The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

Rome: Rise to PowerRome: Rise to Power

Objectives for this sectionObjectives for this section• Know the origins of Rome.Know the origins of Rome.• Know the shift and significance of Rome’s Know the shift and significance of Rome’s

government from monarchy to republic and what the government from monarchy to republic and what the cause of this shift was.cause of this shift was.

• Know the differences among the classes (patrician, Know the differences among the classes (patrician, plebian, et al)plebian, et al)

• Know the basic structure of the Roman republican Know the basic structure of the Roman republican government and the checks and balances each government and the checks and balances each division had on the others.division had on the others.

• Know what the Punic Wars are and between whom Know what the Punic Wars are and between whom they were fought and why.they were fought and why.– What caused each war and what was the aftermath?What caused each war and what was the aftermath?– Who’s Hannibal?Who’s Hannibal?– Why was Cannae important?Why was Cannae important?– What’s the overall result of all the Punic Wars?What’s the overall result of all the Punic Wars?

509 B.C. Rome becomes a republic.

264 B.C. The First Punic War with Carthage begins.

218 B.C. In the Second Punic War, Hannibal invades Italy.

44 B.C. Conspirators kill Julius Caesar.

A.D. 284 Diocletian, who will divide the Roman Empire, becomes emperor.

A.D. 476 Western Roman Empire falls with the ouster of the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus.

500 B.C.

Rome’s OriginRome’s Origin• According to legend, Rome was founded Romulus and According to legend, Rome was founded Romulus and

Remus, twin sons of MarsRemus, twin sons of Mars– Mars raped their mother who happened to be a Vestal virgin. She Mars raped their mother who happened to be a Vestal virgin. She

was buried alive as punishment. R and R were supposed to be was buried alive as punishment. R and R were supposed to be exposed, but the servant left them on the bank of the Tiber exposed, but the servant left them on the bank of the Tiber instead. It flooded and they floated away.instead. It flooded and they floated away.

– Went downriver, were rescued and raised by she-wolf.Went downriver, were rescued and raised by she-wolf.

Origins (cont.)Origins (cont.)

• In a dispute over where to put the city, Romulus In a dispute over where to put the city, Romulus slew Remus.slew Remus.

• Romulus proceeded to name it after himself, set Romulus proceeded to name it after himself, set up all of its institutions, and attracted to it people up all of its institutions, and attracted to it people who needed a fresh start… which typically who needed a fresh start… which typically meant criminals.meant criminals.

• When women ran short, he just kidnapped 700 When women ran short, he just kidnapped 700 from the neighboring Sabines.from the neighboring Sabines.– According to the Roman historian Livy they were According to the Roman historian Livy they were

treated well and weren’t assaulted.treated well and weren’t assaulted.

RealityReality

• people had been living in the region for a while.people had been living in the region for a while.• The area around Rome was defensible due to the The area around Rome was defensible due to the

hills and was surrounded by a fertile plainhills and was surrounded by a fertile plain• The Tiber river was also navigable from the sea to The Tiber river was also navigable from the sea to

there and had a low point where it could be fordedthere and had a low point where it could be forded• According to legend, Romulus founded Rome in According to legend, Romulus founded Rome in

753 BC. Archaeology suggests it was indeed 753 BC. Archaeology suggests it was indeed founded in the middle of the 8th century BC.founded in the middle of the 8th century BC.

• The early Romans were strongly influenced by those around them.

• There were three groups that the Romans decended from:

• Indo-Europeans (Latins)

• The Etruscans to the north,

• Greeks settled mainly in Southern Italy and on Sicily during Greek colonization.

EtruscansEtruscansEtruscan CivilizationEtruscan Civilization

• Lived in Etruria on the Lived in Etruria on the northwestern coast before the northwestern coast before the rise of the Roman civilization. rise of the Roman civilization.

• They probably came from Asia They probably came from Asia Minor around 800 bc. Etruscan Minor around 800 bc. Etruscan kings, influenced by Greek kings, influenced by Greek culture, ruled Rome in the 6th culture, ruled Rome in the 6th century bc when it began to century bc when it began to grow from a village into a city. grow from a village into a city.

