officials.This painting shows Galileo defending himself before Church officials.Many of Galileo’s Many of Galileo’s ideas went against the teachings of the Catholic Church.ideas went against the teachings of the Catholic Church. Even though the Catholic Church was very angry with him, Galileo was a Even though the Catholic Church was very angry with him, Galileo was a committed Catholic and a firm believer in Christianity.committed Catholic and a firm believer in Christianity.

Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton

• Main Idea 3:• Sir Isaac Newton

developed laws that explained much of the natural world.

Sir Isaac Newton

I am so smart, I am so I am so smart, I am so smart. S m r t. I mean smart. S m r t. I mean

s m a r t. s m a r t.

Sir Isaac Newton

• The high point of the Scientific Revolution was marked by the publication of a book by a very famous scientist, Sir Isaac Newton.

• Sir Isaac Newton was a British scientist, who wrote the book Principia Mathematica.

Sir IsaacNewton

Sir Isaac Newton

• Newton studied and simplified the work of earlier scientists. He coupled it with his own observations and identified four theories that prove how the world works.

• Some of the theories have been proved so many times that they are now called laws.

Sir IsaacNewton

Sir Isaac Newton

• One of Newton’s laws is called the law of gravity.

• Gravity is the force that makes a dropped object fall to the ground.

• Gravity also keeps the planets in orbit around the sun.

Sir IsaacNewton

(The law of gravity is shown on the left)(The law of gravity is shown on the left)

Sir Isaac Newton

• The other three laws are called the laws of motion.

• They describe how an object moves in space. You may have heard one of them: “For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

Sir IsaacNewton

(The laws of motion are displayed on the right. (The laws of motion are displayed on the right. Notice that the hitting of one marble causes theNotice that the hitting of one marble causes theother marble at the opposite end to move – and other marble at the opposite end to move – and vice versa/)vice versa/)

Sir Isaac Newton

• Newton also invented calculus, a branch of mathematics.

• This form of mathematics is used by scientists to solve complex problems.

Sir IsaacNewton

a graphed calculus equation a graphed calculus equation

New InventionsNew Inventions

• Main Idea 4:• New inventions helped scientists

study the natural world.

New Inventions

• A Dutch scientist (Antoni van Leeuwenhoek)Antoni van Leeuwenhoek) was the the first to use a simple microscope as a scientific instrument.

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s Antoni van Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope.simple microscope.

New Inventions

• Galileo invented the first thermometer and built a much-improved telescope.

Galileo Galileo GalileiGalilei 3 thermometers a telescope3 thermometers a telescope

New Inventions

• The barometer was invented to measure air pressure.

• Barometers are used to help forecast the weather.

The barometer (left) was The barometer (left) was invented by the Italian scientist invented by the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli.Evangelista Torricelli.

New Inventions

• These inventions gave scientists the tools they needed to make more accurate observations and to conduct experiments.

microscope thermometer telescope microscope thermometer telescope barometerbarometer

1. Whose maps did Columbus use when he happened to land in the Americas?

1. Whose maps did Columbus use when he happened to land in the Americas?

B. Aristotle

C. Ptolemy

D. Copernicus

A. Newton

2. Who discovered the law of gravity?2. Who discovered the law of gravity?

B. Galileo

C. Copernicus

D. Kepler

A. Newton

3. Which letter shows an invention that was not improved or invented during the Scientific Revolution?

3. Which letter shows an invention that was not improved or invented during the Scientific Revolution?

B. microscope

C. stethoscope

D. barometer

A. telescope

4. Whose view of the universe is shown below?4. Whose view of the universe is shown below?

C. Newton

D. Kepler

A. the Greeks

B. Copernicus

5. Kepler discovered that planets orbit the sun in a perfect circular motion.

5. Kepler discovered that planets orbit the sun in a perfect circular motion.

A. True

B. False

- He discovered that planets orbit the sun in an oval motion.