The Role of UDC Entrepreneurs in Ushering Development and

The Role of UDC Entrepreneurs in Ushering Development and Social Change within the Rural Communities: Problems they Encountered

and the Way Out

Dr. Ahasun Habib∗

Arch. AFM Mohiuddin Akhand∗∗

Abstract

One of the major visions of the present government is to make Bangladesh as a Digital Bangladesh by the year 2021. In order to do so the present government has adopted some unique policies, projects and programs. Amongst them a2i is an umbrella project through which the Union Digital Centres (UDC) have been established in 5280 union councils based on the principle of Public-Private-People-Partnership (4Ps) model. The prime objective of the UDC is to act as one-stop service delivery outlet and to deliver all relevant government services to the grassroots people spending barest minimum cost and time. How far the UDCs are being able to play their due role is a question yet to be resolved. This study is also a very humble attempt towards that direction although in a very limited scale. This study is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected from 12 private entrepreneurs (drawn from 12 districts one entrepreneur engaged in running the UDC from a single union were purposively selected as sample)were intensively interviewed through a questionnaire furnished with both close and open-ended questions. Primary and secondary data collected and collated clearly reveals that internet speed for providing e-services to the rural people is still not very much adequate. Since only 50% opined that the speed is moderate and the rest pronounced that it is slow On the other hand only 16.67 entrepreneurs have got advanced training to provide e-services to the grassroots people. At the same time the amount of power supply needed to provide uninterrupted services is not sufficient enough. However as many as 75% of the stakeholders perceive the services delivered through UCD as good. Supports so far extended by the union council and readiness to provide e-services on the part of UDC are not that

∗ Chairman in-charge, Department of Applied Sociology, ASA University Bangladesh, Shyamoli,

Dhaka- 1207. ∗∗ Head, Department of Interior Architecture, Shanto-Mariam University & Chief Architect, Shanto-

Mariam Foundation

World Vision ISSN: 2078-8460

Vol. 18 • No. 1 • November 2017

42 World Vision Research Journal Vol. 11, No. 1, 2017

much satisfactory. In view of this fact and figure the researcher has strongly argued that ‘human ware’ involved in UDC should be imparted advanced training; the internet speed should not be slower down and uninterrupted power supply should be ensured. If these three fonts are fought successfully then UDC would be able to play the due role as expected from the people from the grassroots.

Keywords: UDC Entrepreneurs, Development, Social Change, Rural Communities. 1.1 Introduction

Information is power and present age is the age of information. Free flow of information is pre-condition for empowering a person, an institute, a society and a country as a whole. A reliable information and services system is very necessary to obtain the efficient management and planning system for both public and private levels in Bangladesh. Through reliable information and services system, it is possible to bring a positive change in the society. For any reliable information and services system, it is needed to have an effective information system which can be easily accessible by the people. Quick information and services system are possible through using e-service providing equipments. In order to ensure better service delivery to the people of Bangladesh, e-services1 are very necessary. Through e-service delivery, it is possible to ensure transparency, accountability, rapidness of work at every stage of both public and private sectors.

E-service is making a change in the lifestyle of people of Bangladesh and creating an interaction with the society and institutions. It is also dividing people into information rich and information-poor group. The group which is poor in information is more disadvantaged and deprived of information because of not having sufficient income, lack of literacy rate, lack of sufficient access to e-service proving. It is explored that the entrepreneurs of UDC is earned $ 32.95 Million by providing services 237 Million upto June 2017. They also served 75 million birth registrations from within this period. (a2i, June 2017).

To decentralize the delivery of public services and take them to the doorsteps of millions of underserved citizens like Salma, the Access to Information (a2i) Programme of the Prime Minister’s Office – with technical assistance from UNDP and USAID –established 4,554+ one-stop information and service delivery outlets known as Union Digital Centres (UDCs) in all union councils, the lowest tier of the Bangladesh government. (a2i, June 2017).

1 ‘E-service’ means the service provided by using the electronic means namely internet, e-mail, website etc.

The Role of UDC Entrepreneurs in Ushering Development and Social Change 43

UDCs ensure that the underserved such as rural women, people with disabilities and the elderly – regardless of their literacy and ICT literacy -can access vital information and services. A typical UDC is about 4 km from the average rural citizen’s home whereas a government sub-district office is about 20 km and a district office over 35 km. These one-stop service centers are essentially micro-enterprises run by ‘citizen entrepreneurs’– 1 male and 1 female in tandem with elected local government representatives. They leverage modern technology to provide citizens both free and fee-based access to public services (land record s , birth registration, telemedicine, passport and overseas job application as well as application to various other government services) and private services (mobile financial services, insurance, various types of computer and vocational training, etc.).

One of the most innovative aspects of the UDCs is their public - private entrepreneurship model. The UDC model was designed to bring the mandate and infrastructure of the public sector together with the entrepreneurial zeal and efficiency of the private sector. The UDCs are hosted in local government institutions. 1% of the government’s total Annual Development Programme budget is directed towards these enterprises. Everyday expenses– like utility charges, internet bills, computer maintenance costs, etc. – are borne by the entrepreneurs who generate revenues by selling certain public and private services. (a2i, June 2017).

The main aim of UDC is to reach the government services to the doorsteps of the rural people through using less cost, less time. Thus government took initiatives to extend the facilities through UDC (Union Digital Center).The principal attempt of this research is to show the existing e-service providing status in rural areas, to identify the possible areas of e-service in rural community and how to show the effectiveness of UDC’s in Bangladesh.

1.2 Background of the Study

Bangladesh took so many steps to achieve the e-governance in recent years through the application of automation in internal processes. A good number of e-government projects were taken by the government of Bangladesh from 1990 to 2006 under the Ministry of Planning. During this time, government automated the railway ticketing in 1996, e-birth registration project in Rajshahi City Corporation in 2001. Moreover, government successfully automated the BANBEIS during this time. We see that government only focused on the efficiency of the organizations during this time though it did not give the importance on the citizens for their easy access to the public services delivery. During 2002, the government of Bangladesh took the ICT policy and declared the ICT as a thrust sector which helped to ahead the e-governance activities until 2006 through ICT capacity and infrastructure


development. A good number of projects were initiated during this time though it did not last for long. After 2006, most of the e-governance activities have been given emphasis on citizen service delivery (BEI, 2010).

With the change of time, government took the steps to make a ‘digital Bangladesh’ in 2009 which is a new concept. With this vision, government gave emphasis on citizen centric activities through providing e-services. In order to provide the available information and e-services for the millions of people living at the rural and remote areas, UISC(Union Information and Services Center) was launched in 4547 Parishads throughout the country in 11November, 2010 (a2i,2014).

The Access to Information (a2i) project of prime minister’s office took the initiatives with a view to establishing one stop information and e-service delivery centre for the lowest tier of local government (i.e. union Parishad). In order to take public and private services at the doorsteps of the rural community people, UISC has been established by the initiatives of a2i project supported by UNDP and USAID. UDC has been established based on the principles of Public-Private-People-Partnership (4Ps) model.

Here it can be mentioned that unlike the conventional PPPs which focuses on building the large infrastructure 4Ps focuses to keep the citizens at the center of partnership model. Accordingly, the same model is going to be applied at Pourasava and city areas through establishing Pourasava Information and Service Centers (PISCs) and City Information and Service Centers(CISCs) in all semi-urban and urban areas(a2i,2014).