• Around 200 BC, the Romans, Around 200 BC, the Romans, drove the Etruscans out of the drove the Etruscans out of the region.region.

Rome’s Social ClassesRome’s Social Classes

Rome’s Social ClassesRome’s Social Classes• There were several classifications of people in There were several classifications of people in

Rome: patricians, plebeians, allies, and slaves.Rome: patricians, plebeians, allies, and slaves.• PatriciansPatricians were the traditional wealthy aristocrats. were the traditional wealthy aristocrats.• Plebeians Plebeians were the average working class. were the average working class.

(farmers and artisans.)(farmers and artisans.)• Both patricians and plebeians were citizens.Both patricians and plebeians were citizens.• AlliesAllies were native people of conquered territories. were native people of conquered territories.

They had a limited form of citizenshipThey had a limited form of citizenship• SlavesSlaves had no rights at all. They were purely had no rights at all. They were purely

property.property.

Roman SocietyRoman Society• Women were much more involved in everyday life Women were much more involved in everyday life

than Greek women although still subject to the than Greek women although still subject to the authority of their father or husband. They could:authority of their father or husband. They could:– Attend state functions.Attend state functions.– Own land.Own land.– Could work outside.Could work outside.– Manage their own business.Manage their own business.

• Usually only the wealthy benefited from education.Usually only the wealthy benefited from education.– Goal was to teach students reading, writing and counting.Goal was to teach students reading, writing and counting.– Daughters went to primary with boys, but instead of Daughters went to primary with boys, but instead of

continuing stayed at home to run the household.continuing stayed at home to run the household.

How does Rome’s social order How does Rome’s social order compare to Greece?compare to Greece?

EntertainmentEntertainment• Violence was a part of life because they were Violence was a part of life because they were

constantly at war.constantly at war.

• Entertainment included:Entertainment included:– Chariot RacesChariot Races– Gladiatorial Games. (Gladiators) Gladiatorial Games. (Gladiators)

• Both these focused on war.Both these focused on war.• Winner of these two sports were seen to be heroes Winner of these two sports were seen to be heroes

and idolized.and idolized.

– Public Bath HousesPublic Bath Houses– The wealthy held beautiful banquets.The wealthy held beautiful banquets.

EntertainmentEntertainment

• Find information on the first three forms of Find information on the first three forms of entertainment. entertainment. – Who was involved?Who was involved?

Chariot RacesChariot Races

Gladiatorial GamesGladiatorial Games

Roman Bath HouseRoman Bath House

Aqueducts – used to transport Aqueducts – used to transport water from mountains to the water from mountains to the

people.people.

Rome, Government Rome, Government (In the beginning)(In the beginning)

• Originally a monarchy.Originally a monarchy.• (According to ancient sources, there were only seven kings in (According to ancient sources, there were only seven kings in

243 years, which gives an average reign of 35 years – far 243 years, which gives an average reign of 35 years – far longer than the norm.)longer than the norm.)

• (There were probably more kings, but contemporary records (There were probably more kings, but contemporary records no longer exist.)no longer exist.)

• The King was apparently elected (proposed by The King was apparently elected (proposed by the Senate and voted on by the Assembly) and the Senate and voted on by the Assembly) and the line wasn’t entirely hereditary.the line wasn’t entirely hereditary.

• King held most of the power.King held most of the power.• There was the Senate and the Curiate Assembly, There was the Senate and the Curiate Assembly,

but they had little power.but they had little power.

The KingsThe Kings• The kings were of varying quality, but most decent.The kings were of varying quality, but most decent.• They gradually expanded Rome’s power and territory.They gradually expanded Rome’s power and territory.• One king, Tarquinius Priscus, put in the first sewer system, One king, Tarquinius Priscus, put in the first sewer system,

drained a swamp, and built the Circus Maximus.drained a swamp, and built the Circus Maximus.

