The Roman Architecture - vecchiosito.iisscalamandrei.edu.itvecchiosito.iisscalamandrei.edu.it/spazio_docenti/guaita/CLIL pdf/02... · ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 2 The Periods 21st

The The RomanRoman ArchitectureArchitecture

Vol.Vol. I, pp. 138I, pp. 138--162162

ANTICA ROMA ANTICA ROMA -- l'architettural'architettura 22

The The PeriodsPeriods

21st April 753 BC21st April 753 BC–– According to the tradition, Romulus founded the town of Rome on According to the tradition, Romulus founded the town of Rome on the Palatine Hill.the Palatine Hill.–– Rome was later inhabited by the Rome was later inhabited by the LatinsLatins, the tribe living in , the tribe living in LatiumLatium..753 753 –– 509 BC The rule of the seven kings509 BC The rule of the seven kings–– In this period Rome conquers various regions of Italy.In this period Rome conquers various regions of Italy.–– Political power is held by the king helped by the SenatePolitical power is held by the king helped by the Senate–– The Senate is made up ofThe Senate is made up of

patricians (noble men and descendants of landowners)patricians (noble men and descendants of landowners)plebeians (poor but free people lacking political power)plebeians (poor but free people lacking political power)slavesslaves

–– 509 BC Overthrow of 509 BC Overthrow of TarquinTarquin ( the last of the seven kings) and the foundation of the ( the last of the seven kings) and the foundation of the RepublicRepublic

509 509 –– 27 BC The Republic27 BC The Republic–– The Republican government will last until the foundation of the The Republican government will last until the foundation of the Empire by Augustus in Empire by Augustus in

27 BC27 BC27 BC 27 BC ––476 AD The Empire476 AD The Empire

–– It was the largest empire in western civilisationIt was the largest empire in western civilisation

400 a.C. ca., Lupa capitolina, bronzo etrusco


The Town PlanningThe Town Planning

The town was like a military camp:The town was like a military camp:–– square plansquare plan–– divided into 4 blocks by two main streets: “divided into 4 blocks by two main streets: “cardocardo” and “” and “decumanusdecumanus””–– the farming lands were also divided into regular blocks (“the farming lands were also divided into regular blocks (“centuriaecenturiae”) by ”) by

parallel and perpendicular linesparallel and perpendicular linesPaviaTerritorio nei pressi di Padova


ArchesArches

The Romans were great builders. Their The Romans were great builders. Their conception of space was different from the conception of space was different from the Greeks:Greeks:

–– Greeks: columns and architrave with canopy Greeks: columns and architrave with canopy covering (covering (triliptictriliptic system)system)

–– Romans: vaulted arch (supports merged with Romans: vaulted arch (supports merged with covers)covers)

Arches and Vaults: laterally pushed with Arches and Vaults: laterally pushed with thick walls, able to cover large areas. thick walls, able to cover large areas.


VaultsVaults


The The WallsWalls


The The ArchitectureArchitecture

Public Public ArchitectureArchitectureReligiousReligious ArchitectureArchitecturePrivate Private ArchitectureArchitecture


Public Public ArchitectureArchitecture

The Romans constructed numerous public worksThe Romans constructed numerous public works–– StradeStrade RoadsRoads–– PontiPonti BridgesBridges–– AcquedottiAcquedotti AqueductsAqueducts–– FognatureFognature City Sewer City Sewer SystemsSystems–– ArchiviArchivi ArchivesArchives–– MagazziniMagazzini StorehousesStorehouses–– MercatiMercati MarketsMarkets–– TermeTerme ThermaeThermae–– BasilicheBasiliche BasilicasBasilicas

They created a role model which was later used all over the empiThey created a role model which was later used all over the empire.re.


Public Public ArchitectureArchitectureroadsroads

approx. 3m wide; approx. 3m wide; covered with stone slabs; covered with stone slabs; sided by drainage gutters.sided by drainage gutters.


Public Public ArchitectureArchitecturebridgesbridges

great importance was given to the great importance was given to the bridegesbrideges during Roman times; during Roman times; the Council of “the Council of “PontificesPontifices” was in charge of their construction.” was in charge of their construction.