Fast Facts

• Union Digital Centers were inaugurated simultaneously on November 11, 2010

• 4547 Union Digital Centers operational in all Union Parishads

• 9094 entrepreneurs are self- employed.

• Top services: Govt forms, Examination results, birth and death registration, livelihood information, computer training, mobile banking, email and internet browsing etc.

• Investment by govt.: From LGD through LGSP fund and 1% of ADP. In addition DC offices spend from their allocated funds for entrepreneur training, workshop and mobilization.

Result Achieved

• 45 Million services provided to citizen from Union Digital Center in last 2 years countrywide

• 40 Million birth registration electronically from Union Digital Center


• 1.38 Billion earnings for Union Digital Center entrepreneurs in last 2 years

• 30, 000 local youths got ICT training from Union Digital Centers.

• More than 9000 leaders and entrepreneurs have been trained through leadership development

• 1.4 million rural workers registered for online government -to-government (G2G) migration

• Closer ties established between the local administrations and the citizens through creation of service oriented Ups.

Source: http://www.a2i.pmo.gov.bd/content/union-digital -center

(accessed on April 12, 2016)

It is also mentioned that the provision of government services is seen to be much more focused but commercial services as well pursued by the users.

At present the services which are observed in UDC are as follows:

Services Offered at UDC

Government Service Commercial Service

Education / Admission / exam results Typing / Data Entry

Government forms download Printing & Photocopying

Birth and death registration E-mail and Internet browsing

Overseas employment CV and Job application

Passport / TIN (tax) certificate ICT / English training

Health Phone / Video conferencing

Livelihood information Mobile Banking / Bank

Land Scanning & Laminating

VGD/VGF card database Photography

Agricultural Information Online visa application/visa

Source: Hoque Shah Md. Dr. Safiul, May 2016 P.4

The main objectives of establishing the UDCs throughout the country was to address both the demand- side and supply side challenges associated with assessing public information and services(a2i, June, 2017).


1.3 Relevance of UDC:

One of the main targets of the government to make Bangladesh as a ‘Digital Bangladesh’. To reach this target, it is very much necessary to ensure the free-flow of information at the rural community which is possible through establishing UDC.

The UDCs represent a novel approach to strengthening local government. By bringing in the private sector - in the form of the entrepreneurs and numerous agreements with corporate entities – the UDC model adopted a very citizen-centric, bottom-up strategy. Thus, instead of making it relevant to the government alone, market relevance and sensitivity to citizens’ demands were embedded into the model. In practice, this meant that if working women and men could only make time after 5, over the weekend or on public holidays to come to the centre, the entrepreneurs would still serve them. Given that entrepreneurs are not salaried government employees, failing to do so would only harm their business. This enabled citizens to receive efficient, customized services and increased foot traffic to the union council offices.

Moreover, the UDC can play a vital role to ensure the Right to Information Act-2009. Moreover, the Government of Bangladesh is committed to reach the ICT facilities among the people as one of the signing countries in World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) Plan-2003.The government of Bangladesh also believes that each of the UDCs will be the center of knowledge within 2021 (Ahsan et al,2010).

1.4 Statement of the Problem:

The wider usage of ICT is going to be implemented by the political agenda ‘Digital Bangladesh ’which got an official fashion as perspective plan. One of the aims of Perspective plan or Vision 2021 is to make an ICT based country for the sake of transparency, accountability, responsiveness at the public sector. To reach this vision into reality, the role of lowest tier of local government i.e. Union Parishad is very important as the majority of people of Bangladesh is living at the rural community. For the quick service delivery among the rural community people by using the e-service providing equipments, UISC should be more effective and that is why it s very much important to assess the effectiveness of UDC about the e-service delivery among the rural community people. Thus in a depth analysis, of the effectiveness of UISC would provide a valuable insight in the urgency of materializing the vision of providing the eservice delivery with a successful manner.

1.5 Rationale of the Study:

UDC is one of most the important institutions of Bangladesh for e- service delivery to the rural community people by using the e-service providing equipments. There is no alternative of using e-service equipments for the easy access to public service delivery.


It is believed that it is possible to ensure public service delivery through e-service within the shortest possible time. Moreover, to ensure better transparency and accountability, using of e-service equipment is a must. As it is an important sector of the government for public service delivery, I have concentrated to write on union digital centre (UDC) because we know that about 80%people of Bangladesh are living in rural areas. Without taking this large number of people under the mainstream of e-service facilities, no development is possible. Moreover, very few studies have been conducted on the UISC. In fact, peoples’ participation through UDC is most important for our overall development. That is why; I have been keenly interested to this field.

1.6 Research Objectives:

• To know the role of union digital centers in ushering development and social change within the rural communities.

• To know the key problems that the UDC entrepreneurs faced, and to find knowledge for solving the problems.

1.7 Research Question

• What are the implications of e-services to the Union-level people?

2. Literature review

A number of researches have been conducted on various community information centers around the world, but very little research has been done in Bangladesh which provides e-services for rural communities. It is (UDC) a new concept in respect of a country like Bangladesh. The literature review chapter on institutional assessment of UDC will present some theoretical and empirical analysis of UDC regarding the e-service delivery among the rural community people.

In fact, UDC is a new concept in the country like Bangladesh though there are some researches in this area throughout the world. Thus in respect of Bangladesh, it is just going to be explored the knowledge in this field although number of knowledge gaps exist. Access to Information (a2i) project of prime minister’s office is mainly responsible for establishing and publishing different articles, reports and journals, there are some other government, organizational, project based reports, articles, journals have been recently published. These publications are insufficient for the research activities in this area which are found. So, Internet has been used as a source for achieving information or exploring the references.

A study about Village Information Center, Pondicherry, India (2002-2005) found that India analyzed ways to use ICT for the development of the poorer region. Its output was to improve the general living conditions of the poor families, marginal farmers, fishermen. Moreover, the village information center could able to make the general welfare of these people of India.


There is another study on “Information support services of the rural development libraries in Bangladesh” (Islam & Uddin, 2005) where authors have shown the information and services system of rural development libraries of Dhaka, Comilla and Bogra districts in Bangladesh. In this study authors have pointed out the situation of rural development libraries due to revolution and advancement of information communication technology. The study identifies the tools and techniques which are used in different functional units of these libraries to fulfill the demand of growing information needs of the rural people of Bangladesh.

There is conducted another study on Community Information: What Libraries can Do: A Consultation Document where it is said that the “the services which helps individuals and groups about the daily problem-solving and with participation in the democratic process. The community information services centers concentrate on the needs of those who are not ready access to other sources of assistance and on the most important problems that people have to face, problems to do with their homes, jobs and the rights”(The Library Association-1980)

There is an another study in India on “Community Information Center Project in North East India: connecting the far flung”(Battcharjee-2002).This project was initiated to interface between citizen and government, providing internet access, web browsing and email facilitation of people, usage of computers make available among children and women to provide the IT services for local community people.

There is another related study on “Rural transformation by the establishment of community information centers in the rural areas of Nepal: a pilot project (Aryal-2000). The aim of this project is to aware local community people how Information and Communication technology can make their better life. The project has shown how the benefits of information and communication technology can be reached even o the farmers. The one and only aim of this project is how Nepal can compete with the today’s world in respect of Information and Communication technology.

