Upload
xaxif8265
View
26
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Study sought to identify the degree of using online promotion in marketing tourism inJordan. A sample of (160) managers of Jordanian tourism and travel companies has beentargeted; there was a clear interest in personal selling, advertising, publicity and publicrelations while there was too little interest in sales promotion and direct marketing; thesetwo elements did not have any impact on Jordan's tourism.
Citation preview
International Bulletin of Business Administration
ISSN: 1451-243X Issue 10 (2011)
© EuroJournals, Inc. 2011
http://www.eurojournals.com
7
The Role of Online Promotion in Marketing Tourism in Jordan
Mahmoud Ali Al-Rousan
Marketing Department, Jadara university, Jordan
E-mail: [email protected]
Fathi Abdallah Al-share
Marketing Department, Jadara university, Jordan
E-mail: [email protected]
Marwan Alsalaimeh
Marketing Department, Jadara university, Jordan
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Study sought to identify the degree of using online promotion in marketing tourism in
Jordan. A sample of (160) managers of Jordanian tourism and travel companies has been
targeted; there was a clear interest in personal selling, advertising, publicity and public
relations while there was too little interest in sales promotion and direct marketing; these
two elements did not have any impact on Jordan's tourism.
Keywords: Online promotion, Jordanian Tourism.
1. Introduction The success of business organizations today primarily depend on their promotional activities and the
use of technology in these activities has become an urgent need therefore we find that the Internet has
contributed significantly in maintaining the relation between the business organizations and the
environment in which they work; Jordanian tourism and travel companies were not far from the use of
this technology in the promotion of Jordan 's tourism.
2. Theoretical Background 2.1. Promotion
Authors and researchers tried to identify the concept of promotion; (Kotler, 2005:535) considered it
one of the forms of direct and indirect contact to provide information to customers about the benefits of
the product to spark their interest and convince them with the ability of the product to meet their
desires and needs in order to make the buying decision and establish a relationship with them.
(Kernan, 2003:130) considered promotion as the effort done by the seller to convince the
expected buyer to accept certain information about a product or service.
From the above, we can say that promotion in its content is an effort to convince and attract
behavioral responses which are based on persuasion through a series of planned events and activities.
8
2.2. Internet
The Internet is a universal means for information and communication exchange through a series of
computers linked with each other. The Internet has become the most commonly used tools and
techniques and its techniques have served humans by bridging barriers and shortening distances and it
did not leave any filed without being covered; it became amarket, university, commerce, library ,places
of entertainment and discussion forums.
The number of Internet users is greatly growing that it reaches a billion and a half in 2008.
(www.alqabas.com.retreievedonmarch28th, 2008
2.3. Promotion and Internet
Internet services in the area of online communication and marketing had special attention to the form
and content of means of promotional communication via the Internet and how they are used to get
access to the network users because of the wide range of targeted audiences and their distribution to
multiple traditional advertising means, an increase in the competitive products that are racing to
respond to the various desires and requirements of consumers, an increase of promotion budgets in the
various means and the increasing number of workers in the field of promotion. (Johnson, 2007:128)
3. Element Promotion Mix 3.1. Advertising
Advertising is considered a major source of information affecting the richness of purchasing the tourist
service or changing the points of view toward the place of destination according to the Internet because
of its ability to get access to millions of customers at one time and with a low cost and high speed.
(Blech, 2001:505)
The advertising campaign over the Internet with its tourist information, pictures and
publications (www.al-jazirah.com) and the high prevalence of websites, which are able to create a
mental image of the contestants with their different cultures had served business organizations with all
its activities. (Ernstant, 200:13)
3.2. Public Relation and Publicity
They are considered a process of communication with the people of the organization that aims to
construct a picture of many organizations by allocating a part of their websites for the purposes of
public relations, including the addition of information on the website about the company and its
activities and annual reports. (Blech, 2001:510)
Public relations have a role encouraging the promotion efforts, where firms are striving to
highlight the company's image and products through the Internet. (clow and Donald, 2004:413)
However, advertising is unpaid and it has unknown source ; it affects the transmitted word of
the public , community and public opinion in general. It is an important tool for changing attitudes ; the
evolution in the means of communication has enabled organizations to disclose their products to large
segments of consumers.( Delgnton 1995:151)
3.3. Personal Selling
The development in the world of communication has made a great leap in personal selling techniques
from the traditional to the online that the business organizations started to sell their products through
online means of communication without trouble, costs and navigation through the Internet by people
trained in concluding and implementing transactions. (Catron, 2002:517)
9
3.4. Direct Marketing
Marketing works on building personal relationships between marketers and targeted groups. (jobber,
2003:185)
Direct marketing depends on the growth of communication among various parties and it
responds to the individual privacy or the so-called mass customization; direct marketing is represented
with wide methods , such as e-mail and it also helps in building a strong database with customers.