• The last king was Tarquinius Superbus. (Tarquin The last king was Tarquinius Superbus. (Tarquin the Proud) He was a jerk. the Proud) He was a jerk. – He was Priscus’s son, but wasn’t elected to the He was Priscus’s son, but wasn’t elected to the

throne. throne. • He eventually had the elected king, Servius, assassinated He eventually had the elected king, Servius, assassinated

with the help of his wife, Servius’s own daughter. After he with the help of his wife, Servius’s own daughter. After he was dead, she drove over his body with a chariot.was dead, she drove over his body with a chariot.

– He also repealed popular reforms and was rather He also repealed popular reforms and was rather violent. violent.

• The Senate finally succeeded in expelling him in The Senate finally succeeded in expelling him in 510 BC.510 BC.

Rome becomes a RepublicRome becomes a Republic

• After getting rid of Tarquin the Proud, After getting rid of Tarquin the Proud, the Senate decided it had had enough the Senate decided it had had enough of kings of kings

• The Roman Republic was created in The Roman Republic was created in 509 BC.509 BC.

• (Some speculation this was a backdate so that (Some speculation this was a backdate so that republican Rome predated Cleisthenes’ republican Rome predated Cleisthenes’ Athens. TAthens. That way, Rome [which had a hat way, Rome [which had a cultural inferiority complex towards Greece] cultural inferiority complex towards Greece] could claim it was the first democracy.)could claim it was the first democracy.)

RepublicRepublic

• What is a Republic?What is a Republic?– A form of democracy. A A form of democracy. A country that is not led

by a hereditary monarch. The people of that country (or at least a part of that people) have impact on its government.

• US – yesUS – yes• Canada - noCanada - no

Roman RepublicRoman Republic• The patricians initially formed a kind of a The patricians initially formed a kind of a

republican oligarchy. (What is this?)republican oligarchy. (What is this?)• The plebeians didn’t like this and threatened to The plebeians didn’t like this and threatened to

secede from Rome on several occasions. secede from Rome on several occasions. • The position of The position of tribunetribune was established. was established.

– Tribunes were to protect plebian rights. (If they Tribunes were to protect plebian rights. (If they thought a pleb was being oppressed, they could say, thought a pleb was being oppressed, they could say, “Veto,” which means, “I forbid it.”)“Veto,” which means, “I forbid it.”)

– Problem was the tribunes were selected by the Problem was the tribunes were selected by the patrician oligarchy.patrician oligarchy.

– A new law was created making it a requirement that 1 A new law was created making it a requirement that 1 of the 2 consuls be a tribune.of the 2 consuls be a tribune.

• They were also given their own assembly.They were also given their own assembly.• They could now hold public office.They could now hold public office.

The ConsulsThe Consuls• Instead of a king, they had two consulsInstead of a king, they had two consuls• Similar to the two Spartan kings.Similar to the two Spartan kings.

– by having two men in charge instead of one, you resist by having two men in charge instead of one, you resist tyranny.tyranny.

• Each consul had to consult the other before acting Each consul had to consult the other before acting and one could veto the other.and one could veto the other.– Were patricians elected to one year terms.Were patricians elected to one year terms.– Supreme commanders of the militarySupreme commanders of the military

• Took care of daily affairs and kept other officials in Took care of daily affairs and kept other officials in line. Also presided over the Senate.line. Also presided over the Senate.

• Would join the Senate at the expiration of their Would join the Senate at the expiration of their term, so it was in their interests to cultivate good term, so it was in their interests to cultivate good relations with that body.relations with that body.

Time of WarTime of War

• Later, proconsuls were created – consuls Later, proconsuls were created – consuls whose terms could be extended due to whose terms could be extended due to military matters, such as leadership military matters, such as leadership continuity during a war.continuity during a war.

• A dictator could be appointed to a six A dictator could be appointed to a six month term.month term.

• Had supreme power.Had supreme power.

The SenateThe Senate• A body of 300 patricians from the wealthiest families.A body of 300 patricians from the wealthiest families.

• Served for life.Served for life.

• Advised consuls, approved projects, did foreign policy.Advised consuls, approved projects, did foreign policy.

• Was the main power in Rome.Was the main power in Rome.