There is another related study namely, “Telecenters for Sustainable Rural Development: Review and case study of a South African Rural Telecenters” (Breitenbach-2013). This paper has shown how the telecenterss of Africa played an important role in the field of Communication Technology for the economic development .This Paper has also showed how the telecenters improved the lives of the people of the rural community at Thabina in Africa.

There is another study entitled Multipurpose community Telecenter’s for rural development in Pakistan (Mahmood 2005). Here the author has shown about the challenges and opportunities of establishing Multipurpose Community Telecenters (MCTs) in rural areas of Pakistan. In his study he has also shown about the propose of establishing of MCTs in Pakistan in terms of policy formulation, planning, management, funding, building, equipment, technology, services, target groups, marketing and sustainability.


In Bangladesh there are only a few studies are seen. There are some writings and documents in the website of Access to Information Project (A2I) under the Prime Minister’s office and Bangladesh Computer Council (BCC). These two organizations basically deal with providing and arranging the ICT facilities throughout the country.

Therefore, it can be said that it requires a lot of depth cross reference studies in the area of UISC for assessing institutionally regarding the status or level of effectiveness, its missing areas and some other important knowledge gap.

2.1 UDC: Conceptual Framework 2.1.1 UDC

Union Digital Center (UDC) are newly established one-stop service outlets operating at all 4,547 Union Parishads (UP, lowest tier of local government) of the country (a2i,2014). Through use of ICT, UDC is able to bring various types of information related to government, livelihood and private services to the doorstep of citizens in rural areas. It ensures services providers and users to save time, cost and has made operations hassle free.

As a part working under the public-private-peoples’ partnership (PPPP) model, this center is run by two local entrepreneurs in each union Parishad supported by local the administration.

For the purpose of UDC Entrepreneurs assessment about e-service delivery, the following framework is made:

Figure 2.1.1: Conceptual framework

Peoples’ satisfaction

� Standard of e-service

� Skill of UDC entrepreneurs

� Entrepreneurs’ regularity at UDC

� Extent of accessibility to e-service of UDC

� Success of e-service delivery

Infrastructure and logistic

support � Existing e-service providing

equipments � Workable e-service providing

equipment � Internet speed � Electricity supply � Entrepreneurs training � Existing up support to UDC � Entrepreneurs satisfaction with

their income

Effectiveness Dependent Variable Dependent Variable

Inde

pend

ent V

aria

ble

Inde

pend

ent V

aria

ble


This above figure represents the research paper at a glance. By this figure, the relationship between dependent and independent variable has been shown. So it is essential to know about dependent and independent variable. The variable that is assumed to depend on other is called dependent variable. An independent variable is a variable which has effect upon the dependent variable. It causes change in the dependent variable. This is also known as explanatory variable. Proper functioning of Union Digital Centre (UDC) can ensure good e-services to the rural people. Financial support, infrastructural facilities, manpower, technological support, training, planning, people's participation and coordination are the main parts for promoting UDC in rural area.

2.1.2 Different Services at UDCs (Up to June 2017)

A study to evaluate the impact of the UDCs (see Table below) on reducing time, costs and visits (TCV) for availing public services found that, for instance, while it previously took rural citizens 7 to 8 days to acquire birth registration certificates, the number was brought down to less than 8 hours after the advent of the UDCs. Similarly, for receiving death registration certificates, while it previously to ok citizens nearly 2 days, it now takes less than 5 hours.

Service wise reduction in TCV

Service Before UDC After UDC

Time (in HRS) Cost (USD)

Visit Time (in HRS) Cost (USD)

Visit

Birth Registration

211.52 1.6 2.19 7.58 0.9 1.23

Citizen Certificate

24.9 0.7 1.71 2.97 0.5 1.07

Exam Registration

6.27 1.2 1.07 2.3 0.2 1.03

Death Registration

39.39 1.9 2.5 4.52 0.6 1.09

Photocopy 5.55 0.9 1.14 0.49 0.2 1.01 Computer Compose

16.84 1.5 1.44 0.63 0.5 1.02

Photography 39.7 1.6 1.82 1.36 0.4 1.04 Internet Browsing

3.02 1.7 1.28 0.53 0.4 1.02

Electricity Bill Payment

4.31 0.9 1.21 0.343 0.2 1

Job Search 12.47 2.6 1.5 0.75 0.7 1 Source: Union Digital Centre, a2i, June 2017


3 Methodology

This study is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected from 12 private entrepreneurs (drawn from 12 districts one entrepreneur engaged in running the UDC from a single union were purposively selected as sample) were intensively interviewed through a questionnaire furnished with both close and open-ended questions.

3.1 Research Area:

For the purpose of this research, 12 unions has been selected by the purposive sampling from Naogaon, Rajbari, Meherpur, Joupurhat, Nilphamari, Chapainawabganj, Jhenaidah, Sunamganj, Chittagong, Madaripur, Bandarban, Rangamati Districts. It is important to mention that the above districts, so it is very important to bring the rural people under the mainstream of development without connected them through e-services of UDC.

3.2 Sample Size:

The total sample size of this research was 12 (twelve) from Naogaon, Rajbari, Meherpur, Joupurhat, Nilphamari, Chapainawabganj, Jhenaidah, Sunamganj, Chittagong, Madaripur, Bandarban, Rangamati Districts. Districts.

4 Analysis, findings and discussion

4.1 Data obtained from UDC Entrepreneurs

Union Digital Centre entrepreneurs and officials of Union Parisad play vital role for success of UDC’s activities by providing e-service to the people. They are the main actors in this arena. For this reason, some important data has been collected from them for this study purpose.1 The respondents were mainly UDC entrepreneurs and local body representative of 12 (twelve) centers from the twelve Districts. The collected information and data has been displayed and interpreted in the following table and figures.

4.2 (a) Demographic Information

4.2.1 Distribution of Respondents by Gender

The distribution of respondents i.e. beneficiaries of UDC were consolidated below according to gender:

1 N.B:- The study was conducted on October 18 2017 at BIM Computer Lab, Dhaka by the help of Mr. Md. Saidur Rahman, Sr. Management Consultant, Bangladesh Institute of Management (BIM). 4, Sobhanbag, Mirpur Road, Dhaka-1207

52 World V

Table 4.1: Distribution of Respondents by Gender

Gender

Male

Female

Total

In the above table, it has been seen that there were 12 (twelve) UDC officials and local body representatives which are presented graphically and interpreted below.

Figure 4.1: Distribution of Respondents by Gender

The above figure (4.1) shows that among twelve and the rest 8.33 % were female. This proves that male is in dominating position in respect of UDC service delivery though female respondents are a bit less than male. Many of the female entrepreneurs either merely allow theilead or dropout after getting married or giving birth. It is an issue that is deepseated in a multitude of social barriers. They need to be effectively addressed for improving the existing state of affairs.

4.2.2 Distribution of Respondents by Age

The age distribution of the 12 (Twelve) respondents were as follows:

Table 4.2: Distribution of Respondents by Age

Distribution by Gender

World Vision Research Journal Vol. 11, No. 1, 2017

Table 4.1: Distribution of Respondents by Gender

Frequency Percentage

11

91.67 %

1

8.33 %

12

100 %

it has been seen that there were 12 (twelve) UDC officials and local body representatives which are presented graphically and interpreted below.

