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THE SCIENTIFICMETHOD
“WHAT IS SCIENCE?”
PAGE 5 IN ISN
WHAT IS SCIENCE?
•THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE
NATURAL WORLD
•SYSTEMATIC = STRUCTURED,
ORGANIZED
LIFE SCIENCE• BIOLOGY
•“BIOS” = LIFE
• STUDY OF LIVING
THINGS
•“HOW DO PLANTS
PRODUCE FOOD?”
EARTH SCIENCE
• Geology
• “Geo” = Earth
• Study of the interior
and surface of Earth
• “How do volcanoes
form?”
PHYSICAL SCIENCE•PHYSICS/CHEMISTRY
•STUDY NONLIVING
MATTER AND
ENERGY
• “HOW DO
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES TRAVEL
THROUGH SPACE?”
PSEUDOSCIENCE•WHAT IS PSEUDOSCIENCE?
•PSEUDO = FAKE/FALSE
•BASED ON INCORRECTLY APPLIED SCIENTIFIC
METHODS
• EX. ASTROLOGYor Alchemy
WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY?
•WHY DO WE INQUIRE/INVESTIGATE?
•TO ANSWER A QUESTION
•TO SOLVE A PROBLEM
•SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY IS A SERIES OF SKILLS USED
TO ANSWER QUESTIONS/SOLVE PROBLEMS IN
THE NATURAL WORLD
•SCIENCE BEGINS WITH AN OBSERVATION
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• WHAT WE KNOW
How we know what we know
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IS…
•A SERIES OF STEPS USED
BY SCIENTISTS TO SOLVE
A PROBLEM OR ANSWER
A QUESTION.
STEPS IN THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
•OBSERVATION
•QUESTION
• HYPOTHESIS
• EXPERIMENT
• COLLECT DATA
• CONCLUSION
• SHARE RESULTS/RETEST
• HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=SMGRE824KAK
•RASPBERRIES DID NOT GROW WELL THIS YEAR.
•OBSERVATION
•WHY DID THE RASPBERRIES NOT GROW WELL THIS
YEAR?
• QUESTION
• THE RASPBERRIES DID NOT GROW WELL BECAUSE
WE DID NOT GET MUCH RAIN.
• HYPOTHESIS
•RASPBERRY PLANTS ARE PLACED IN
AREAS ALL RECEIVING THE SAME AMOUNT
OF LIGHT EACH DAY.
• EACH PLANT WILL RECEIVE DIFFERENT
AMOUNT OF WATER.
• THE SIZE OF THE BERRIES WILL BE RECORDED DAILY
ONCE THE PLANTS BEGIN TO PRODUCE BERRIES.
Experiment
• THE RASPBERRY PLANTS RECEIVING
• 1 CUP OF WATER DAILY = 1/2 " IN DIAMETER
• 2 CUPS OF WATER GREW = 3/4 " IN DIAMETER.
• 3 CUPS WATER = 1 INCH IN DIAMETER
Data
•MOST WATER = GREW THE BIGGEST.
•THEREFORE, THE HYPOTHESIS IS
SUPPORTED THAT THIS YEAR'S
RASPBERRIES DID NOT GET ENOUGH
RAIN.
•CONCLUSION
“SCIENTIFIC METHOD FOLDABLE”PAGE 5 IN ISN
• TAKE OUT 4 PIECES OF LINED PAPER
OBSERVATION
•GATHERING INFORMATION THROUGH
YOUR SENSES:
•SIGHT, SMELL, TOUCH, SOUND, TASTE
WHAT IS DATA?
•DATA IS THE INFORMATION GATHERED
FROM MAKING OBSERVATIONS.
•QUANTITATIVE DATA:
•NUMBERS: OBTAINED BY COUNTING OR
MEASURING SOMETHING
•QUALITATIVE DATA:
•DESCRIPTIONS
•INVOLVE CHARACTERISTICS THAT
CANNOT BE COUNTED.
•USES YOUR SENSES (SIGHT,
SMELL, TOUCH, TASTE, SOUND)
QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE(PAGE 7 IN ISN)
•MAKE A DOUBLE BUBBLE MAP
•YOU MAY WORK WITH A PARTNER
•15 MINUTES
HYPOTHESIS
•A HYPOTHESIS IS A SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION
FOR A SET OF OBSERVATIONS.
•A POSSIBLE ANSWER TO A QUESTION, AND IT
MUST BE THOROUGHLY TESTED.
•OBSERVATION:
•A PROBLEM OR A QUESTION MUST FIRST BE
IDENTIFIED.
• HYPOTHESIS:
• A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION TO THE QUESTION OR
PROBLEM.
EXPERIMENT
•YOU MUST IDENTIFY FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT
THE EXPERIMENTS OUTCOME
•VARIABLE: ANY FACTOR THAT CAN HAVE MORE
THAN ONE VALUE
•INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:
•THE FACTOR YOU WANT TO TEST.