Verona (ricostruito)

Rimini (14-21 d.C.)


Public Public ArchitectureArchitectureaqueductsaqueducts

between 4th cent. BC and 3rd cent. AD 10 bridges were built to pbetween 4th cent. BC and 3rd cent. AD 10 bridges were built to provide rovide for the water needs of the population.for the water needs of the population.

Roma, Acquedotto Claudio, 38-52 d.C.


Public Public ArchitectureArchitectureCity City SewerSewer SystemsSystems -- ArchivesArchives –– Storehouses Storehouses -- MarketsMarkets

Cloaca Massima 4thCloaca Massima 4th--3rd sec. 3rd sec. B.CB.C. .


Public Public ArchitectureArchitecturethermaethermae

from the Greek “from the Greek “thermaithermai” ( hot source), ” ( hot source), they existed during the Republican period. they existed during the Republican period. The type was fully defined by The type was fully defined by Trajan’sTrajan’s BathsBaths


Public Public ArchitectureArchitecturebasilicasbasilicas

located close to the “forum”. located close to the “forum”. here the legal proceedings, meetings and business negotiations here the legal proceedings, meetings and business negotiations took place. took place. basilicas were made up of:basilicas were made up of:

–– a large rectangular hall divided into naves by tiers of columns a large rectangular hall divided into naves by tiers of columns ((MaxentiusMaxentius’ was 80m long) ’ was 80m long) –– the entrance was opened on one of the main sidesthe entrance was opened on one of the main sides–– on the opposing side was the apse, rectangular or semion the opposing side was the apse, rectangular or semi--circular where the magistrate’s chair was circular where the magistrate’s chair was

placed.placed.–– wooden trusses or cross vault coverwooden trusses or cross vault cover–– plain exteriors and elaborated interiors plain exteriors and elaborated interiors

Roma, Basilica di Massenzio, 307-313


ReligiousReligious ArchitectureArchitecture -- TemplesTemples

The first great temple was built in The first great temple was built in 509 after the overthrow of 509 after the overthrow of TarquinTarquinTrivalent model similar to Etruscan Trivalent model similar to Etruscan examplesexamplesother examples were inspired by the other examples were inspired by the GreeksGreeks

Roma, Tempio della triade capitolina, 509 a.C.

Roma, Tempio di Ercole vincitore (detto di Vesta), II sec. a.C. Roma, Tempio della Fortuna Virile, II-I sec. a.C.


ReligiousReligious ArchitectureArchitecture -- TemplesTemplesPantheon 118Pantheon 118--128 d.C.128 d.C.

It was only under the Empire that this kind of It was only under the Empire that this kind of temple evolved.temple evolved.The Pantheon was dedicated to all gods The Pantheon was dedicated to all gods (“pan”=all “ (“pan”=all “ theostheos”= god).”= god).The building stood in the centre of an open The building stood in the centre of an open space characterised by a circular plan, space characterised by a circular plan, entrance with Corinthian entrance with Corinthian pronaopronao, , hemispherical dome lightened by lacunars.hemispherical dome lightened by lacunars.


LeisureLeisure Architecture Architecture -- TheatersTheaters

with steps resting on walls rather than a hill; with steps resting on walls rather than a hill; used for drama performancesused for drama performances

Roma, Teatro di Marcello, 13 a.C.


LeisureLeisure Architecture Architecture -- AmphitheatersAmphitheaters

circular or ellipticalcircular or ellipticalused for shows that lasted daysused for shows that lasted days

Anfiteatro Flavio (Colosseo), 70-80 d.C.


ResidentialResidential ArchitectureArchitectureThe VillaThe Villa

Villa di Boscoreale (Pompei), I c. B.C.

Villa di Settebassi, Roma, post 139

Villa Laurentinum, (Plinio il Giovane), Roma II c.



Roma, Pantheon, 118-128

Documents

The Roman Architecture - vecchiosito.iisscalamandrei.edu.itvecchiosito.iisscalamandrei.edu.it/spazio_docenti/guaita/CLIL pdf/02... · ANTICA ROMA - l'architettura 2 The Periods 21st