Figure 4.1: Distribution of Respondents by Gender

The above figure (4.1) shows that among twelve respondents, 91.67 % were male and the rest 8.33 % were female. This proves that male is in dominating position in respect of UDC service delivery though female respondents are a bit less than male. Many of the female entrepreneurs either merely allow their male counterparts to lead or dropout after getting married or giving birth. It is an issue that is deepseated in a multitude of social barriers. They need to be effectively addressed for improving the existing state of affairs.

spondents by Age

The age distribution of the 12 (Twelve) respondents were as follows:

Table 4.2: Distribution of Respondents by Age

92%

8%

Distribution by Gender

Percentage

91.67 %

8.33 %

100 %

it has been seen that there were 12 (twelve) UDC officials and local body representatives which are presented graphically and interpreted below.

respondents, 91.67 % were male and the rest 8.33 % were female. This proves that male is in dominating position in respect of UDC service delivery though female respondents are a bit less than male.

r male counterparts to lead or dropout after getting married or giving birth. It is an issue that is deep-seated in a multitude of social barriers. They need to be effectively addressed for

Male

Female

The Role of UDC Entrepreneurs in Ushering Development and Social Change

Age Group

21-30

31-40

41-50

50+

Total

The above table presents 12 (Twelve) respondents among different groups with percentages which are explained with the following figure.

Figure 4.2: Distribution of Respondents by Age

From the above figure, it has been seen that most of the respondents both gender are middle aged and they fall into age group (30highest respondents UDC officials fall into age group 4133.33 %. Accordingly, 25% respondents fall into young age group 21

Analyzing the above graph and data, I have found that all the UDC entrepreneurs’ age limit is within 50 years. More than 50 years old entrepreneurs are not available. So, it proves that service provided by the UDC is very smooth and efficient as most of the service providers are young and energetic.

4.2.3 Distribution of Respondents by Education Level

The education levels of the respondents were as follows:

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

21-30

Entrepreneurs in Ushering Development and Social Change


3

5

4

0

25 %

41.67 %

33.33 %

0 %

12 100%

The above table presents 12 (Twelve) respondents among different groups with percentages which are explained with the following figure.

Figure 4.2: Distribution of Respondents by Age

From the above figure, it has been seen that most of the respondents both gender are middle aged and they fall into age group (30-40). The second highest respondents UDC officials fall into age group 41-50 and the percentage is 33.33 %. Accordingly, 25% respondents fall into young age group 21-30.

above graph and data, I have found that all the UDC entrepreneurs’ age limit is within 50 years. More than 50 years old entrepreneurs are not available. So, it proves that service provided by the UDC is very smooth and efficient as most

viders are young and energetic.

.3 Distribution of Respondents by Education Level

The education levels of the respondents were as follows:

31-40 41-50 50+

Respondents by Age

Entrepreneurs in Ushering Development and Social Change 53

Percentage

25 %

41.67 %

33.33 %

0 %

100%

The above table presents 12 (Twelve) respondents among different groups with

From the above figure, it has been seen that most of the respondents (41.67%) of 40). The second

50 and the percentage is 30.

above graph and data, I have found that all the UDC entrepreneurs’ age limit is within 50 years. More than 50 years old entrepreneurs are not available. So, it proves that service provided by the UDC is very smooth and efficient as most

21-30

31-40

41-50

50+

54 World V

Table-4.3: Distribution of Respondents by Education Level

Education Level

JSC/Equivalent

SSC/Equivalent

HSC/Equivalent

BA/BSS/Equivalent

Masters degree & above

Total

In the above table, the respondents are arranged according to their educational background. The data related to UDC entrepreneurs’ education have been displayed and interpreted by the following figure.

Figure 4.3: Distribution of Respondents by

From the above figure, it has been seen that all the entrepreneurs’ level of education is equivalent or more than HSC/Equivalent level which is a good sign. The highest number (50%) of entrepreneurs is HSC and above education level and the (33.33%) percent number of entrepreneurs’ educational background is BA/BSS/Equivalent and equivalent, Masters Degree & above is 16.67%. As most of the entrepreneurs are well educated, the service quality of UDC will be higher and excellent which will ensure e

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

Respondents by Education Level


4.3: Distribution of Respondents by Education Level


0 0%

0 0%

6 50%

4 33.33%

2 16.67%

12 100 %

In the above table, the respondents are arranged according to their educational background. The data related to UDC entrepreneurs’ education have been displayed and interpreted by the following figure.

Figure 4.3: Distribution of Respondents by Education Level

From the above figure, it has been seen that all the entrepreneurs’ level of education is equivalent or more than HSC/Equivalent level which is a good sign. The highest number (50%) of entrepreneurs is HSC and above education level and the (33.33%) percent number of entrepreneurs’ educational background is BA/BSS/Equivalent and equivalent, Masters Degree & above is 16.67%. As most of the entrepreneurs are well educated, the service quality of UDC will be higher and

ensure e-governance in Bangladesh.

Respondents by Education Level

JSC/Equivalent

SSC/Equivalent

HSC/Equivalent

BA/BSS/Equivalent


Percentage

0%

0%

50%

33.33%

16.67%

100 %

In the above table, the respondents are arranged according to their educational background. The data related to UDC entrepreneurs’ education have been displayed

From the above figure, it has been seen that all the entrepreneurs’ level of education is equivalent or more than HSC/Equivalent level which is a good sign. The highest number (50%) of entrepreneurs is HSC and above education level and the left (33.33%) percent number of entrepreneurs’ educational background is BA/BSS/Equivalent and equivalent, Masters Degree & above is 16.67%. As most of the entrepreneurs are well educated, the service quality of UDC will be higher and

JSC/Equivalent

SSC/Equivalent

HSC/Equivalent

BA/BSS/Equivalent



4.2.4 Distribution of Respondents by Income Level

The Income levels of the respondents were as follows:

Table-4.4: Distribution of Respondents by Monthly Income Level

Income (in Tk.) Frequency Percentage Mean value

10,000-20,000 0 0%

56,666.67

20,000-30,000 0 0%

30,000-40,000 1 8.33%

40,000-50,000 2 16.67%

50,000-60,000 3 25%

60,000- above 6 50%

N=12

From the above table, 50% percent of the respondents monthly income are above Tk. 60 thousand, 25% percent of the respondents monthly incomes are between Tk. 50 thousand – 60 thousand. Remaining 8.33% percent of the respondents below Tk 30.000. The average income of the UDC entrepreneur is Tk. 56,666.67.

4.2.5 Distribution of Respondents by Income Level Satisfaction (i.e. very sufficient=5, sufficient=4, somehow sufficient=3, less sufficient=2, not sufficient at all=1)

Income is one of the important indicator of UDC’s succeed. The respondents are put in the following table according their income level satisfaction from the lowest level to the highest.

Table 4.5: Distribution of Respondents by Income Level Satisfaction

Income Level Sufficiency Frequency Percentage Mode value

(out of 5 scale)

Not sufficient at all

Less Sufficient

Somehow Sufficient

Sufficient

Very Sufficient

1

3

6

2

0

8.33 %

25 %

50 %

16.67 %

0 %

3

Total 12 100 %

56 World V

Data related to income level satisfaction of UDC entrepreneurs have been displayed and interpreted by the following figure (4.4)

Figure 4.5: Distributions of

From the above figure, it has been seen that out of twelve, 50% respondents’ income level fall into somehow sufficient. Accordingly, about 16.67% earn sufficient income, 25% earn less sufficient income and a remarksufficient at all. We know job satisfaction mostly depends on income level satisfaction. Without income level satisfaction, it is not possible to provide excellent service to the people. So, analyzing the datatake necessary action regarding the income level satisfaction of UDC entrepreneurs.

