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The Role of Energy Storage in Renewable Power Integration
Emily FertigSharon Wagner
Carnegie Mellon University
Energy storage can facilitate renewable energy integration
Source: http://www.environment-green.com Source: http://technorati.com/
Source: http://www.celgard.com/
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Key energy storage research areas include:
• Technology-specific issues– Mechanical storage
– Electrical storage
– Thermal storage
• Valuation of energy storage
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Mechanical storage options include:
• Compressed air energy storage (CAES)• Pumped hydroelectric storage• Flywheels
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CAES can enable wind to supply quick, reliable energy
Source: http://www.shpegs.org/cawegs.html5
CAES has been operating for over 20 years:
• Huntorf, Germany: 290 MW (1978)
• McIntosh, Alabama: 110 MW (1991)
• Iowa Stored Energy Park: 2700 MW (2011)
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CAES has many benefits for renewables
• Large storage: smoothes daily variability
• Ramps quickly: smoothes hourly variability
• More cost-effective that batteries at GWh scale
• Many locations with suitable geology in U.S.
Key research area:
The economic effect of integrating CAES in different
electricity markets and varying levels of renewable
energy penetration
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Pumped hydro is limited by location
Source: http://www.tva.gov/power/pumpstorart.htm
Key research area:
Run-of-river hydro storage (all aspects)
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Flywheels can help with grid angular stability and voltage support
• Produce 100-2000 kW for 5-50 seconds
• Best for high-power, low energy applications
Source: http://www.powergenworldwide.com/
Key research areas: •Materials development•Cost reduction•Improved manufacture techniques
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Key energy storage research areas include:
• Technology-specific issues– Mechanical storage
– Electrical storage
– Thermal storage
• Valuation of energy storage
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Batteries are wonderful for renewables, but expensive
• Store and release power across a broad range of time scales
• Smooth rapid fluctuations• Mitigate daily variability
Key research areas: •Large-scale demonstration projects•Cost reduction
Source: http://www.greencarreports.com/blog/
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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles could act as distributed grid storage
Source: http://keetsa.com/
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• Daily load leveling• Frequency regulation• Reserve• Large-scale use: reduce battery
costs through competition and mass production
Key research areas: •Quantify the public and private benefit of using
PHEV’s for arbitrage•Identify policy incentives necessary to align
consumer behavior with maximum social welfare
Key energy storage research areas include:
• Technology-specific issues– Mechanical storage
– Electrical storage
– Thermal storage
• Valuation of energy storage
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Thermal storage can be hot or cold
Source: http://www.kelcroft.com.hk/news/ice_storage20041030.htm
Source:http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=201948
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Demand-side “hot” storage is usually used with solar collectors
• Store heat energy in hot water for later use
• Reduce electricity demand for hot water
Source: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/uploads/solar%20water%20heating.gif
Key research areas: •Quantify potential decrease in electricity demand from wide-spread use•Determine optimum system size for max economic returns•ID policy initiatives to encourage more deployment
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A “cold” storage system generates ice to chill water for air conditioning
Shift electricity demand for air conditioning from day to night
Key research areas: •Quantify potential shift in electricity demand from wide-spread use•Determine optimum system size for max economic returns•ID policy initiatives to encourage more deployment
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Source: http://www.solarthermalmagazine.com/2010/04/12/storing-thermal-energy-a-cool-new-way/
On the supply-side, storage is usually coupled with CSP
Source: http://www.volker-quaschning.de/articles/fundamentals2/index.php
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CSP-TES has been operating commercially for 2 years
• Smoothes hourly variation from clouds
• Extends plant operation into nighttime peak demand hours
Source: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-to-use-solar-energy-at-night
Andasol 1 in Spain: 50 MW (2008)Key research areas: •Reduce costs•Quantify long-term effect of TES in CSP O&M
costs•Evaluate the profitability of different configurations•Evaluate the effect of different policy initiatives on
decision to use TES with CSP•Compare economic & environmental implications
of TES for different CSP technologies
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Key energy storage research areas include:
• Technology-specific issues– Mechanical storage
– Electrical storage
– Thermal storage
• Valuation of energy storage
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An accurate valuation of energy storage should consider: • Air quality and economic benefits of offset generation
capacity• Firming of renewable power to help fulfill RPS requirements• Avoided construction of new transmission capacity and
transmission congestion relief from renewables• Relief of ramping requirements for base-load generators• Overall reduction in cost of ancillary services• Deferral of substation upgrades
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Overall, we recommend that the Renewelec Project should:
• Quantify storage potential, costs and benefits for different energy storage technologies
• Identify how grid and power plant operators need to adapt to support storage
• Examine market and regulatory strategies needed to support storage implementation
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