The Role of Solar Energy in The Role of Solar Energy in Global Winds and Ocean Global Winds and Ocean

CurrentsCurrents

Earth Surface TemperaturesEarth Surface Temperatures

How does the sun’s energy relate to How does the sun’s energy relate to the fuel we use?the fuel we use?

Using figure 6.7, explain what Using figure 6.7, explain what happens to solar energy that enters happens to solar energy that enters our atmosphere. Give percents to our atmosphere. Give percents to support your comments.support your comments.

How does the solar energy that How does the solar energy that enters our atmosphere affect us?enters our atmosphere affect us?

What is AlbedoWhat is Albedo

The ability to reflect solar energy is The ability to reflect solar energy is referred to as albedo.referred to as albedo.

Rough textured, irregular, and dark-colored Rough textured, irregular, and dark-colored materials have a low albedo, making them materials have a low albedo, making them good good absorbersabsorbers of solar radiation. Uniform of solar radiation. Uniform and light-colored materials such as snow, and light-colored materials such as snow, water at low sun angles, and sandy soils water at low sun angles, and sandy soils have a higher albedo and have a higher albedo and reflectreflect more more solar radiation, thus absorbing less energy. solar radiation, thus absorbing less energy.

Which surfaces will have the Which surfaces will have the highest albedo values?highest albedo values?

How does sun affect How does sun affect temperatures at different temperatures at different

latitudes?latitudes?

Effect of axial tilt Effect of axial tilt on incoming on incoming solar radiationsolar radiation

Sun angle determines the intensity  of energy.

What Determines Seasons?What Determines Seasons?

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The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

What are the two predominant gases What are the two predominant gases that make up 99% of our atmosphere?that make up 99% of our atmosphere?

What gases make up the remaining 1% What gases make up the remaining 1% of our atmosphere?of our atmosphere?

Identify two ecologically important Identify two ecologically important functions the atmosphere performs for functions the atmosphere performs for us.us.

Draw a diagram illustrating the layers of Draw a diagram illustrating the layers of the atmosphere the atmosphere

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

Layers of Earth’s Layers of Earth’s AtmosphereAtmosphere

Name the LayersName the Layers

Name the layer of the atmosphere that matches each

description: • commercial jets fly here• has the lowest temperatures in the

atmosphere• weather occurs here• extends to a height of about 10 km (6.2

miles)• contains a layer of ozone to absorb

ultraviolet radiation• aurora occurs here

Name the layer of the atmosphere that matches each

description: begins about 500 km (310 miles) above Earth meteors occur here satellites are found here and converges into interplanetary space extends for 10 to 45 km (28 miles) above

Earth’s surface in these two layers, the temperature rises

steadily with increasing altitude in these two layers, the temperature

decrease steadily with increasing altitude

Atmospheric CirculationAtmospheric Circulation

What drives the circulation of the What drives the circulation of the atmosphere? Explain how it occurs.atmosphere? Explain how it occurs.

What are winds?What are winds? What three factors affect air What three factors affect air

pressure?pressure? Winds tend to blow from ____ air Winds tend to blow from ____ air

pressure to _____ air pressure. What pressure to _____ air pressure. What causes stronger winds?causes stronger winds?

Wind currentsWind currents

Coriolis effectCoriolis effect

Global wind currentsGlobal wind currentsThe global pattern of wind currents can be shown by the three cell model of air circulation. This shows:

convection cells (formed due to differences in high and low pressure)

deflected winds (due to the Coriolis effect)

This forms three main wind patterns in each hemisphere.

polar easterlieswesterlies

trade winds

westerlies

polar easterlies

Climate zonesClimate zonesWind circulation patterns, along with other factors, contribute to the location of different climate zones.

Convection cells at the equator, called Hadley cells, create areas of high and low pressure associated with the trade winds. Low pressure at the equator results in high rainfall – forming Africa’s equatorial rainforests.

High pressure areas occur around 30° north and 30° south latitudes. These areas see very low annual rainfall – forming the arid land of the Sahara and Kalahari deserts. equator

What is the Coriolis effect and What is the Coriolis effect and how does it affect winds?how does it affect winds?

True or false?True or false?

Which way are winds deflected in Which way are winds deflected in the Northern Hemisphere? Southern the Northern Hemisphere? Southern Hemisphere?Hemisphere?

Figure 6.11 illustrates atmospheric Figure 6.11 illustrates atmospheric circulation and heat exchange. The circulation and heat exchange. The arrows on the side of the globe in arrows on the side of the globe in the drawing are called the drawing are called Hadley Cells. Hadley Cells. There are 6 Hadley Cells. There are 6 Hadley Cells. These These arrows illustrate the atmospheric arrows illustrate the atmospheric circulation you read about on page circulation you read about on page 115. The red shading represents 115. The red shading represents warm air and the blue shading warm air and the blue shading represents cool air. represents cool air.

Draw the illustration in figure Draw the illustration in figure 6.11. Label:6.11. Label:

Winds in both hemispheresWinds in both hemispheres Polar EasterliesPolar Easterlies Prevailing WesterliesPrevailing Westerlies Trade windsTrade winds DoldrumsDoldrums

The Hadley ,Ferrel, and Polar cellsThe Hadley ,Ferrel, and Polar cells indicating the direction of atmospheric indicating the direction of atmospheric circulation. Indicate the warm air and circulation. Indicate the warm air and cool air on your illustration with colors.cool air on your illustration with colors.

Global OceansGlobal Oceans What is the global ocean and how much of What is the global ocean and how much of

Earth’s surface does it cover?Earth’s surface does it cover? What are the names of the 4 sections of the What are the names of the 4 sections of the

global ocean? Which is the largest?global ocean? Which is the largest? What is the relationship between prevailing What is the relationship between prevailing

winds and surface ocean water?winds and surface ocean water? What are gyres?What are gyres? Which way do ocean currents move in the Which way do ocean currents move in the

Northern Hemisphere? Southern Northern Hemisphere? Southern Hemisphere?Hemisphere?

What does What does circumpolar circumpolar mean? Which mean? Which hemisphere is the flow of water less hemisphere is the flow of water less affected by land masses affected by land masses

Surface Ocean CurrentsSurface Ocean Currents

Ocean Conveyor BeltOcean Conveyor Belt

Sea Surface TemperaturesSea Surface Temperatures

Global OceansGlobal Oceans

What is the What is the ocean conveyor beltocean conveyor belt? ? Describe the currents.Describe the currents.

How does the Gulf Stream and How does the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift affect the North Atlantic Drift affect the climate of Europe?climate of Europe?

What happened when the ocean What happened when the ocean conveyor belt changed about conveyor belt changed about 11,000 to 12,000 years ago?11,000 to 12,000 years ago?

For this question you will need to use the old For this question you will need to use the old book with the polar bear on the front cover. book with the polar bear on the front cover. On page you will see a map of ocean On page you will see a map of ocean currents very similar to the one in your currents very similar to the one in your textbook but the warm and cold water textbook but the warm and cold water

currents are labeled better. On the map currents are labeled better. On the map provided, label the following currents:provided, label the following currents:

North Atlantic DriftNorth Atlantic Drift Gulf StreamGulf Stream North Atlantic Equatorial Current (Canaries North Atlantic Equatorial Current (Canaries

Current)Current) Alaska CurrentAlaska Current California CurrentCalifornia Current Peruvian Current (shown as the Humboldt Peruvian Current (shown as the Humboldt

Current in your textbook)Current in your textbook) Labrador CurrentLabrador Current