4.3 (b) Infrastructure and Logistic Support: Overall Performance of 12 (twelve) UDCs

4.3.1 Speed and Access to Internet & E

Internet speed is very important to determine the effectiveness of UDC. All types of e-service activities like e-mail, onbrowsing etc. largely depend upon the internet speed. If the internet speed is at satisfactory level, e-service delivery can be provided according to the customers demand. Internet speed for efollowing way in respect of presumed scale (i.e. High Speed =4, Moderate Speed =3, Slow =2, Very Slow =1)


Less sufficient

Sufficient

Very sufficient 0%

Income Level Satisfaction



Data related to income level satisfaction of UDC entrepreneurs have been displayed and interpreted by the following figure (4.4)

Figure 4.5: Distributions of Respondents by Income Level Satisfaction

From the above figure, it has been seen that out of twelve, 50% respondents’ income level fall into somehow sufficient. Accordingly, about 16.67% earn sufficient income, 25% earn less sufficient income and a remarkable amount (8.33%) earns which is not sufficient at all. We know job satisfaction mostly depends on income level satisfaction. Without income level satisfaction, it is not possible to provide excellent service to the people. So, analyzing the data- it is recommended to the authority to take necessary action regarding the income level satisfaction of UDC entrepreneurs.

4.3 (b) Infrastructure and Logistic Support: Overall Performance of 12 (twelve)

Speed and Access to Internet & E-mail

Internet speed is very important to determine the effectiveness of UDC. All types of mail, on-line banking, on-line shopping, Skype, internet

browsing etc. largely depend upon the internet speed. If the internet speed is at service delivery can be provided according to the customers

demand. Internet speed for e-service delivery is explained according to the following way in respect of presumed scale (i.e. High Speed =4, Moderate Speed =3,

33.33%

25.00%

Income Level Satisfaction

Not sufficient at all Less sufficient Sufficient Very sufficient

Data related to income level satisfaction of UDC entrepreneurs have been displayed

Respondents by Income Level Satisfaction

From the above figure, it has been seen that out of twelve, 50% respondents’ income level fall into somehow sufficient. Accordingly, about 16.67% earn sufficient income,

able amount (8.33%) earns which is not sufficient at all. We know job satisfaction mostly depends on income level satisfaction. Without income level satisfaction, it is not possible to provide excellent

recommended to the authority to take necessary action regarding the income level satisfaction of UDC entrepreneurs.

4.3 (b) Infrastructure and Logistic Support: Overall Performance of 12 (twelve)

Internet speed is very important to determine the effectiveness of UDC. All types of line shopping, Skype, internet

browsing etc. largely depend upon the internet speed. If the internet speed is at service delivery can be provided according to the customers

service delivery is explained according to the following way in respect of presumed scale (i.e. High Speed =4, Moderate Speed =3,

33.33%

41.67%


Table 4.6: Speed & Access to internet

Internet Speed & Access

Very Slow Slow Moderate High Speed

Total

The above table shows that 50% providing e-service to the rural people are at ‘Moderate’ level and 33.34 % respondents opined that the speed of internet is ‘slow’. Again, 8.33 % respondents consider the internet speed is ‘Very Slow” for community people while another 8.33% consider the internet speed is ‘High Speed”. Since the level of measurement is ordinal, Arithmetic Mean cannot be calculated. Here, in case of ordinal data Mode is the appropriate measuIt has also been found out that most of the UDC entrepreneurs use internet and mail frequently but they don’t belong to any PC or Laptop of their own.

Since the level of measurement is ordinal, Arithmetic Mean cannot be calculated.Here, in case of ordinal data Mode is the appropriate measured of central tendency. Accordingly, the above table (Table: 4.6) indicates that the Mode value of ‘internet Speed’ of UDC is 3 according to the presumed scale 4 which indicates moderate. The level of internet speed level of the respondents has been displayed in the following figure.

Figure 4.6: Speed and Access to Internet & E

Very Slow

8.33%

Internet Speed Chart


Table 4.6: Speed & Access to internet

Frequency Percentage Mode value(out of 4 scale)

1 4 6 1

8.33 % 33.34 % 50.00 % 8.33 %

12 100 %

The above table shows that 50% respondents responded that the internet speed for service to the rural people are at ‘Moderate’ level and 33.34 %

respondents opined that the speed of internet is ‘slow’. Again, 8.33 % respondents consider the internet speed is ‘Very Slow” for delivering e-service to the rural community people while another 8.33% consider the internet speed is ‘High Speed”. Since the level of measurement is ordinal, Arithmetic Mean cannot be calculated. Here, in case of ordinal data Mode is the appropriate measured of central tendency. It has also been found out that most of the UDC entrepreneurs use internet and mail frequently but they don’t belong to any PC or Laptop of their own.

Since the level of measurement is ordinal, Arithmetic Mean cannot be calculated.Here, in case of ordinal data Mode is the appropriate measured of central tendency. Accordingly, the above table (Table: 4.6) indicates that the Mode value of ‘internet Speed’ of UDC is 3 according to the presumed scale 4 which indicates moderate. The

el of internet speed level of the respondents has been displayed in the following

Figure 4.6: Speed and Access to Internet & E-mail

Slow Moderate High Speed

33.34%

50.00%

8.33%

Internet Speed Chart


Mode value (out of 4 scale)

3

respondents responded that the internet speed for service to the rural people are at ‘Moderate’ level and 33.34 %

respondents opined that the speed of internet is ‘slow’. Again, 8.33 % respondents service to the rural

community people while another 8.33% consider the internet speed is ‘High Speed”. Since the level of measurement is ordinal, Arithmetic Mean cannot be calculated.

red of central tendency. It has also been found out that most of the UDC entrepreneurs use internet and mail

Since the level of measurement is ordinal, Arithmetic Mean cannot be calculated. Here, in case of ordinal data Mode is the appropriate measured of central tendency. Accordingly, the above table (Table: 4.6) indicates that the Mode value of ‘internet Speed’ of UDC is 3 according to the presumed scale 4 which indicates moderate. The

el of internet speed level of the respondents has been displayed in the following

58 World V

Analyzing the above figure, it has been seen that most of the respondents of UDC entrepreneurs replied that theiand high speed. For smooth eframework, internet speed is essential of UDC areas. That means speed is highly required.

4.3.2 Level of ICT Training of Entrepreneurs for Providing E

The UDC entrepreneurs are the key personnel for providing the erural community people. To make the UDC effective, trained entrepreneurs are very much necessary. The UDC entrepreneurshave satisfactory knowledge regarding the edesire. If they are trained at a desired level, they will be able to provide more services efficiently. According to the respondententrepreneurs for providing epresumed scale (i.e. Advance=4, Moderate = 3, Elementary =2, No Training =1)

Table 4.7: Level of ICT Training of Entrepreneurs for Providing E

Level of Training

Advance Moderate Elementary No Training

Total

The data are presented in the figure below (Figure 4.7) indicate the level of ICT training of the officials of both strata (officers and office assistants).

