Stuttgart 2018

The Role of LPG, CNG and

LNG in the future fuel mix

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Actual and Future Fuel Mix

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LPG / CNG / LNG• LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)• Consists mainly of butane and propane• Stored and handled in liquid phase• Working pressure approx. 5 to 15 bar• Turns into gas phase when not pressurized• Factor 260 (liquid to vapour) • Density higher compared to air

• LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)• Stored and handled in liquid phase• Cooled down to -161 to -164 °C• Factor 600 (liquid to vapour)• Approx. 10 to 25% of energy content

necessary to liquefy the gas• Working pressure approx. 6 to 10 bar

• Natural Gas

• Consists mainly of methane• Density lower compared to air

• CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)• Stored and handled in vapour

phase• Working pressure approx. 200 to

250 bar

In this presentation we will focus on the handling of

LPG, CNG and LNG from Terminal to Nozzle

Name: Liquified Petroleum Gas

Source: Refining Process

Established: 1960s

Global Retail Sites: ~ 76.092*

Global Vehicles: ~ 26.805.948*

Max. working Pressure: 25 bar

Working Temperature: Ambient

Refilling Process: Direct fill with working pressure

Operators: Motorists, trained industry personnel

*2016 data from WLPG

LPG Background

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LPG Usage and Trends

- In many markets tax advantages available

- Automotive industry offers LPG vehicles

- Wide range of retrofitting kits available

- Only known technology for modern direct injection engines

- 21-23% lower CO2 emissions*

- Up to 99% less particilate matter*

- Up to 51% less NOx*

- Good and growing infrastructure in many markets

* Compared to Gasoline and Diesel. Source: DVFG/Institut Automotive Powertrain der Hochschule für

Technik und Wirtschaft des Saarlandes, November 2016

LPG Advantages

- Release of LPG esp. when Dry Disconnect Couplings are not

used

- High quality products needed to handle the full spectrum of LPG

qualities

LPG- HSE

LPG Equipment Overview

Name: Compressed Natural Gas

Source: Pipeline Gas, Bio-Gas, Coal Seam Methane

Established: 1940s

Global Fill Points: 30.441*

Global Vehicles: 25.146.553*

Max. working Pressure: 3600 psi (300bar) or 3000psi (275bar)

Working Temperature: -40°C to +85°C

Refilling Process: Pressure equalisation with storage and compressor top-up

Operators: Motorists, trained industry personnel

*IANGV 2018 statistics

CNG Background

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CNG Usage and Trends

- Significantly lower CO2, particulate and NOX emissions

- Widespread biogas opportunities

- Tax advantages

- Car manufacturer support CNG as strategic alternative fuel,

retrofitting industry well established

- Conversion costs trending down

- Carbon fibre tanks save space and cost

- Virtual Pipeline Trailer systems closing pipeline gaps

- CNG dispenser equipment mimicking liquid fuel systems

- Good and growing infrastructure in many markets

CNG Advantages

- High pressure requires professional equipment, installation an

maintenance

- Capital intensive filling stations (compressor, tanks)

- Space intensive for storage onsite or in vehicles

- High quality equipment improve motorists filling experience

CNG HSE

CNG Equipment Overview

CNG Equipment Overview

Name: Liquified Natural Gas, cooled

Source: Pipeline Gas, Bio-gas,

Coal Seam Methane

2017: 293 Million tons (+29)

Established: 1959 first commercial transportation

Global fill points for trucks: USA approx <100, EU 100+, China 3000+

Max. working Pressure: 25 bar

Storage Temperature: -163°C to decrease volume factor ~600

Refilling Process: Pump or Pressure Buildup Unit (PBU)

Operators: Trained industry personnel ONLY

LNG Background

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Availability: China

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LNG Usage and Trends

- Significantly lower CO2, sulphur and NOX emissions

- Increased operating range compared with CNG

- Possible to be mixed or replaced by Liquified Bio Gas (LBG) for

further reduction of CO2 emissions

- Eliminating pipe lines from gas source - independency

- Suitable as marine fuel (sulphur content max 0,1% in SECA)

- Conversion of Diesel locomotives and ships

- Suitable for trucks, buses and heavy vehicle

- Noise reduction compared to Diesel

LNG Advantages

- Cryogenic temperature has to be regulated

- LNG properties (temperature-pressure) require

- usage/consumption management- investments for equipment, esp. for insulation

Off-gas from tanks or consumption necessary

- Energy consumption during liquefaction

- Refuelling by professional operators ONLY

LNG HSE

LNG Equipment Overview

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DCCouplings 1” to 8”Dry Cryogenic Couplings

CBCouplingsCryogenic Breakaway Couplings

Break Pin Version

Cable release

Powered Emergency Release Coupling

LNG Equipment Applications

- Text

New LNG Truck Fuelling Nozzle

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• No unintentionally opening of valves

• Tightness check of valves before separation (stop before disconnect)

• Minimal spill after disconnection

• Higher flow rate

• Open standard with opportunities for different nozzle design

• Reduced size and weight

• Can be operated by non-professional filling personal

LPG CNG LNG

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Usage and Trends Summary

Various Studies proove ultra low emission level

compared to Gasoline and Diesel fuels

Availabile sources

Existing infrastructure with known an proven technology

Long term experience

Interested industry

Please see us in hall 5, booth 5B06 for equipment demonstration

Advantages of LPG, CNG and LNG

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