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64 MARINELLA SENATORE 65 BUILDING COMMUNITIES The Role of Extras: The Social Theater of Marinella Senatore Living ornaments is what Siegfried Kracauer called them in the Thirties. Those masses of human material, orga- nized into geometric compositions, that moved across the German screen between the two wars. From Weimar cin- ema to Nazi propaganda, from Fritz Lang’s Nibelungen to Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph des Willens, we find legions of extras passing from cinematic fiction into the social drama of the vast goose-stepping parades, oceanic rallies, and spec- tacular ceremonial devices of the Third Reich. The reification of mass into ornament is not only a sign of a group’s willingness to let itself be passively molded by a leader, but an image of social stability and cohesion in which hundreds of thousands of particles are condensed into a sin- gle body, under a single absolute power. The triumph of the ornamental over the human is what allows the masses to “appear” but not to take any action (on stage or in life). It allows them to live out an illusory experience of participation (as viewers, as listeners, as an audience) but without really participating, without a decision-making part in the produc- tion system. What Benjamin calls “the aestheticization of Marco Scotini politics” is this relationship that integrates cinema into capi- talism’s value-making processes. The masses can be given a form of expression (through their exhibition before the lens) but in a way that does not undermine the traditional social fabric: not the distribution of authority, property, or rights. To counter the challenges to the socialization of perception and production that are posed by cinema and other means of reproduction, Fascism relies on an unnatural utilization of these same means. The analysis that Benjamin made in the Thirties can only be seen as a radical prophecy of the forms taken by the current regime of mediatization. In fact, in the era of complete capitalism dominated by media devices, the status of the “extra” has not been lost, but rather amplified. It’s just that we don’t recognize it. Extras are no longer to be found as a concentrated mass (organized for a film or an audiovisual form of liturgy) but as the scattered multitudes of our time (floating through the innumerable electronic in- terfaces of the web). Actually, with mediatization, the role of the extra has expanded to the point of becoming structural, taking on attributes more that are more social than spec- tacular: with a privileged place in the event-based economy, in the new markets and new forms of cultural consumption. The person who occasionally appears on stage, isolated or in a group, without speaking up and without being a profes- sional actor, is the perfect subject in this society of extras, as Nicolas Bourriaud has called it. They are temporary work- ers, recruited for each occasion and always at the disposal of service providers, willing to grasp whatever opportuni- ties present themselves and lend their performance, pass- ing from set to set. This precarious workforce is there on stage but with no chance to act, merely exhibiting its physi- cal presence, letting itself be seen. It is as if no other kind of action were possible anymore, no other role could be played. And yet, if one were to upset the sensible configuration of parts and segments, what part could these extras begin to play? How could they truly take part? And could this part ever be adversarial? Is this why the artistic practice of Marinella Senatore, since 2006, has assembled innumerable casts and crews of indi- viduals or groups (local residents, university students and associations of retired workers, amateur dancers and brass bands of workers and miners, amateur choirs from various communities) to work in a temporal framework of celebra- tion? Or rather, of public festival? The festival inherently puts time at the center of its manifestation. It introduces a different dimension of time: a joyful time based on a chaot- ic multiplicity, with the suspension of labor, breaking with ordinary life to embrace the unforeseen and undetermined. The School of Narrative Dance, Roma, 2014 Production photograph Courtesy the artist Photo: Cecilia Fiorenza, Museo MAXXI, Rome Coll. Museo MAXXI, Rome

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Page 1: The Role of Extras: The Social Theater of Marinella Senatore...The School of Narrative Dance: Piccolo Caos / Little Chaos #1, 2013 Fine Art Prints on Hahnemühle paper, 160 x 300 cm

64 MARINELLA SENATORE 65 BUILDING COMMUNITIES

The Role of Extras:The Social Theater of Marinella Senatore

Living ornaments is what Siegfried Kracauer called them in the Thirties. Those masses of human material, orga-nized into geometric compositions, that moved across the German screen between the two wars. From Weimar cin-ema to Nazi propaganda, from Fritz Lang’s Nibelungen to Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph des Willens, we find legions of extras passing from cinematic fiction into the social drama of the vast goose-stepping parades, oceanic rallies, and spec-tacular ceremonial devices of the Third Reich.