(kotler, 2003,521)
3.5. Sales Promotion
They are various things that contain diverse set of motivating tools which are designed with a rapid and
short-term effect for the purpose of accelerating the achievement of the purchase process for the
products. (kotler 1997:551)
Many companies had worked on attracting consumers by offering some incentives and rewards
for consumers, especially those of the most visits to the promoting website , in addition to offering
several e-coupons. Rossiter and percy, (2005:571)
The digital revolution led to the evolution of communication which affects the way of receiving
and sending information and promotion; the internet is considered a new promotional channel with
unique characteristics from the rest of communication channels that it is characterized with speed and
low cost and then the transition to the marketplace into the market space and the online catalog. Large
tourism and travel companies in the world have benefited from this technology.
4. Previous Research A study by (Tierny, 2000) that aimed to assess the effectiveness of the use of the website on the
Internet in the tourist promotion through the use of website to get information from the visitors
entering the website of California state and it reveals that the website has a role in making the travel
decision.
A study by smith, 2005 which aimed to review the specifications of advertising in its traditional
form and how it started to fade in front of the capacity, dynamism and attractiveness of viral
marketing, which is considered by many people a passing fad, but it was employed by many marketers
to promote their products and strengthen the trade ties with their companies.
A study by (low, R and HSU, C, 2005) which aimed to identify the perceived importance of the
characteristics and dimensions of websites from the perspective of tourists; the study was conducted on
a random sample of tourists coming to Hong Kong International Airport and it found that the
information of hotel reservation and rooms' wages in the hotels are considered the most important
dimension of the study sample.
A study by Michiqan HL, Leckenby, JD, 2004 which aimed to describe the challenges faced by
the traditional advertising and the need to resort to online advertising to complete their role especially
with the proliferation of new advertising formats on the Web with the impact and effectiveness that can
be measured .
A study by (Heung, V. , 2003) which aimed at determining the level of the use of the Internet as
a source of information and a means to buy products by the tourists in a number of countries.
5. Study Objectives and Importance The tourism sector in Jordan is considered one of the promising sectors which receives the interest of
the country because of the limited economic resources and because Jordanian tourism and travel
companies are considered one of the main axis in promoting tourism. This research effort comes to
10
identify the reality of the online, promotional activities of these companies and their impact on the
marketing of Jordanian tourism.
6. Problem Statement Jordan has a large amount of tourist attraction sites with a large number of tourist offices Nevertheless;
we find that the number of tourists coming to Jordan is not commensurate with the significance of
these sites or the number of institutions dealing with tourism, compared with the neighboring countries
or in relation to the financial returns. Although the Internet is considered a means of promotion and its
wide use in the world but the volume and effectives of this use is still modest.
7. Hypotheses 7.1 There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of the online
promotion on the marketing of tourism in Jordan
7.1.1 There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of the personal
selling on the marketing of tourism in Jordan.
7.1.2 There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of advertising on
the marketing of tourism in Jordan
7.1.3 There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of publicity on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan
7.1.4 There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of public relations
on the marketing of tourism in Jordan
7.1.5 There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of sales' promotion
on the marketing of tourism in Jordan
7.1.6 There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of direct
promotion on the marketing of tourism in Jordan.
8. Research Scope The research community consists of 290 companies that attract tourists from abroad.
8.1. Sample
200 questionnaires were distributed by one for each company and 185 questionnaires were retrieved.
The ultimate number of questionnaires ready for the analysis was 180.
8.2. Data Collection
The researchers adopted two types of data , secondary data which has been obtained from books and
studies related to the subject matter and the primary data which has been obtained from the designing
of a questionnaire for this purpose.
