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Three Great Religions◦Judaism◦Christianity◦Islam
Shared God = Shared History◦Yahweh = God = Allah◦How?
The One True Religion?
God spoke to Abraham◦Promised descendants would number
among the stars Descendants would inherit the Promised
Land◦Wife, Sarah, very old◦Has child, Ishmael, with slave, Hagar◦Has child, Isaac, with Sarah◦Who fulfills God’s prophesy? Descendants of Ishmael, or Isaac
Settled by Israelites◦ Led by Joshua into Canaan/Judah/Israel◦ Year – approx 1470 B.C.
Diaspora◦ Jews leave Roman occupied Israel
and settle throughout the world◦ Year – 2nd century AD
No homeland for 1800 years
“The Promised Land”
Jews◦Abraham prepared to offer his son Isaac on
Mount Moriah. ◦Place where the Temple once stood.
Christians ◦Important events of Jesus’ life presented in the Temple Found among the teachers as a 12-year-
old prayed and taught the Dome of the Rock was actually a
Christian church during 12th century crusades
Dome of the Rock
To Muslims ◦Dome covers the sacred rock where
Muhammad prayed and went to paradise during his Night Journey from Mecca to Jerusalem and back on the winged steed called Al-Burak.
Balfour Declaration – 1917◦British government viewed favourably "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" but "that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine".
◦Establish place for Jews to live in Palestine
As long as it didn’t harm exhisiting non-Jewish communities
Established following WWI Increased # of Jews in Palestine Palestinian Arabs saw this as threat to their
homeland and identity
British Mandate of Palestine
May 14, 1948 – Israel declares independence◦Supported by UN
May 15, 1948 ◦Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq invade Israel
Israeli Victory in December
Establishment of State of Israel
1956 – Israelis invade Sinai Peninsula◦Response to closing of Suez Canal◦Also capture Gaza strip
US and UN pressure Israel into ceasefire◦Israel agrees to withdraw from Egyptian
territory◦Egypt agrees to demilitarize Sinai and
grant freedom of navigation◦United Nations Emergency Force
oversees demilitarization
May 19, 1967 – Egypt expels UNEF forces◦Deploy 100,000 troops to Sinai◦Close Straits of Tiran
May 30, 1967 – Jordan signs mutual defense pact with Egypt
June 5, 1967 – Israel attacks Egypt◦Israeli Air Force destroys Egyptian Air Force
◦Turns east Destroys air forces of Jordan, Syria, Iraq
June 10 – War ends◦Israel gains control of Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, E. Jerusalem, Golan Heights
Six-Day War
1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany
Sept 5 – 6, 1972◦BSO murders 11 Israeli athletes and officials
Munich Massacre
Covert Mossad operation in response to Munich Massacre
Targeted members of Black September and the PLO they felt were responsible
Possibly lasted up to 20 years
Operation Wrath of God
1973 Israeli raid on LebanonApril 9 – 10 Israel Defense Forces special forces units attacked PLO targets in Beirut and Sidon, Lebanon
Resulted in deaths of three high ranking PLO leaders
Operation Spring of Youth
October 6 – 26, 1973◦Israel vs. Egypt and Syria, supported by Arab States
Egypt and Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur◦Holiest day in Judaism◦Enter Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights
Back and forth warUN steps in and imposes ceasefire on Oct. 25
Yom Kippur/Ramadan War
Arab World vindicated by success◦Humiliated by Six-Day War
Israel lost sense of invincibilityUS increased efforts at mediation and peacemaking◦Led to peace process that culminates in Camp David Accords
Consequences
Signed September 17, 1978◦Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat◦Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin
◦Witnessed by President Jimmy Carter
Camp David Accords
Culmination of 13 days of secret negotiatians
Two main agreements◦A Framework for Peace in the Middle East
◦A Framework for the conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel
Part One◦Framework for negotiations to establish
autonomous authority in West Bank and Gaza Strip
◦Recognized “legitimate rights of Palestinian people”
Part Two◦Egyptian-Israeli relations
Part Three◦“Associated Principles” which would apply to
relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors
Peace in the Middle East
Basis for Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty of 1979
Decided future of Sinai Peninsula◦Israel withdrew forces and evacuated 4500 civilians
Freedom of passage in Suez CanalRestricted Egyptian forces in the area
United States committed several billion $ to Israel and Egypt
Conclusion of Peace Treaty
Egypt suspended by Arab League until 1989◦Left power vacuum filled by Iraq and Iran
Disintegration of united Arab front against Israel
Showed negotiations w/Israel was possible
Opened door to new ways to deal with Israel◦Terrorist Organizations – PLO, Hamas,
Hezbollah
Consequences