Advance 17%

Level of ICT Training


Analyzing the above figure, it has been seen that most of the respondents of UDC entrepreneurs replied that their internet speed is moderate which is in between slow and high speed. For smooth e-service delivery and establishment of eframework, internet speed is essential of UDC areas. That means – more internet

f ICT Training of Entrepreneurs for Providing E-service

The UDC entrepreneurs are the key personnel for providing the e-services to the rural community people. To make the UDC effective, trained entrepreneurs are very much necessary. The UDC entrepreneurs are some young local people those do not have satisfactory knowledge regarding the e-service delivery to meet the citizens’ desire. If they are trained at a desired level, they will be able to provide more services efficiently. According to the respondents view, training of UDC entrepreneurs for providing e-services is explained on the following way using presumed scale (i.e. Advance=4, Moderate = 3, Elementary =2, No Training =1)

Table 4.7: Level of ICT Training of Entrepreneurs for Providing E-service

Frequency Percentage Mode value(out of 4 scale)

2 7 3 0

16.67 % 58.33 %

25 % 0 %

12 100 %

The data are presented in the figure below (Figure 4.7) indicate the level of ICT training of the officials of both strata (officers and office assistants).

Figure 4.7: Level of ICT Training

Moderate 58%

Elementary 25%

Advance 17%

No Training0%

Level of ICT Training

Analyzing the above figure, it has been seen that most of the respondents of UDC r internet speed is moderate which is in between slow

service delivery and establishment of e-governance more internet

services to the rural community people. To make the UDC effective, trained entrepreneurs are very

are some young local people those do not service delivery to meet the citizens’

desire. If they are trained at a desired level, they will be able to provide more s view, training of UDC

services is explained on the following way using presumed scale (i.e. Advance=4, Moderate = 3, Elementary =2, No Training =1)

service

Mode value (out of 4 scale)

3

The data are presented in the figure below (Figure 4.7) indicate the level of ICT


From the above figure it is revealed that 58.33% of the total respondents have “Moderate” level of ICT training and 16.67% have ‘Advanced Level’ and 25 % have ‘Elementary Level’ of ICT related training. So, it is clear that the largest number of respondents (58 %) exposed to ‘Moderate Level’ of ICT training which indicates very good sign for the policy makers.

Since the level of measurement is ordinal, Arithmetic Mean cannot be calculated. Here, in case of ordinal data Mode is the appropriate measured of central tendency. Thus, it is also observed from the above table (Table4.7) that the mode value of entrepreneurs’ training of UDCs is 3 (according to the previously calculated out of 4 scale)

4.3.3 Overall Power Situation (Status of Power Supply)

To make the UDC effective, electricity supply is very important. Though some of the UDCs have some alternative way of electricity supply by using solar panel, generator etc, it does not work properly for speedy e-service works. Uninterrupted power supply plays a vital role for smooth functioning of UDC.

Electricity supply of six UDCs is explained according to the following way in respect of presumed scale (i.e. Sufficient=4, Insufficient=2, somehow sufficient=3, Worst =1)

Table 4.8: Overall Power Situation

Power Situation Frequency Percentage Mode value

(out of 4 scale)

Sufficient

Insufficient

Rarely Sufficient

Worst

7

3

2

0

58.33 %

25 %

16.67 %

0 %

4

Total 12 100 %

The collected data are presented and explained in the figure below (Figure 4.8). Since the level of measurement is ordinal, Arithmetic Mean cannot be calculated. Here, incase of ordinal data Mode is the appropriate measured of central tendency.

60 World V

Figure 4.8: Overall Power Situation

From the above figure (4.8), it is observed that most of the respondents i.e. 58.33% considered that the existing Insufficient’ and 16.67% respondents considered that the electricity supply is ‘Rarely sufficient’.

Analyzing this figure it is seen that the power supply situation of UDC is more or less sufficient for providing the epeople.

4.3.4 Beneficiaries’ Perception about e

Most of the beneficiaries in the rural areas usually come to the Union Digital Centre for various services like- registration, TR, Kabikha information, health and agriculture related information etc.

Table 4.9: Beneficiaries’ Perception about ICT related Services

Beneficiaries’ Perception

Good

Moderate

Poor

Total

For this study, I have collected data from 12 UDC entrepreneurs and officials. Their opinion regarding beneficiaries perception have been presented and interpreted through the following figure.

Sufficient Insufficient

58.33%

Overall Power Situation


Figure 4.8: Overall Power Situation

From the above figure (4.8), it is observed that most of the respondents i.e. 58.33% g Insufficient’ and 16.67% respondents considered that the

electricity supply is ‘Rarely sufficient’.

Analyzing this figure it is seen that the power supply situation of UDC is more or less sufficient for providing the e-services smoothly among the rural

Beneficiaries’ Perception about e-Service Delivery

Most of the beneficiaries in the rural areas usually come to the Union Digital Centre various govt. forms, public examination results, birth

registration, TR, Kabikha information, health and agriculture related information

Table 4.9: Beneficiaries’ Perception about ICT related Services


9

3

0

75 %

25 %

0 %

12 100 %

For this study, I have collected data from 12 UDC entrepreneurs and officials. Their opinion regarding beneficiaries perception have been presented and interpreted through the following figure.

Insufficient Rarely Sufficient

Worst

25%

16.67%

0%

Overall Power Situation

From the above figure (4.8), it is observed that most of the respondents i.e. 58.33% g Insufficient’ and 16.67% respondents considered that the

Analyzing this figure it is seen that the power supply situation of UDC is more or services smoothly among the rural community

Most of the beneficiaries in the rural areas usually come to the Union Digital Centre various govt. forms, public examination results, birth

registration, TR, Kabikha information, health and agriculture related information

Percentage

75 %

25 %

0 %

100 %

For this study, I have collected data from 12 UDC entrepreneurs and officials. Their opinion regarding beneficiaries perception have been presented and interpreted


Figure 4.9: Beneficiaries’ Perception about e

From the above figure, it has been seen that 75 % entrepreneurs opined beneficiaries have “Good” perception and impression regarding UDC’s services and 25% opined that beneficiaries have “Moderate “perception regarding their serviceprovided.

Analyzing the above information, I have come to the conclusion that majority people have good idea regarding emost of their information from Union Digital Centre and some people got information from UNO office.

4.3.5 Union Parisad (UP) Support to UDC for E

Union Digital Centre is a part of Union Parisad. The entrepreneurs work under UP chairman with the direction and direction supervision of Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO).

Table 4.10: Union Parisad (UP) Support to UDC for E

Level of Sufficiency

Not sufficient at all Less sufficient Sufficient Very sufficient

Total All sorts of logistic supports have been provided by the Computer Council with the financial support from UNDP through NILG and DC office. Union Parisad is supposed to assist to the UDC entrepreneurs for smooth functioning of their eservice activities. It is observed that the UDC which is getting proper support from

Good

75%



Figure 4.9: Beneficiaries’ Perception about e-Service Delivery

From the above figure, it has been seen that 75 % entrepreneurs opined –beneficiaries have “Good” perception and impression regarding UDC’s services and 25% opined that beneficiaries have “Moderate “perception regarding their service

Analyzing the above information, I have come to the conclusion that majority people have good idea regarding e-services provided by the UDC’s in Bangladesh. They got most of their information from Union Digital Centre and some people got

mation from UNO office.

