The Scientific The Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Ancient Greece and RomeAncient Greece and Rome

Mathematics, astronomy, and Mathematics, astronomy, and medicine were three of the earliest medicine were three of the earliest sciences. sciences.

The Greeks developed The Greeks developed theoriestheories, or , or explanations, to understand nature.explanations, to understand nature.

Aristotle observed nature and Aristotle observed nature and classifiedclassified information about animals information about animals and plants.and plants.

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Aristotle & Plato

PtolemyPtolemy

PtolemyPtolemy believed the Earth was believed the Earth was the center of the universe. the center of the universe.

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Geocentric TheoryGeocentric Theory

Astronomical TimelineAstronomical Timeline

Year 0

90 A.D.Ptolemy

Creates GeocentricTheory

1500 A.D.Copernicus

Creates Heliocentric Theory

For almost 1,500 years Ptolemy was was how the world understood

the universe.

Renaissance (Pages 416-421) Renaissance (Pages 416-421) Exploration (463-468)Exploration (463-468) Printing Press (414, 426)Printing Press (414, 426) Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler,

Galileo Galileo

Causes: of Science RevolutionCauses: of Science Revolution

A Revolution in AstronomyA Revolution in Astronomy

Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) was a (1473–1543) was a Polish mathematician Polish mathematician who believed the sun who believed the sun was the center of the was the center of the universe (universe (Heliocentric Heliocentric TheoryTheory.).)

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The first science to be affected by the The first science to be affected by the Scientific Revolution was astronomy.Scientific Revolution was astronomy.

Tycho BraheTycho Brahe (1546–1601) was a (1546–1601) was a Danish astronomer whose highly Danish astronomer whose highly accurate observations were used by accurate observations were used by the German astronomer the German astronomer Johannes Johannes KeplerKepler in formulating his three in formulating his three famous laws of planetary motion. famous laws of planetary motion.

Tycho combined Copernican Theory combined Copernican Theory with Ptolemaic Theory. He believed with Ptolemaic Theory. He believed the Earth was stationary and the the Earth was stationary and the other planets orbited the Sunother planets orbited the Sun..

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) believed in Copernicus’s idea, but he also believed that the planets move in ellipses, or oval paths.

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Galileo was an Italian scientist who determined that objects of different weights fall at the same speed. He improved scientific instruments, such as the telescope, and was important in the development of new instruments. The Roman Catholic Church condemned Galileo’s ideas and tried him for heresy.Page 519

Galileo's telescope

Isaac Newton Isaac Newton developed the developed the Universal Law of Universal Law of Gravitation.Gravitation.

Motion and ForcesMotion and Forces

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Medicine and ChemistryMedicine and Chemistry

In the 1500s, In the 1500s, Andreas Vasalius Andreas Vasalius dissected human bodies. He dissected human bodies. He published published On the Structure of the On the Structure of the Human BodyHuman Body in 1543. in 1543.

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Using a microscope, Robert Hooke discovered cells.

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Important advances were made in Important advances were made in chemistry. chemistry. Robert BoyleRobert Boyle discovered discovered that all substances were made up of that all substances were made up of basic elements, and basic elements, and Antoine Antoine LavoisierLavoisier determined that oxygen is determined that oxygen is required for objects to burn.required for objects to burn.

The Phlogiston Theory, in chemistry, The Phlogiston Theory, in chemistry, was an early explanation concerning was an early explanation concerning combustion c.1700. material such as combustion c.1700. material such as coal or wood was rich in a material coal or wood was rich in a material substance he called phlogiston, from substance he called phlogiston, from a Greek word meaning "to set on a Greek word meaning "to set on fire." The actual process of fire." The actual process of combustion involved a loss of combustion involved a loss of phlogiston to the air. What remained phlogiston to the air. What remained after combustion was without after combustion was without phlogiston and could no longer burn. phlogiston and could no longer burn. Thus wood possessed phlogiston but Thus wood possessed phlogiston but ash did not.ash did not.

The Triumph of ReasonThe Triumph of Reason Rene DescartesRene Descartes is the founder of modern is the founder of modern

rationalismrationalism. This is the belief that reason is . This is the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.the chief source of knowledge.

To To DescartesDescartes, one fact seemed to be , one fact seemed to be beyond doubt—his own existence. beyond doubt—his own existence.

DescartesDescartes clarified this idea by the phrase, clarified this idea by the phrase, “I think, therefore I am” or “Cogito ergo “I think, therefore I am” or “Cogito ergo sum.”sum.”

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Francis BaconFrancis Bacon

developed the developed the modern modern scientific scientific methodmethod, an , an orderly way of orderly way of collecting and collecting and analyzing analyzing evidence.evidence.