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The Role of the The Role of the President andPresident and
the Executive Branchthe Executive Branch
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OverviewOverview
Constitutional Powers in Foreign Policy Growth of Executive Dominance Influence of the President on Defense
policy
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Samples of BehaviorSamples of Behavior
Explain how the President’s constitutional and political powers influence the foreign policy process
Summarize the growth of executive dominance in foreign affairs
Describe the extent of influence the President exerts on defense policy and spending
ID selected Presidential administration’s defense policies
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Foreign Policy Powers• Chief Executive• Chief Negotiator and Diplomat• Authority to Appoint & Remove Officials
Constitutional Powers Constitutional Powers (President)(President)
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Foreign Policy PowersForeign Policy Powers
Chief Executive• First sentence in Article II: “The Executive Power
shall be vested in a President of the United States”• “He shall take care that the laws be faithfully
executed”
Commander-In-Chief Does the President have final authority to
commit troops abroad?
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Presidential Presidential Constitutional PowersConstitutional Powers
Chief Negotiator and Diplomat• Executive Agreements
• Formal Obligations between US and foreign governments
• Do Not require Senate approval• Example: Status of Forces Agreement
(SOFA) Authority to appoint and remove officials
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(Not subject to Congressional checks & balances)
Only “nationally” elected official Entire federal bureaucracy works for President Mantle of office Unparalleled access to media Presidential power in national security arena
Presidential Political Presidential Political PowersPowers
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Power to make and modify any laws Appropriate funds for implementing laws Authorized to provide for the nat’l defense Declare war To raise and support armies Regulate international commerce Make all laws which shall be necessary and
proper for carrying out its other responsibilities
“Elastic Clause”
Congress’ “Foreign Policy” Congress’ “Foreign Policy” Constitutional PowersConstitutional Powers
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Historical Precedents • Represent US abroad• Negotiate international agreements• Recognize other states• Initiate conduct of foreign policy
Growth of Executive Growth of Executive DominanceDominance
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Growth of Executive Growth of Executive DominanceDominance
Supreme Court Decisions• Generally supported Presidents in foreign policy• Curtiss-Wright case (1936)
Congressional Deference & Delegation• Delegates foreign policy prerogatives to President
Public Press
Radio/Television Interest
Group
Interested Individuals
Congress
Government Account Office Congressional Budget Office
Senate CommitteesArmed Services House Committees
Armed Services
Foreign RelationsInternational Relations
Budget Budget
Rules
Energy and National Resources
Science andTechnology
Appropriations Appropriations
Governmental Affairs
Governmental Operations
DefenseOSD, JCS, ArmyNavy, Air Force, DIA
National Security Agency
Commerce
Justice
FBI
State
CIA
TreasuryInterior
Executive Departments and Agencies
Arms Control Agency
DOE
Advisors
President
Close
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Executive Departments
WhiteHouse Office
DomesticCouncil
NSC
OMB
Councilof EconAdvisors
Executive Institutions andPolicy Influences
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Growth of Executive Growth of Executive DominanceDominance
Growth of Executive Institutions• Foreign policy machinery of President grew considerably
since WWII• National Security Act of 1947
• Created NSC, CIA, and DoD• Gave President an intelligence advisor (CIA) and
military advisor (JCS), and national security advisor (Sec of Def)
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Defense PolicyDefense Policy
TRUMAN (Containment) EISENHOWER (Massive Retaliation) KENNEDY (Flexible Response) JOHNSON (Mutual Assured Destruction) NIXON (Sufficient Deterrence) FORD CARTER (Minimum Deterrence) REAGAN (Peace Through Strength) BUSH (Peace Through Disarmament) CLINTON (Engagement) BUSH, G.W. (Pre-emptive Strike)
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SummarySummary
Constitutional Powers in Foreign Policy Growth of Executive Dominance Influence of the President on Defense
policy