Union Parisad (UP) Support to UDC for E-services Delivery

Union Digital Centre is a part of Union Parisad. The entrepreneurs work under UP chairman with the direction and direction supervision of Upazila Nirbahi Officer

Table 4.10: Union Parisad (UP) Support to UDC for E-services Delivery


4 3 5 0

33.33 % 25.00 % 41.67 %

0 %

12 100 %All sorts of logistic supports have been provided by the Computer Council with the financial support from UNDP through NILG and DC office. Union Parisad is supposed to assist to the UDC entrepreneurs for smooth functioning of their e

is observed that the UDC which is getting proper support from

Moderate Poor

25%

0%



– most of the beneficiaries have “Good” perception and impression regarding UDC’s services and 25% opined that beneficiaries have “Moderate “perception regarding their services

Analyzing the above information, I have come to the conclusion that majority people services provided by the UDC’s in Bangladesh. They got

most of their information from Union Digital Centre and some people got

Union Digital Centre is a part of Union Parisad. The entrepreneurs work under UP chairman with the direction and direction supervision of Upazila Nirbahi Officer

Percentage

33.33 % 25.00 % 41.67 %

0 %

100 % All sorts of logistic supports have been provided by the Computer Council with the financial support from UNDP through NILG and DC office. Union Parisad is supposed to assist to the UDC entrepreneurs for smooth functioning of their e-

is observed that the UDC which is getting proper support from

62 World V

Union Parishad and chairman, it is providing more service to the rural people. According to the respondents view, the existing support to UDC from UP for providing e-services is interpreted anon the following way using presumed scale (i.e. very sufficient=4, sufficient=3, less sufficient=2, not sufficient at all=1 ).

Figure 4.10: Support to UDC from UP for Providing E

From the above figure, it has been seen that about 42 % respondents from UDC entrepreneurs opined that they get “Sufficient” support from Union Parisad and 25 % respondents opined that they get “Less Sufficient” support from Union Parisad. On the other hand, about 33 % resporegarding the support from UP. They opined that they support they get from UP is not sufficient at all. They demand for more support from UP and its Chairman for smooth functioning their e-

Analyzing the above given information, it can be said that for the effectiveness of UDC activities and implementing the emore support from Union Parisad and Chairman is required. Otherwise, total effort of implementing e-governance through UDC by providing egap between govt. and citizens will be futile.

4.3.6 E-readiness of Union Digital Centre (UDC)

E-readiness is the basis of efound during the study indicate scores of Eareas. The score is calculated on the basis of Likert scale which is presented in the table below and interpreted by the following figure.

0.00%5.00%

10.00%15.00%20.00%25.00%30.00%35.00%40.00%45.00%


Lev

el o

f su

ffic

ienc

y


Union Parishad and chairman, it is providing more service to the rural people. According to the respondents view, the existing support to UDC from UP for

services is interpreted and presented through the following figure and on the following way using presumed scale (i.e. very sufficient=4, sufficient=3, less sufficient=2, not sufficient at all=1 ).

Figure 4.10: Support to UDC from UP for Providing E-services

re, it has been seen that about 42 % respondents from UDC entrepreneurs opined that they get “Sufficient” support from Union Parisad and 25 % respondents opined that they get “Less Sufficient” support from Union Parisad. On the other hand, about 33 % respondents ( a large number) opined negatively regarding the support from UP. They opined that they support they get from UP is not sufficient at all. They demand for more support from UP and its Chairman for

-service activities.

alyzing the above given information, it can be said that for the effectiveness of UDC activities and implementing the e-governance in the root level of Bangladesh, more support from Union Parisad and Chairman is required. Otherwise, total effort

governance through UDC by providing e-service and minimizing gap between govt. and citizens will be futile.

readiness of Union Digital Centre (UDC)

readiness is the basis of e-service delivery from Union Digital Centre. The data uring the study indicate scores of E-Governance Readiness of the study

areas. The score is calculated on the basis of Likert scale which is presented in the table below and interpreted by the following figure.

Not sufficient at Less sufficient Sufficient Very sufficient

Support From UP

Union Parishad and chairman, it is providing more service to the rural people. According to the respondents view, the existing support to UDC from UP for

d presented through the following figure and on the following way using presumed scale (i.e. very sufficient=4, sufficient=3, less

re, it has been seen that about 42 % respondents from UDC entrepreneurs opined that they get “Sufficient” support from Union Parisad and 25 % respondents opined that they get “Less Sufficient” support from Union Parisad.

ndents ( a large number) opined negatively regarding the support from UP. They opined that they support they get from UP is not sufficient at all. They demand for more support from UP and its Chairman for

alyzing the above given information, it can be said that for the effectiveness of governance in the root level of Bangladesh,

more support from Union Parisad and Chairman is required. Otherwise, total effort service and minimizing

service delivery from Union Digital Centre. The data Governance Readiness of the study

areas. The score is calculated on the basis of Likert scale which is presented in the

Very sufficient


Table 4.11: E-readiness of Union Digital Cent

Level of Sufficiency

Unready Not Ready Moderately Ready Ready Completely Ready Total

The figure indicates the evaluation of ECentres from Naogaon, Rajbari, Meherpur, Joupurhat, Nilphamari, Chapainawabganj, Jhenaidah, Sunamganj, Chittagong, Madaripur, Bandarban, Rangamati Districts. This evaluation is mainly focuses on the supply side’s readiness. Due to time constraintsregarding this issue.

Figure 4.11: E

From the above figure, it has been shown that most of the respondents (about 58.33%) ranked or opined that eabout 16.67% ranked e-readiness as “Ready” level. On the other hand, a large number (25%) opined that eimpediments/barriers. Here, in this study no one said that e“Completely ready “or “Unready”.

By analyzing the above data, it can be said that eundergoing. Very soon we expect to have a complete ecomplete e-services which will lead to implementation of eBangladesh.

Unready Not Ready

0%

25%


readiness of Union Digital Centre (UDC)


0 3 7 2 0

0 % 25 %

58.33 % 16.67 %

0 %12 100 %

The figure indicates the evaluation of E-Governance Readiness of 12 Centres from Naogaon, Rajbari, Meherpur, Joupurhat, Nilphamari, Chapainawabganj, Jhenaidah, Sunamganj, Chittagong, Madaripur, Bandarban, Rangamati Districts. This evaluation is mainly focuses on the supply side’s readiness. Due to time constraints, I could not collect data from beneficiaries

Figure 4.11: E-readiness of Union Digital Centre (UDC)

From the above figure, it has been shown that most of the respondents (about 58.33%) ranked or opined that e-readiness is on “Moderately Ready” level and only

readiness as “Ready” level. On the other hand, a large number (25%) opined that e-readiness is “Not Ready” level due to various

barriers. Here, in this study no one said that e-readiness is pletely ready “or “Unready”.