•WHAT YOU CHANGE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
• EXAMPLE:
•YOU WANT TO SEE HOW DIFFERENT LIQUIDS AFFECT
A PEA PLANTS GROWTH
•YOU PLANT 3 PEA PLANTS AND GIVE ONE PLANT
VINEGAR, ANOTHER PLANT SODA AND THE
ANOTHER PLANT COFFEE
•WHAT IS THE THING YOU CHANGE IN THIS
EXPERIMENT?
• TYPE OF PLANT?
• TYPE OF LIQUID?
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
• THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS THE FACTOR YOU WANT TO OBSERVE
• EXAMPLE:
• WHAT ABOUT THE PEA PLANTS DO WE WANT TO OBSERVE?
• THE COLOR?
• THE HEIGHT?
• THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE CHANGES WHEN THE INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE CHANGES
IndependentDependent
• EXAMPLE RESULTS:
• THE PEA PLANT THAT RECEIVED VINEGAR = GREW A LITTLE
• THE PEA PLANT THAT RECEIVED SODA = DID NOT GROW AT ALL
THE PEA PLANT THAT RECEIVED COFFEE = GREW VERY TALL
IndependentDependent
(What we
changed)
(What changed
depending on
the liquid)
ANALYZE RESULTS AND DRAW CONCLUSIONS
• VINEGAR IMPROVES THE PLANTS PH
• COFFEE GIVES THE PLANT MORE NITROGEN
• PH = LESS IMPORTANT
• NITROGEN – VERY BENEFICIAL
• SUGAR PREVENTS PLANTS FROM ABSORBING WATER
• SODA = BAD
WHAT STAYED THE SAME THE WHOLE TIME?
• TYPE OF PLANT! (PEA PLANT)
• WE CALL THIS A CONSTANT BECAUSE IT STAYS THE SAME DURING THE
EXPERIMENT
• WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF WE USED 3 DIFFERENT PLANTS?
• RESULTS NOT RELIABLE!
• MAYBE ONE SPECIES OF PLANT GROWS FASTER THAN ANOTHER
• WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF WE PUT THE PLANTS IN DIFFERENT
AMOUNTS OF SUNLIGHT?
• RESULTS NOT RELIABLE!
• HOW DO WE KNOW THE PLANT WITH VINEGAR DIDN’T GROW
WELL BECAUSE IT WAS IN THE SHADE?
•WHAT DID WE CHANGE?
•KIND OF LIQUID (VINEGAR, SODA, COFFEE)
• THIS IS THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
• INDEPENDENT = I CHANGE
•WHAT DID WE WANT TO OBSERVE?
•GROWTH/HEIGHT
• THIS IS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
• THE HEIGHT OF THE PLANT DEPENDS ON WHAT
TYPE OF LIQUID WE USED
• CONSTANT:
• SAME SOIL
• SAME AMOUNT OF LIGHT
• SAME PLANT
• IF THESE ARE ALL DIFFERENT, HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT
CAUSED THE PLANTS TO GROW/NOT TO GROW?
•WHAT IS THE CONTROL?
•CONTROL = SAMPLE THAT ISN’T CHANGED
•ALL RESULTS ARE COMPARED TO THIS
•WHAT WAS OUR CONTROL?
•WATER!
•WE ALREADY KNOW THAT PLANTS GROW
RELIABLY WHEN THEY ARE BEING GIVEN WATER
EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES FOLDABLEPAGE 8 IN ISN
• CONTROL:
• SAMPLE THAT IS NOT CHANGED
• ALL RESULTS ARE COMPARED BACK TO THIS
• CONSTANT:
• VARIABLE THAT STAYS THE SAME BETWEEN EACH GROUP OR SAMPLE
• INDEPENDENT (TEST) VARIABLE:
• “I” CONTROL
• TEST VARIABLE CONTROLLED BY YOU
• THE “IF” IN THE ”IS THIS THEN” STATEMENT
• PLOTTED ON THE X AXIS
• DEPENDENT (OUTCOME) VARIABLE
• YOU DON’T CONTROL
• DATA YOUR RECORD
• OUTCOME VARIABLE
• THE “EFFECT” IN CAUSE/EFFECT
• PLOTTED ON THE Y-AXIS
INDEPENDENT VS DEPENDENTPAGE 9 IN ISN
• COPY THIS INTO ISN (MAKE SURE YOU CHANGE THE COLOR OF THE LETTERS):
• DEPENDENT VARIABLE (OUTCOME)
• THE FACTOR THAT YOU OBSERVE OR MEASURE
• CHANGES AS A RESULT OF THE MANIPULATION OF THE INDEPENDENT (TEST)
VARIABLE
• I DON’T CONTROL THE CHANGE!
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (TEST)
• THE FACTOR THAT YOU WANT TO TEST
• THE FACTOR THAT AFFECTS THE VALUE OF THE DEPENDENT (OUTCOME)
VARIABLE
• IN AN EXPERIMENT, YOU CONTROL THE VALUE OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
• I CHANGE THIS ON PURPOSE!
•WORK ON THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
WORKSHEET WITH A PARTNER
THEORY VS. LAW
THE METRIC SYSTEM