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The Scientific Revolution
Chapter 22
Section 1
Pages 545-550
Main Idea
In the mid 1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation.
Scientists’ questioning led to the development of the scientific method still in use today.
Terms and Names
Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentric theory Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei Scientific method Francis Bacon René Descartes Isaac Newton
The Roots of Modern Science
Before 1500, scholars referred to: The Greeks The Romans The Bible
Aristotle was seen as the ultimate authority in many areas.
Aristotle
4 Elements Objects move in
straight lines Specific Gravity
Earth down, fire up
Heavens move in perfect circle Aither/ether Unchanging
Heavier objects fall faster
The Medieval View
Geocentric Theory =The earth is a fixed object in the center of the universe.
This idea was shared by Aristotle, Ptolemy, and contemporary Christian doctrine.
Ptolemy
Council of Trent (1545-63)
Met in response to the Reformation Also charged with revising the Calendar
Calendar based on lunar cycles with intercalary months
19-year cycle Did not correspond with Jewish lunar
calendar In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII determined
Oct. 4 was to be followed by Oct. 15 Here’s why. . .
A New Way of Thinking
The Scientific Revolution involved careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.
The Scientific Revolution
Adds to the sense that humans can know Suggests Humans are perfectible Reverses Thomas Aquinas’ formulation on
the compatibility of science and religion Moves reason & scientific method into
social realm
Medieval universities add courses in astronomy, physics, and mathematics based on translated works from Muslim scholars.
Renaissance scholars discover classical manuscripts.
The printing press speeds up the spread of the world’s knowledge.
Age of Exploration Fuels Research
Navigators need new instruments. New discoveries don’t always agree with
accepted beliefs.
A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
Heliocentric Theory The sun is at
the center of the universe.
Heliocentric Model
Aristarchus of Samos (310?-250? BC)
Greek astronomer
The first to assert that the earth revolves around the sun.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Studies stars and planets for over 25 years.
Develops the heliocentric view.
Did not publish his findings until the year of his death. (1543)
Tycho Brahe
Danish astronomer.
Records more information to support the heliocentric theory.
Tycho Crater on the moon.
Johannes Kepler
Brahe’s assistant Mathematical
laws apply to the orbits of planets.
Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.
Galileo Galilei
Falling objects accelerate at a fixed and predictable rate.
Disproved Aristotle’s theory that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones.
Improved the telescope. Discovered the moons of Jupiter. Supported the heliocentric theory.
Conflict With the Church
Galileo publishes works supporting Copernicus and Ptolemy.
Summoned to stand trial before the Inquisition. (1633)
Forced to recant his published work.
“But it does move……..
Pope Paul V
Pope John Paul II
On October 31, 1992, the Pope officially apologized to Galileo and admitted he was right.
Oooops!!!Sorry Dude!!
The Scientific Method
Begins with a problem or question arising from an observation.
A hypothesis is then formed. The hypothesis is then tested. The data is interpreted. The conclusion supports or disproves the
hypothesis.
Francis Bacon Criticized how
Aristotle and others reasoned from abstract theories.
Scientists should observe the world first, then draw conclusions.
Empiricism – or the experimental method.
René Descartes
Developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry.
Used mathematics and logic instead of experimentation.
Everything should be doubted until proven by reason.
“I think, therefore I am.”
Isaac Newton Law of universal gravitation
– all object in the universe attracts every other object. Degree of attraction
depends on mass.
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. God is like a clockmaker
who set the universe moving.
Newton’s Telescope
Newton is said to have developed his theory of gravity after watching an apple fall from a tree.
Newton’s Death Mask
The Scientific Revolution Spreads
Scientific Instruments Medicine and the Human Body
Zacharias Janssen – Microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoeck
Used microscope to see bacteria, red blood cells, immature insects.
Evangelista Torricelli
Mercury barometer.
Gabriel Fahrenheit
Mercury thermometer. Water freezes at 32°
Anders Celsius
New scale for the mercury thermometer.
Water freezes at 0°.
Andreas Vesalius
Dissected human corpses.
Proved Galen was wrong (Swine anatomy is very different from human).
William Harvey
Showed the heart as a pump that circulates blood through the body.
Described the function of blood vessels.
Edward Jenner
Smallpox vaccine
Robert Boyle
Founder of modern chemistry.
Matter is made up of smaller primary particles.
Boyle’ Law - explains how volume, temperature, and gas pressure affect each other.
Joseph Priestley
Separated oxygen from air.
Antoine Lavoisier
Identified and named oxygen.