By analyzing the above data, it can be said that e-readiness is on the process and undergoing. Very soon we expect to have a complete e-readiness for getting

services which will lead to implementation of e-governan

Not Ready Moderately Ready

Ready Completely Ready

25%

58.33%

16.67%

0%

E-readiness Chart


Percentage

0 % 25 %

58.33 % 16.67 %

0 % 100 %

of 12 (twelve) Centres from Naogaon, Rajbari, Meherpur, Joupurhat, Nilphamari, Chapainawabganj, Jhenaidah, Sunamganj, Chittagong, Madaripur, Bandarban, Rangamati Districts. This evaluation is mainly focuses on the supply side’s

, I could not collect data from beneficiaries

From the above figure, it has been shown that most of the respondents (about ately Ready” level and only

readiness as “Ready” level. On the other hand, a large readiness is “Not Ready” level due to various

readiness is

readiness is on the process and readiness for getting

governance in


5.1 Conclusions

Undoubtedly a strong base with solid foundation has been created by launching UDCs in 4547 union councils all over Bangladesh. But still these CDCs are in infancy therefore it should be nurtured very closely and carefully. However it is gratifying to note that all sections of stakeholders have begun to realize the imperatives and the importance of UDC for making Bangladesh as Digital Bangladesh. Even the people who do not have much formal education let alone technical knowledge, have started to recognize the importance of adopting e-service(s). In this scenario an effective collaboration among the e-service providing actors i.e. the prime mover( the government) the service provider, the mediators and the service receiver is utmost necessary. Specicifically the principles of Public-Private-People-Partnership (4Ps ) model must be flourished.

5.2 Recommendations

Union Digital Centre (UDC) is an important place in every union where people-especially poor rural grassroots people can get facilities of modern science. It’s a blessing for the general people. Through the UDC, modern technologies have reached to the root level of our country due to initiative of present government. Different classes of people can get different types of benefits from the UDC. Students, women, educated unemployed person, farmers, teachers, journalists, employees -government or private, doctors, businessmen, residential/non-residential Bangladeshi people and many other classes of people can get benefits from UDC as per their requirements. Some recommendations are given below to increase the benefits of the people by improving UDCs.

1. Advance course on “Delivery of ICT Services to the Grassroots People” should be organized on regular basis prior to assigning responsibilities of running UDC to the entrepreneurs.

2. The responsibility relating to increasing the internet speed and to keep the power supply uninterrupted ultimately goes to the government. The matter necessitates lot of time and money. Projects having the nature of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) can be instrumental in this venture.

3. UDC should be operated as Center of Excellence so that it can emerge as the business hub and can play the role of growth center at the local level and lower tier of administration.

4. Since UDC is strategically located at the heart of the rural areas it has immense potential to serve as one stop service center for both government and non-government activities. The government, NGOs and the development partners should join their hands together to utilize this centre as the route to attain sustainable development goals (SDGs).


References:

a2i Program (January, 2014). Prime Minister’s Office, UISC:Connecting the Bottom Millions, P.1 Access to Information Program (February, 2014). Prime Minister’s Office, Digital Bangladesh E-

Sheba Sobar Jonno.

Bangladesh Awami League. (2008). The manifesto and programme of Bangladesh Awami League as modified up to 30 July 20014, viewed 30 June 2015, <http://www.albd.org/autoalbd/media/Ghosonapatro.pdf>. GOB. (2014). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Report of the Household Income and Expenditure, Survey 2010. Dhaka: Ministry of Planning. Bangladesh Secretariat Instruction. (2008). Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka. Chopra, V. K. (1997). The Mirage of Good Governance. Towards good governance, Konark: S.K. Coleman S. (2006). African e-governance-opportunities and challenges. University of Oxford; Oxford University Press. Garson, D.G. (1999). Information technology and computer applications in public administration: issues and trends. London: Idea Group Publishing. Haque, M. M. (2009). An Information System planning Framework for E-Governance in Bangladesh (Unpublished report). Haque, S.M.S. (2005), E-Governance in Bangladesh: A Scrutiny from Citizens’ perspective Paper presented in Network of ASIA-Pacific Schools and Institutes of Public Administration and Governance (NAPSIPAG) Annual Conference. GOB. (2009). National ICT Policy, Ministry of Science and Information & Communication Technology. Rowley, J. (2006). An analysis of the e-service literature: towards a research agenda. Journal of

Internet Research. 16(3), 340-360. UN. (2012). UN E-Government Survey 2012: E-Government for the People. Department of Economic & Social Affairs Division for Public Administration and Development Management, United Nations, New York. Bhuiyan, M. Shakhawat Hossain. (2010). Public sector E-Service development in Bangladesh: Status, Prospects and challenges, E-Government –Master Program, Swedish Business School, Orebro University, Sweden. Buckley, J. (2003). E-service quality and the public sector. Journal of Managing Service Quality, Volume 13, Issue 6, pp. 453-462. MCB UP Ltd publisher Burger., (2005), “e-Citizen Charter‟, Version 2.1. Goldkuhl, G. & Persson, A. (2006a). Characteristic of Public E-services: Investigating the Ediamond. Hoque, Safiul Shah Md. Dr. (May, 2016). Union Digital Center (UDC) and Reduction of Digital

Gap: An Analysis on Users’ Perception, Inclusive Governance in South Asia, organized by Public Administration and Governance Research Network and University of Chittagong, 8-9 May 2016, At BIAM, Dhaka. Model. Accepted to the First International Pragmatic Web Conference, September 21-23 2006, Stuttgart, Germany.


Grönlund, Å., Hatakka, M. and Ask, A. (2007). Inclusion in the E-Service Society –Investigating Administrative Literacy Requirements for Using E-Services. 6th InternationalConference (EGOV 2007, Regensburg, Germany). Gurau, C. (2003). Tailoring e-service quality through CRM. Journal of Managing Service

Quality. Volume 13, Issue 6, pp. 520-531. Li, E.Y., Zhao X. (2003). From p-services to e-services. International Journal of Service Industry

Management, Volume 14, Issue 5, pp. 480-482. Lu, J. & Zhang, G. (2003). Cost benefit factor analysis in e-services. International Journal of Service Industry Management, Volume 14, Issue 5, pp. 570-595. MCB UP Ltd Publisher McCarthy, V. (1999). HP Splits in Two to Focus on Enterprise, E-services, http:// www.hpworld.org/hpworldnews/hpw903/news/01.html. Moqaddem, A. M. (2012). How to overcome Challenge ahead, Teletech, pp.56-60 Rahman, M. Shamsur, A Leadership Role in Resource Mobilization at Local level in Bangladesh: A Study of Upazila and Union Parishad. Siddiqui, K. (2005). Local Government in Bangladesh, Revised 3rd edition, University Press Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The Financial Express, (June 12, 2017). Union Digital Centres to give online tax services

UN. (2006). The Digital Divide Report: ICT Diffusion Index 2005 New York, USA and Geneva, Switzerland: UN, 2006.Available at [Online] www.unctad.org/en/docs/iteipc20065_en.pdf (dt.11.05.2006) Zaman, Hasanuzzaman (2015). Service delivery process innovation: insights from Digital Bangladesh, Innovation and Development, 5:1, 165-168, DOI:10.1080/2157930X.2015.1009698

Websites Visited:

www.bangladeshictpolicy.bytesforall.net, accessed on 5.10.2017 www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/bakshi_udcs.pdf accessed on 24.10.2017 www.bbs.gov.bd, accessed on 12.9.2017 www.dcnarayanganj.gov.bd, accessed on 17.10.2017 www.digitalbangladesh.gov.bd, accessed on 10.10.2017 www.napsipag.org/pdf/EGovernance_Bangladesh.pdf, accessed on 26.07.2017 http://www.sict.gov.bd/digitallibrary.php, accessed on 20.09.2017 www.most.gov.bd,accessed on 15.07.2017 www.unonarayanganjsadar.gov.bd,accessed on 09.09.2017 www.unosonargaon.gov.bd,accessed on 10.09.2017 www.wikipedia.com on 11.08.2017

Documents

The Role of UDC Entrepreneurs in Ushering Development and