The reification of mass into ornament is not only a sign of a group’s willingness to let itself be passively molded by a leader, but an image of social stability and cohesion in which hundreds of thousands of particles are condensed into a sin-gle body, under a single absolute power. The triumph of the ornamental over the human is what allows the masses to “appear” but not to take any action (on stage or in life). It allows them to live out an illusory experience of participation (as viewers, as listeners, as an audience) but without really participating, without a decision-making part in the produc-tion system. What Benjamin calls “the aestheticization of

Marco Scotini

politics” is this relationship that integrates cinema into capi-talism’s value-making processes. The masses can be given a form of expression (through their exhibition before the lens) but in a way that does not undermine the traditional social fabric: not the distribution of authority, property, or rights. To counter the challenges to the socialization of perception and production that are posed by cinema and other means of reproduction, Fascism relies on an unnatural utilization of these same means. The analysis that Benjamin made in the Thirties can only be seen as a radical prophecy of the forms taken by the current regime of mediatization. In fact, in the era of complete capitalism dominated by media devices, the status of the “extra” has not been lost, but rather amplified. It’s just that we don’t recognize it. Extras are no longer to be found as a concentrated mass (organized for a film or an audiovisual form of liturgy) but as the scattered multitudes of our time (floating through the innumerable electronic in-terfaces of the web). Actually, with mediatization, the role of the extra has expanded to the point of becoming structural, taking on attributes more that are more social than spec-tacular: with a privileged place in the event-based economy, in the new markets and new forms of cultural consumption. The person who occasionally appears on stage, isolated or in a group, without speaking up and without being a profes-sional actor, is the perfect subject in this society of extras, as Nicolas Bourriaud has called it. They are temporary work-ers, recruited for each occasion and always at the disposal of service providers, willing to grasp whatever opportuni-ties present themselves and lend their performance, pass-ing from set to set. This precarious workforce is there on stage but with no chance to act, merely exhibiting its physi-cal presence, letting itself be seen. It is as if no other kind of action were possible anymore, no other role could be played. And yet, if one were to upset the sensible configuration of parts and segments, what part could these extras begin to play? How could they truly take part? And could this part ever be adversarial?Is this why the artistic practice of Marinella Senatore, since 2006, has assembled innumerable casts and crews of indi-viduals or groups (local residents, university students and associations of retired workers, amateur dancers and brass bands of workers and miners, amateur choirs from various communities) to work in a temporal framework of celebra-tion? Or rather, of public festival? The festival inherently puts time at the center of its manifestation. It introduces a different dimension of time: a joyful time based on a chaot-ic multiplicity, with the suspension of labor, breaking with ordinary life to embrace the unforeseen and undetermined.

The School of Narrative Dance, Roma, 2014Production photographCourtesy the artistPhoto: Cecilia Fiorenza, Museo MAXXI, RomeColl. Museo MAXXI, Rome

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67 COSTRUIRE COMUNITÀ66 MARINELLA SENATORE

The carnival (and many of Senatore’s parades are carni-valesque) overthrows the normal rules of society, offering comedy in place of what is drab and serious, materiality in-stead of the abstract and sublime. There is a sort of decon-secration of the contemplative distance that art assumes, and of the space that houses it, the museum, as a sepa-rate dimension that refuses to let one use and experience things. Specifically, the work that Senatore presents is grounded in a desire to desanctify the devices of specta-cle, restoring to general use what has been removed, what has been separated from it. Each of the individuals involved in each film project brings his or her personal approach, mute tactics, anonymous activity, not interpretable, not symbolized. But above all, a personal way of using what is imposed by and drawn from mainstream production. In this sense, talking about participation in reference to Senatore’s work is limiting. While Rosas (2012), a three-act opera for

the screen, involves a number of participants that only a blockbuster could employ, these subjects do not play a secondary role (as would normally be the case) but rather, enter actively into the process of creation and production: as screenwriters, costumers, actors, singers, sound tech-nicians, camera operators, set designers, choreographers, managers, fundraisers. Essentially, with a choral, plural de-cision-making agency. But restoring things to free or po-tential use or reclaiming what has been taken away from us also means, above all, showing the purely contingent nature of how functions are assigned by the system of spectacle, its categories of visibility and invisibility, the distribution of

bodies and parts. Because in fact, in both spectacle and society, we already know our roles: the viewers know they are viewers and the actors know they are actors. Who is to perform and who is to watch the performance is decided beforehand. The method that Marinella Senatore has de-veloped to upend the hierarchy of roles and restrictions is a specific teaching method that we find in her ongoing project The School of Narrative Dance, a sort of appropriate count-er-device. Founded in 2013 in collaboration with two Berlin-based choreographers, The School of Narrative Dance is an empirical application of the principle of ignorance as knowl-edge. Rather than establishing a relationship between what the teacher knows and the student does not, it is a horizon-tal exchange based on an equality that is assumed to exist and must only be verified: an ongoing translation, therefore, of ideas, languages, signs and forms. Rather than art, it would be better to speak here of “creative functions”, span-ning different modes of action in society and different social groups, capable of inventing new practices of self-teaching and self-affirmation. It is about sharing not only the results of one’s art (the finished product) but also the means of pro-duction, the techniques, methods and tricks. With the goal of letting each individual break free of the person communi-cating “knowledge”, becoming independent and capable of effectively using theater, cinema, or spectacle on their own. For this reason, as explicitly stated by the title of one of Marinella Senatore’s most recent projects, this fellowship among equals is – in the end – what makes human society possible: building community, in a word.