The questionnaire consisted of 30 questions distributed evenly over the six study variables (the
elements of the online promotional mix).
9. Results and Discussion This section contains the results of the research that aims to identify the impact of e-promotion on
marketing Jordan's tourism.
11
9.1. Online Personal Selling and the Jordanian Tourism
It is clear from Table (1) that the value of T of the field of the effect of online personal selling on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan had reached (66.860), a value that is statistically significant at the
significance level (σ = 0.05) and the arithmetic mean of the field was (4.22) with a high assessment
degree. Based on the above, the first research sub-hypothesis could be accepted, which states the
following.
• There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of the personal
selling on the marketing of tourism in Jordan.
Table 1:
The results of applying one sample T-test on the field of the effect of personal selling on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan.
Field Arithmetic
mean
Standard
deviation T
Freedom
degrees
Statistical
significance
The effect of personal selling on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan 4.22 0.24 66.860 179 0.00
9.2. Online Advertising and the Jordanian Tourism
It is clear from Table (2) that the value of T of the field of the effect of online advertising on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan had reached (65.544 ), a value that is statistically significant at the
significance level (σ = 0.05) and the arithmetic mean of the field was (4.20) with a high assessment
degree. Based on the above, the second research sub-hypothesis could be accepted, which states the
following.
• There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of the online
advertising on the marketing of tourism in Jordan.
Table 2:
The results of applying one sample T-test on the field of the effect of advertising on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan.
Field Arithmetic
mean
Standard
deviation T
Freedom
degrees
Statistical
significance
The effect of advertising on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan 4.20 0.25 65.544 179 0.00
9.3. Online Publicity and Tourism of Jordan
It is clear from Table (3) that the value of T of the field of the effect of online advertising on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan had reached (42.872 ), a value that is statistically significant at the
significance level (σ = 0.05) and the arithmetic mean of the field was (4.18) with a high assessment
degree. Based on the above, the third research sub-hypothesis could be accepted, which states the
following.
• There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of the online
advertising on the marketing of tourism in Jordan.
Table 3:
The results of applying one sample T-test on the field of the effect of Publicity on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan.
12
Field Arithmetic
mean Standard
deviation T
Freedom
degrees Statistical
significance The effect of Publicity on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan 4.18 0.37 42.872 179 0.00
9.4. Online Sales' Promotion and Jordanian Tourism
It is clear from Table (4) that the value of T of the field of the effect of online sales' promotion on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan had reached (-44.535), a minus value that is statistically significant at
the significance level (σ = 0.05) and the arithmetic mean of the field was (1.95) with a low assessment
degree. Based on the above, the fifth research sub-hypothesis is rejected, which states the following.
• There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of the online sales'
promotion on the marketing of tou in Jordan.
Table 4:
The results of applying one sample T-test on the field of the effect of sales' promotion on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan
Field Arithmetic
mean Standard
deviation T
Freedom
degrees Statistical
significance The effect of sales' promotion on
the marketing of tourism in Jordan 1.95 0.31 44.535 179 0.00
9.5. Online Public Relations and Jordanian Tourism
It is clear from Table (5) that the value of T of the field of the effect of public relations on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan had reached (64.365 ), a value that is statistically significant at the
significance level (σ = 0.05) and the arithmetic mean of the field was (4.41) with a high assessment
degree. Based on the above, the fourth research sub-hypothesis could be accepted, which states the
following.
• There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of the online public
relations on the marketing of tourism in Jordan.
Table 5:
The results of applying one sample T-test on the field of the effect of public relations on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan.
Field Arithmetic
mean Standard
deviation T
Freedom
degrees Statistical
significance The effect of public relations on
the marketing of tourism in Jordan 4.41 0.29 64.365 179 0.00
9.6. Online and Direct Marketing and the Jordanian Tourism
It is clear from Table (6) that the value of T of the field of the effect of direct marketing on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan had reached (-46.92 ), a minus value that is statistically significant at
the significance level (σ = 0.05) and the arithmetic mean of the field was (1.85) with a low assessment
degree. Based on the above, the sixth research sub-hypothesis is rejected, which states the following.