The Twelve TablesThe Twelve TablesRoman LawRoman Law

• The first codification of Roman law.The first codification of Roman law.• Made around 450 BC in response to plebians’ Made around 450 BC in response to plebians’

complaints that the patricians were forming and complaints that the patricians were forming and interpreting laws to their own benefit.interpreting laws to their own benefit.

• They were written down on 12 bronze tablets They were written down on 12 bronze tablets that were posted in the Roman forum.that were posted in the Roman forum.

• More a listing of rights than formal laws.More a listing of rights than formal laws.• For something so important, we oddly don’t For something so important, we oddly don’t

know what the exact text was, but we can piece know what the exact text was, but we can piece a lot of it together from fragments.a lot of it together from fragments.

A sampling from the Twelve A sampling from the Twelve TablesTables

• If someone is called to go to court, he is to go. If he If someone is called to go to court, he is to go. If he doesn't go, a witness should be called. Only then should doesn't go, a witness should be called. Only then should he be captured. If he shirks or flees, he should be he be captured. If he shirks or flees, he should be captured. If illness or old age is an impediment, let him captured. If illness or old age is an impediment, let him be given a carriage. If he doesn't want it, it should not be be given a carriage. If he doesn't want it, it should not be covered.covered.

• An obviously deformed child must be put to death.An obviously deformed child must be put to death.• If a father sells his son into slavery three times, the son If a father sells his son into slavery three times, the son

shall be free of his father.shall be free of his father.• If a person dies intestate without heirs, the nearest male If a person dies intestate without heirs, the nearest male

kinsman shall inherit. If there is no near male kinsmen, kinsman shall inherit. If there is no near male kinsmen, his clansmen shall inherit.his clansmen shall inherit.

• If one has maimed another and does not buy his peace, If one has maimed another and does not buy his peace, let there be retaliation in kind.let there be retaliation in kind.

• Someone who breaks another's bone by hand or Someone who breaks another's bone by hand or club must pay 300 sesterces; for a slave, 150; if club must pay 300 sesterces; for a slave, 150; if he has done simple harm against another, 25.he has done simple harm against another, 25.

• No dead man may be cremated nor buried in the No dead man may be cremated nor buried in the City.City.

• Marriages between plebeians and patricians are Marriages between plebeians and patricians are forbidden.forbidden.

• Men in the army may not wed until training is Men in the army may not wed until training is complete.complete.

• Someone who has brought a false claim shall be Someone who has brought a false claim shall be brought before three judges, and shall pay a brought before three judges, and shall pay a double penalty.double penalty.

LegionnairesLegionnaires

• Roman SoldierRoman Soldier

• A Roman soldier was a A Roman soldier was a Legionnaire. He was a Legionnaire. He was a member of a legion, which member of a legion, which consisted of about 5000 consisted of about 5000 infantry. infantry.

• Legionnaires were Legionnaires were disciplined, rigorously disciplined, rigorously trained, and well armed.trained, and well armed.

• Metal armor covered the Metal armor covered the torso. Helmets, also of metal, torso. Helmets, also of metal, could protect the head, face, could protect the head, face, and neck without blocking and neck without blocking vision or hearing. vision or hearing.

Punic WarsPunic Wars• In 390 BC Rome was sacked by the Gauls.In 390 BC Rome was sacked by the Gauls.• In response, Rome gradually expanded its power In response, Rome gradually expanded its power

over Italy and conquered its neighbors. By 265 BC, over Italy and conquered its neighbors. By 265 BC, it controls Italy and has a significant trade empire in it controls Italy and has a significant trade empire in the Mediterranean.the Mediterranean.

• Its growing power naturally puts it in conflict with Its growing power naturally puts it in conflict with Carthage, the dominant Mediterranean city at the Carthage, the dominant Mediterranean city at the time. When interests among power conflict, war time. When interests among power conflict, war happens.happens.

• Rome and Carthage fought three different wars, Rome and Carthage fought three different wars, called the Punic Wars because called the Punic Wars because – (The Latin term for a Carthaginian was Punici.)(The Latin term for a Carthaginian was Punici.)

They weren’t all that far apart.

Then

Now

Warship harbor

Merchant harbor

The warship island.