The School of Narrative Dance, Ecuador, 2014Production still Courtesy the artist

The School of Narrative Dance, Ecuador, 2014Production still Courtesy the artist

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68 MARINELLA SENATORE 69 BUILDING COMMUNITIES

The School of Narrative Dance, Ecuador, 2014Production stillCourtesy the artist

La parte delle comparse:il teatro sociale di Marinella Senatore

Ornamenti viventi le chiamava Siegfried Kracauer negli anni Trenta. Si tratta di quelle masse di materiale umano che, organizzate in composizioni geometriche, attraversano da un bordo all’altro lo schermo tedesco tra le due guerre. Dal cinema weimariano alla propaganda nazionalsocialista, dai Nibelunghi di Fritz Lang a Triumph des Willens di Leni Riefenstahl, si compie una traiettoria che vede legioni di comparse passare dalla fiction cinematografica alla dram-maturgia sociale delle grandi parate a passo d’oca, delle adunate oceaniche, degli apparati cerimoniali spettacolari del Terzo Reich. La reificazione della massa in ornamento non è solo il se-gno della disponibilità dei gruppi a lasciarsi passivamente plasmare ad opera del capo, ma vuole essere anche l’im-magine della coesione e stabilità sociale di centinaia di mi-gliaia di particelle concentrate in un corpo solo, sotto un unico potere assoluto. Il trionfo del decorativo sull’umano è ciò che permette alle masse di “comparire” ma non di intervenire (tanto sulla scena che nella vita). È ciò che con-sente loro di vivere l’esperienza illusoria della partecipazio-ne (da spettatori, da uditori, da pubblico) ma senza poter realmente prendere parte, senza poter assumere la parte di soggetto decisore negli apparati di produzione. Quello che Benjamin definisce “estetizzazione della politica” è proprio questo rapporto di integrazione del cinema nei pro-cessi di valorizzazione capitalista. È possibile fornire alle masse un’espressione (attraverso la loro esibizione davanti all’obiettivo) ma in modo tale da non intaccare la trama tra-dizionale della distribuzione sociale: né i rapporti di auto-rità, né l’ordinamento proprietario, né il regime dei diritti. Contro le sfide alla socializzazione della percezione e della produzione, poste in campo dal cinema e dagli altri mezzi di riproduzione, il fascismo oppone una utilizzazione inna-turale di questi stessi mezzi. L’analisi che Benjamin elabora negli anni Trenta non può che apparire come una radicale anticipazione delle forme del regime di mediatizzazione at-tuale. Di fatto, nell’età del capitalismo compiuto e del do-minio dei dispositivi mediatici, lo statuto della “comparsa” invece di andare perduto si è amplificato. Soltanto che non

Marco Scotini

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71 COSTRUIRE COMUNITÀ70 MARINELLA SENATORE

The School of Narrative Dance: Piccolo Caos / Little Chaos #1, 2013Fine Art Prints on Hahnemühle paper, 160 x 300 cm Courtesy Peres Projects, Berlin; MOTInternational, London / Brussels and the artist

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72 MARINELLA SENATORE 73 BUILDING COMMUNITIES

The School of Narrative Dance – Ongoing Documentary, since 2013HD video, color, sound, variable length. Video stillsCourtesy MOTInternational, London / Brussels and the artist

lo riconosciamo. Le comparse non si trovano più allo stato concentrato della massa (predisposta per una resa cinema-tografica o per una forma liturgica di tipo audiovisivo) ma a quello diffuso delle moltitudini contemporanee (fluttuanti tra le innumerevoli interfacce elettroniche delle reti). Anzi, con la mediatizzazione, il ruolo della comparsa si è esteso a un punto tale da divenire strutturale, da assumere più attri-buti sociali che spettacolari: quale figura privilegiata dell’e-conomia dell’evento, dei nuovi mercati e dei nuovi consumi culturali. Colui che appare in scena occasionalmente, isola-to o in gruppo, senza prendere la parola e senza essere un attore professionista, è il soggetto ideale di questa società delle comparse, così come l’ha definita Nicolas Bourriaud. Si tratta di una forza lavoro occasionale, reclutata di vol-ta in volta e sempre a disposizione di erogatori di servizi, pronta a cogliere le opportunità quando si presentano e a fornire la propria performance passando da un set all’altro.

