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The Roots of the Middle
Eastern Conflict
Chapter 18.4
Palestine –
830 BCE
So a Palestinian is…
Anyone, Arab, Christian, Jew, Muslim, who lives in the
area known as Palestine
Anyone who lives
here is technically
a Palestinian
Judea
When ruled by
Hasmoneans it was
changed to Judea to
reflect the 12 tribes
of Israel
Enter the Romans
63 BCE Romans show up
66 CE – The Great Jewish
Revolt
Vespasian put it down
70 CE – Temple of Solomon
was destroyed and Romans
captured Jerusalem
2nd Jewish Revolt (132-135 CE)
led to destruction of Judea and
all inhabitants were expelled
Only Jews in Galilee and
Samaria allowed to stay
The Arch of
Titus
Hadrian’s
Punishment
Renames area Palaestina to
disassociate it with the Jews
Insulting the Jews by naming the
territory after their enemies the
Philistines
After this Hebrew is almost non-
existent in the area
Coming of the Muslims
400 CE until 638 CE Christians held Jerusalem
In 638 CE Muslims conquer Jerusalem
Allow a few Jewish families settle
Arab Bedouins start to come into the area and settle as
soldiers of the Muslim forces
Starts the claim of Arab/Arab Palestinians for the land
The Crusades
Fast Forward to
Zionism
Goals (1900s)
Spiritual and political
renewal of Jewish
people in ancestral
homeland of Palestine
Freedom from
Western anti-
Semitism
Theodore Herzl 1860-1904
The British Meddle
Hussein-McMahon Letters
Btw Sharif Hussein ibn Ali and
Sir Henry McMahon (British
leader in Egypt)
Britain recognizes the
independence of Arabs
Balfour Declaration (1917)
Sets time for establishment of a
Jewish homeland
Doesn’t happen
The Holocaust
After Holocaust, UN
decided Jewish people
should get their own
nation.
Opposition in the
Middle East was strong
U.N. Partition Plan of 1947
Israel Becomes a State
Palestine Mandate (1921) meant Israel was made up of Arabs and Jews
UN partitioned the Palestine Mandate in 1947 to give Jews own nation
Divided btw Arabs and Jews around population centers
Jerusalem was to be international city owned by neither side
All Islamic countries voted against this
Israel Becomes a Nation 14 May 1948
David Ben-Gurion, 1st Prime Minister
Chaim Weizmann, 1st President
Conflict Between Israel
and Palestine
“The Twins in the Sand”
War Begins First Arab-Israeli War
15 May 1948
Day after Israel was declared a nation
Six Islamic countries attacked
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria
Israel won because w/ Western tech and backing
Was the War of Independence for the Israeli state
Armistice was signed in 1949
1956 Suez Canal Crisis 2nd Arab/Israeli Conflict
Egypt took over Suez Canal from British
Egyptian pres. Gamel Nasser was angry the US and Britain did not help construct Aswan Dam so took the canal
Nasser also blockaded Israeli shipping
British are angry
Join w/ France and Israel to take back canal
Easily defeat Egypt but US and USSR pressure Britain to back off
Worried about starting a new global conflict
Egypt keeps canal
Suez Canal Crisis 2nd Arab/Israeli War
Arabs to never recognize Israel
Egypt leads Arab countries in new war
Begins blockade of Israel
Israel wins again
Launch air attacks on airfields in Egypt, Iran, Syria, and Jordan
Sent troops to attack on 3 fronts
Won after 6 days of conflict
Gains Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, and Palestine
Served as a buffer zone
3rd Arab/Israeli War
6 Day War (1967)
Yom Kippur War 4th Arab/Israeli Conflict
Nasser was replaced by Anwar Sadat in Egypt
1973 he attacked Israel after Yom Kippur
Caught Israel by surprise
Conquered some land
Israel, under PM Goulda Meir, launched a counterattack and gained back lost land
After a few weeks they agreed to a ceasefire
Sadat Goes to Israel
1977 – Egyptian Prez Sadat went to Israel
First Arab leader EVER to travel to Jewish state
Met with parliament to discuss a peace mov’t
Required that Israel would:
Recognize Palestinian rights
Withdraw from land gained in 1967
Assassinated by Egyptian radicals for this attempt in 1981
Camp David Accords
Brokered by Jimmy Carter at
Camp David
Agreements:
Egypt will recognizes Israel
First Arab state to do so
Israel leaves Sinai Peninsula
Israel would remove troops
from the West Bank and
Gaza Strip
After the Accords
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) created to fight for a free Palestine and remove the Israeli state
Goal: unite Israel and Palestine into Arab Palestine
Guerilla fighters dominated PLO
Led by Yasser Arafat
Bus Bombing in Israel
Israel-Palestinian Tensions Increase
Many Palestinians live in West Bank and Gaza Strip
Controlled by Israel
PLO continued to attack Israeli towns throughout the
1970s and 1980s
Israel responded by attacking Palestinian bases
1982 Israel invaded Lebanon to take out Palestinian rebels
Had to leave after Lebanese Civil War broke out
The First Intifada
First Intifada launched in 1987
Widespread uprisings against the Israeli’s
Boycotts, shootings, violent demonstrations, bombings, etc…
Gained international attention
Lasted until 1991 when the world pressured them to find peace
HOPE(ISH) IN THE 1990s:
THE OSLO PEACE ACCORDS
Oslo Peace Accords (1993)
Israel granted Palestinians self rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
Palestinians agreed to end violence toward Israel
1997
Israel made plans to withdraw from West Bank but
2000
Second Intifada was started that continued until 2007
Peace Slips Away Still no stable peace
agreement
Series of conflicts
and leaders btw
1999-present but
it has solved little
US supports
Israel but has
been increasingly
working to
encourage peace
on both sides