A warship slip

• It ain’t just ancient. Compare…

German U-Boat pens from World

War II

First Punic WarFirst Punic War

• 264-241 BC264-241 BC

• While war between Rome and Carthage While war between Rome and Carthage was probably inevitable, the spark was a was probably inevitable, the spark was a power struggle in Sicily.power struggle in Sicily.– It was under the control of Carthage.It was under the control of Carthage.

• Started because Rome violated a treaty Started because Rome violated a treaty with Carthage and invaded Sicily.with Carthage and invaded Sicily.

Carthage’s areas of influence before the First Punic War.

• Fighting was initially restricted to Sicily, but Fighting was initially restricted to Sicily, but Rome then took the fight to Carthage. Rome then took the fight to Carthage.

• The Romans built a huge naval force of The Romans built a huge naval force of warships and troop transports and began warships and troop transports and began attacking Carthage’s North African cities attacking Carthage’s North African cities and countryside.and countryside.– This force was eventually defeated by a This force was eventually defeated by a

Spartan mercenary general. That and Spartan mercenary general. That and Carthage regained control over Sicily. But the Carthage regained control over Sicily. But the key was the naval battles.key was the naval battles.

Carthage was master of the seasCarthage was master of the seas

• Rome adapted nicely.Rome adapted nicely.– They copied some Carthaginian designs and They copied some Carthaginian designs and

also introduced the corvus.also introduced the corvus.– The corvus was a rotating bridge with spikes The corvus was a rotating bridge with spikes

on the end. The Romans would maneuver on the end. The Romans would maneuver close to an enemy ship, drop the bridge into close to an enemy ship, drop the bridge into the deck of the enemy, locking the two ships the deck of the enemy, locking the two ships together.together.• Roman marines would then cross over the bridge Roman marines would then cross over the bridge

and get to fighting.and get to fighting.• It did cause some problems, though, since it made It did cause some problems, though, since it made

the ship more unstable.the ship more unstable.

• Despite the naval copying and innovation, Despite the naval copying and innovation, and because of some bad luck from the and because of some bad luck from the weather, Roman fleets were destroyed weather, Roman fleets were destroyed and Carthage took the upper hand.and Carthage took the upper hand.– The Carthaginians thought the war over. The Carthaginians thought the war over.

Rome took advantage, rebuilt its fleets and Rome took advantage, rebuilt its fleets and annihilated Carthage’s fleet.annihilated Carthage’s fleet.

• Both sides were ready for the war to be Both sides were ready for the war to be over. over. (Over 50,000 Romans had died and a great (Over 50,000 Romans had died and a great deal of money spent.)deal of money spent.)

• Rome, dictated heavy terms of peace to Rome, dictated heavy terms of peace to Carthage... (Which led to 2Carthage... (Which led to 2ndnd Punic War) Punic War)– Carthage had to give Sicily and most other of Carthage had to give Sicily and most other of

its Mediterranean islands to Rome.its Mediterranean islands to Rome.– Roman prisoners were to be returned while Roman prisoners were to be returned while

Carthaginians prisoners had to be ransomed.Carthaginians prisoners had to be ransomed.– Carthage had to pay Rome an exorbitant sum Carthage had to pay Rome an exorbitant sum

of money.of money.

AftermathAftermath

– Rome was ruler of the seas.Rome was ruler of the seas.– Carthage was humiliated.Carthage was humiliated.– The victor’s peace imposed upon Carthage The victor’s peace imposed upon Carthage

hindered its recovery and fueled resentment, hindered its recovery and fueled resentment, which led to the Second Punic War.which led to the Second Punic War.

Second Punic WarSecond Punic War

• 218-202 BC218-202 BC

• Carthage was angry over its treatment by Carthage was angry over its treatment by Rome after the First Punic War.Rome after the First Punic War.

• Also, to pay off the reparations, it had to Also, to pay off the reparations, it had to get the money from somewhere, so it get the money from somewhere, so it expanded its power in Spain.expanded its power in Spain.

• The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca began the conquering of Spain and then it fell to his son

Hannibal.• Hannibal especially hated

the Romans.

• He attacked a Roman ally in Spain as well as irritated Rome by other moves so Rome declared war on Carthage.