Questa forza lavoro precarizzata occupa la scena senza possibilità d’azione ma esibisce solo la propria presenza fisica, si dà semplicemente a vedere. È come se nessun altro tipo d’intervento fosse ancora possibile, nessun’altra parte fosse più interpretabile. Eppure, rompendo la confi-gurazione sensibile in cui si definiscono parti e frazioni, tali comparse quale parte potrebbero cominciare a recitare? Come potrebbero realmente prendere parte? Potrebbero mai istituirsi a controparte?Sarà per questa ragione che la pratica artistica di Marinella Senatore, a partire dal 2006, convoca cast e troupe innu-merevoli di singoli individui o gruppi (abitanti di quartiere, studenti universitari e associazioni di ex lavoratori, ballerini dilettanti e brass band di operai e minatori, cori amatoriali

The School of Narrative Dance: Berlin Parade, 2012Video on DVD, sound, color, 12 minsVideo stillCourtesy Peres Projects, Berlin and the artistPrivate Collection

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75 COSTRUIRE COMUNITÀ74 MARINELLA SENATORE

di varie comunità) a operare all’interno di un tempo che è quello della festa? O, meglio, della festa popolare? La festa come tale mette il tempo al centro della propria manife-stazione. È portatrice di un’altra temporalità: di un tempo gioioso fatto di una pluralità incoerente, della sospensione del lavoro, della rottura con l’ordinario per aprire a ciò che è imprevisto e indeterminato. Il carnevalesco (e molte pa-rate della Senatore hanno questo carattere) mette in scena

la violazione delle regole correnti della società, oppone il comico a ciò che è serio e grigio, la materialità delle cose a ciò che è astratto e sublime. C’è una sorta di sconsacra-zione della distanza contemplativa che l’arte presuppone così come dello spazio che l’accoglie, il museo, in quanto di-mensione separata che nega la possibilità di usare le cose e di farne esperienza. In particolare, dietro il lavoro che Senatore mette in scena, c’è una volontà di profanazione dei dispositivi spettacolari in cui cerca di restituire all’uso comune quanto gli è stato sottratto, ciò che da esso è stato separato. Ciascuno dei soggetti coinvolti in ogni proget-to filmico porta con sé il proprio modo di fare, le proprie tattiche mute, la propria attività anonima, non leggibile, non simbolizzata. Ma, soprattutto, i propri modi di usare ciò che è imposto e catturato dalla produzione mainstre-am. In questo senso, parlare di partecipazione nell’opera di Senatore risulta limitante. Se in Rosas (2012), opera lirica in tre atti per schermo, è coinvolto un numero tale di par-tecipanti che solo un kolossal potrebbe impiegare, questi soggetti non rivestono un ruolo secondario (come sarebbe richiesto da copione) ma, all’opposto, entrano attivamente a far parte del processo di creazione e produzione: come sceneggiatori, costumisti, attori, cantanti, operatori fonici

o di camera, scenografi, coreografi, gestori, fundraiser. In sostanza, come un soggetto decisorio corale e plurale. Ma riportare le cose a un loro possibile e libero uso o riappro-priarsi di ciò che è stato separato, significa, anche e so-prattutto, mostrare la pura contingenza delle assegnazioni funzionali dell’ordinamento spettacolare, dei suoi regimi di visibilità e invisibilità, della distribuzione dei corpi e delle parti. Perché, di fatto, nello spettacolo come nella società, ognuno già conosce il suo ruolo: gli spettatori sanno che sono spettatori e gli attori sanno che sono attori. È già pre-stabilito chi deve recitare e chi, al contrario, deve assistere alla rappresentazione. Il metodo che Marinella Senatore ha messo a punto per poter scardinare la gerarchia dei ruoli e dei confini è una precisa pedagogia che trova nel suo progetto ongoing, The School of Narrative Dance, una sor-ta di contro-dispositivo appropriato. Nata nel 2013 dalla collaborazione con due coreografe berlinesi, The School of Narrative Dance è l’applicazione empirica del principio dell’ignoranza come conoscenza. Non c’è un rapporto tra il sapere del docente e il non-sapere dello studente ma uno scambio orizzontale a partire da una presunta uguaglian-

za in atto che va solo verificata: una continua traduzione, dunque, di idee, linguaggi, segni e forme. Piuttosto che di arte, sarebbe opportuno parlare, in questo caso, di “funzio-ni creative”, trasversali alle diverse modalità del fare del-la società e ai differenti gruppi sociali, capaci di inventare nuove pratiche di autoapprendimento e autoaffermazione. Si tratta di condividere non solo i risultati della propria arte (prodotto finito) ma anche i mezzi di produzione, le tecni-che, i metodi e i trucchi. Ciò affinché ciascuno possa eman-ciparsi da chi comunica il proprio “sapere”, fino a diventare

The School of Narrative Dance: Piccolo Caos / Little Chaos (Backstage) 2013Production photographCourtesy the artist

Costruire Comunità – La Parata (Building Communities – The Parade), Rivoli, 24 November 2013Photo: Andrea Guermani

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