• There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of the online direct
marketing on the marketing of tourism in Jordan.
13
Table 6:
The results of applying one sample T-test on the field of the effect of direct marketing on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan.
Field Arithmetic
mean Standard
deviation T
Freedom
degrees Statistical
significance The effect of direct marketing on
the marketing of tourism in Jordan 1.85 0.33 46.92 - 179 0.00
9.7. Online Promotion and the Jordanian Tourism
It is clear from Table (7) that the value of T of the whole tool the effect of online promotion on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan had reached (52.040 ), a value that is statistically significant at the
significance level (σ = 0.05) and the arithmetic mean of the field was (3.47) with a high assessment
degree. Based on the above, the main research hypothesis is asserted , which states the following.
• There is a statistically significant effect at the significance level (σ = 0.05) of the online
promotion on the marketing of tourism in Jordan.
Table 7:
The results of applying one sample T-test on the field of the effect of promotion on the
marketing of tourism in Jordan.
Field Arithmetic
mean Standard
deviation T
Freedom
degrees Statistical
significance The effect of online promotion on
the marketing of tourism in Jordan 3.47 0.12 52.040 179 0.00
Conclusions and Recommendations It became clear that there is an interest by the Jordanian tourism and travel companies with four out of
six elements of online promotional mix (personal selling, announcement ,advertising and public
relations), while it was missed in the fields of (sales' promotion and direct marketing). There was an
effect of the four elements in the marketing of Jordanian tourism but it was missed in the relation
between sales' promotion and direct marketing with the marketing of Jordan's tourism. Therefore, the
first four research sub-hypotheses have been accepted, while the fifth and sixth hypotheses have been
rejected, but there was a statistically significant effect of the online promotion mix on the marketing of
Jordan's tourism. Based on the above, we can make the following recommendations:
1. The necessity of focusing on designing the website of the tourism and travel companies based
on attractiveness, information, colors, images and shapes.
2. Working on providing coupons and contests to encourage tourists to visit the websites of
Jordanian tourist companies.
3. Cooperation and coordination between the various Jordanian tourism companies with the
relevant authorities of tourism.
4. Working on providing encouraging incentives.
14
Reference [1] Belch, G and Belch. M. (2001) Advertizing and promotion 5
th Edition ,Mcg raw-hill .
NEWYORK.
[2] Catora, Philip ,Graham Johan (2002). International marketing ,11thed
copy right by the me G
raw – Hill companines American ,new York .
[3] Deighton.J.(1996) The Future of interactive marketing ,Harvard Business Review ,November
,151-62 .
[4] Eria stout ,”advertising to aglobal Internet Audience sales amarlceting management ,2000,p.13.
[5] Ferrell ,O ,C. and Michael D .H (2005)marketing strategy .mason ,Thomson corporation .
[6] Glow, kennethE ,Baack Donald (2004).Idvertising prowretion marketing communications
,2nded , copyright by pearson education ,Inc ,upper –saddle rever New Jersey .
[7] Jobber ,D . (2003) Selling and sales management .prentice Hal ,london .
[8] Johnson , p.(2007 ,May 29) selling through storytelling New media promation or propaganda
accessing challenges and opportunities ,(online) available .
[9] Kotle ,p .(1997) marketing management ,9th
ed ,prentic Hall international ,Inc ,New Jersey .
[10] Kotler ,p .(2003) marketing management ,pearon Eduction Inc New Jersey .
[11] Kotler ,p (2005) ,marketing management analysis ,planning and control ,3ed , prentice hall Inc
,us.A.
[12] Michigan ,H.1, Leckenby ,J.D.(2004,OCT) Internet Advertising formats and Effectiveness.
Retrieved Jun 17 ,2008 from : www.ciadveetising .org /studies /reports /measnrement /ad-
format-print.pdf.
[13] Rossiter ,J .and percy (2005) Advertising and promotion management new yowrk ,me G row –
Hill .
[14] Smith ,J .L .(2005 .Jun 7) viral marketing : the world of mouthEpidemic jnfecting the
Advertising landscape .Apaper Rettieved June17 ,2008 from : http://www.ciadverising.org
/sa/fall-05/adv39/Jodilisa /paper1 /docs/rm- 101205.pdf.