• Hannibal gradually advanced towards Italy, Hannibal gradually advanced towards Italy, subduing people along the way by force or subduing people along the way by force or diplomacy.diplomacy.

• He had around 50,000 infantry and 9,000 He had around 50,000 infantry and 9,000 cavalry and some war elephants.cavalry and some war elephants.

• He crossed his force over the Alps… in winter. He crossed his force over the Alps… in winter. This was an amazing feat and caught the This was an amazing feat and caught the Romans flat-footed. Romans flat-footed. – They had expected to fight Hannibal in Spain and had They had expected to fight Hannibal in Spain and had

even sent forces there.even sent forces there.– A chunk of his forces died along the way, though.A chunk of his forces died along the way, though.

Carthage under HannibalCarthage under Hannibal

• Suddenly, the enemy was in Rome’s back Suddenly, the enemy was in Rome’s back yard. yard.

• Hannibal got the support of rebellious locals Hannibal got the support of rebellious locals and was good at avoiding battles. When he and was good at avoiding battles. When he did fight, he defeated the Romans. did fight, he defeated the Romans. – He was a military genius and the generals sent He was a military genius and the generals sent

against him weren’t.against him weren’t.

The Battle of Trebia is an example.

Rome’s Greatest DefeatRome’s Greatest Defeat

• The worst defeat, though, was the Battle The worst defeat, though, was the Battle of Cannae on 8/2/216 BCof Cannae on 8/2/216 BC– Nearly 87,000 Romans engaged around Nearly 87,000 Romans engaged around

55,000 of Hannibal’s troops. Rome had never 55,000 of Hannibal’s troops. Rome had never before fielded such an army.before fielded such an army.

– Hannibal, being a military genius, developed a Hannibal, being a military genius, developed a cunning plan. cunning plan.

The initial set up

• Hannibal put his weaker troops in his center and his good troops on the flanks.

• When the Romans attacked, they gradually drove back Hannibal’s center. This was intentional on Hannibal’s part.

• Once the Romans drove in, the superior troops on the flanks closed in while the cavalry swung around and attacked the Roman rear. The Roman force was completely enveloped and they were slaughtered. Their massed forces also made it impossible to maneuver and the slaughter was made worse by panic (as usual).

Results of the BattleResults of the Battle

• About 60,000 of the original 87,000 Roman troops About 60,000 of the original 87,000 Roman troops were killed, including a consul and 80 senators. were killed, including a consul and 80 senators. Nearly 600 legionaries were killed per minute.Nearly 600 legionaries were killed per minute.– Another 10,000 were taken prisoner. That means only Another 10,000 were taken prisoner. That means only

about 17,000 made out of Cannae alive and free. About about 17,000 made out of Cannae alive and free. About 80% of Rome’s overall military was gone.80% of Rome’s overall military was gone.

– It’s one of the greatest tactical defeats in history as well as It’s one of the greatest tactical defeats in history as well as one of the greatest losses of life in a single battle.one of the greatest losses of life in a single battle.

• After Cannae, the Romans were terrified and After Cannae, the Romans were terrified and didn’t know what to do. Furthermore, many of didn’t know what to do. Furthermore, many of Rome’s regional allies decided to side with Rome’s regional allies decided to side with Hannibal and Carthage.Hannibal and Carthage.

• Hannibal opted not to attack Rome directly, Hannibal opted not to attack Rome directly, thinking he wouldn’t be able to take the fortified thinking he wouldn’t be able to take the fortified city.city.

• He offered reasonable peace terms to Rome. He offered reasonable peace terms to Rome. Rome, even though it was on the ropes, refused Rome, even though it was on the ropes, refused Hannibal’s offer in true Roman style.Hannibal’s offer in true Roman style.

• Remember Athens did the same in the Pelop. Wars.Remember Athens did the same in the Pelop. Wars.

• Rome created a new army, enlisting a good Rome created a new army, enlisting a good chunk of the male population.chunk of the male population.

• Instead of engaging Hannibal in big battles, they Instead of engaging Hannibal in big battles, they merely harassed him in Italy and denied him the merely harassed him in Italy and denied him the supplies he needed. supplies he needed. (Why avoid big battles? (Why avoid big battles? Whenever he could get the Romans to attack, he always Whenever he could get the Romans to attack, he always beat them.)beat them.)

• Meanwhile, Rome took the war to Carthage.Meanwhile, Rome took the war to Carthage.– They attacked Carthaginian forces in Spain, They attacked Carthaginian forces in Spain,

Carthage’s main source of wealth, which prompted Carthage’s main source of wealth, which prompted Carthage to send reinforcements and supplies there Carthage to send reinforcements and supplies there instead of to Hannibal.instead of to Hannibal.

– They also attacked Carthage’s allies in Sicily They also attacked Carthage’s allies in Sicily and Macedon.and Macedon.

– While Hannibal was the better of any Roman While Hannibal was the better of any Roman commander, he’s gradually worn down by the commander, he’s gradually worn down by the Romans attacking his support system and Romans attacking his support system and supply lines.supply lines.

– Carthage is continually weakening.Carthage is continually weakening.

• On the brink of destruction, Carthage sues On the brink of destruction, Carthage sues for peace.for peace.– Rome again imposes a victor’s peace:Rome again imposes a victor’s peace:

• Spain becomes Rome’s.Spain becomes Rome’s.• Carthage has to pay a lot in reparations.Carthage has to pay a lot in reparations.• Its navy can only have 10 ships to fight pirates.Its navy can only have 10 ships to fight pirates.• It couldn’t raise an army without Rome’s blessing.It couldn’t raise an army without Rome’s blessing.• Carthage, once proud and powerful, is essentially Carthage, once proud and powerful, is essentially

reduced to a Roman client state.reduced to a Roman client state.

Third Punic WarThird Punic War149-146 BC149-146 BC

• Some Romans openly agitated for war.Some Romans openly agitated for war.– The great statesmen Cato (Portia’s father) The great statesmen Cato (Portia’s father)

would end his Senate speeches with “Carthago would end his Senate speeches with “Carthago delenda est,” or “Carthage must be destroyed.”delenda est,” or “Carthage must be destroyed.”

• While Carthage had been stripped of most While Carthage had been stripped of most of its power, its continued existence made of its power, its continued existence made many Romans uneasy. many Romans uneasy. – They had, after all, fought two wars with They had, after all, fought two wars with

Carthage and the barbarians had been at the Carthage and the barbarians had been at the gates of Rome itself.gates of Rome itself.

• Carthage was also raising an army in order to Carthage was also raising an army in order to deal with border disputes. deal with border disputes. (Was supposed to be (Was supposed to be defensive, but it was still a no-no under the terms of the defensive, but it was still a no-no under the terms of the treaty.)treaty.)

– Carthage was in a border dispute with its neighbor Carthage was in a border dispute with its neighbor Numidia, the Roman Senate kept finding in Numidia’s Numidia, the Roman Senate kept finding in Numidia’s favor. favor.

• Rome also insisted on Carthage continuing to Rome also insisted on Carthage continuing to pay its annual tribute even though the pay its annual tribute even though the reparations had, by 151 BC, all been paid back reparations had, by 151 BC, all been paid back under the terms that ended the Second Punic under the terms that ended the Second Punic War.War.

• Rome beats Carthage and the Carthaginians Rome beats Carthage and the Carthaginians sue for peace. Rome keeps giving more sue for peace. Rome keeps giving more conditions until it finally says the population will conditions until it finally says the population will have to move inland and Carthage will be have to move inland and Carthage will be burned.burned.– The Carthaginians resist, the Romans storm the city, The Carthaginians resist, the Romans storm the city,

and Carthage falls.and Carthage falls.– The city is burned to the ground. The city is burned to the ground. – Those who didn’t die in the siege or the city’s capture Those who didn’t die in the siege or the city’s capture

are sold into slavery… about 50,000 people.are sold into slavery… about 50,000 people.– Carthage becomes a Roman province.Carthage becomes a Roman province.

• Rome officially takes over the western Rome officially takes over the western Mediterranean as well as North Africa.Mediterranean as well as North Africa.