The Roaring TwentiesThe Roaring Twenties

DemobilizationDemobilization

DemobilizationDemobilization Transfer from Transfer from

wartime to wartime to peacetime peacetime production production levels.levels.

Return of 4.5 Return of 4.5 millions soldiersmillions soldiers

Unemployment Unemployment roserose

Wages fellWages fell

Labor StrifeLabor Strife Seattle General Strike – Seattle General Strike –

60,000 shipyard workers.60,000 shipyard workers. Fears of another Bolshevik Fears of another Bolshevik

revolution like the one in revolution like the one in Russia.Russia.

Boston Police Strike – 75% Boston Police Strike – 75% of the force. Violence and of the force. Violence and crime reached new crime reached new heights. Called a heights. Called a “Bolshevist nightmare.” “Bolshevist nightmare.” Militia called in.Militia called in.

Steel Strike in Steel Strike in Pennsylvania – 365,000 Pennsylvania – 365,000 workersworkers

United Mine Workers United Mine Workers StrikeStrike

John L. Lewis v President John L. Lewis v President WilsonWilson

Lewis won most points.Lewis won most points.

Red ScareRed Scare

Fears of another Fears of another Bolshevik revolution Bolshevik revolution like the one in like the one in Russia.Russia.

Socialist Party Socialist Party created in America created in America by Eugene Debs by Eugene Debs raised further fears.raised further fears.

Several elected Several elected members of New members of New York State Assembly York State Assembly expelled because expelled because they were Socialists.they were Socialists.

What fears does this cartoon express?

anarchistsanarchists

Palmer RaidsPalmer Raids

Attorney General Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer – A. Mitchell Palmer – house bombed.house bombed.

Palmer used the Palmer used the bombing as an excuse bombing as an excuse to conduct raids to to conduct raids to capture suspected capture suspected radical terrorists.radical terrorists.

Most arrested were Most arrested were poor immigrants who poor immigrants who had just arrived in US.had just arrived in US.

Hundred of foreigners Hundred of foreigners were deported.were deported.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Sacco and VanzettiSacco and Vanzetti Italian immigrants and Italian immigrants and

anarchists charged anarchists charged with the murders of a with the murders of a paymaster and a guard paymaster and a guard during a 1920 payroll during a 1920 payroll robbery.robbery.

Both had alibis.Both had alibis. Both were convicted Both were convicted

and executed despite and executed despite storms of protests.storms of protests.

One example of anti-One example of anti-immigrant sentiment immigrant sentiment in US at the time.in US at the time.

Were they punished for the Were they punished for the crime or for their radical crime or for their radical views?views?

Election of 1920Election of 1920Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding

Supported by farmersSupported by farmers RepublicanRepublican Pro businessPro business Goals: Reduce national Goals: Reduce national

debt, promote debt, promote economic growth.economic growth.

Fordney –McCumber Fordney –McCumber Tariff Act of 1922- Tariff Act of 1922- High tariffs on High tariffs on imports.imports.

Economy high. Economy high. Unemployment low.Unemployment low.

Harding records a Harding records a speech. One of the speech. One of the first presidents to use first presidents to use modern modern communications communications devices.devices.

Teapot Dome ScandalTeapot Dome Scandal Corruption surfaced in Corruption surfaced in

Harding administration.Harding administration. Secretary of Interior Secretary of Interior

Albert Fall persuaded Albert Fall persuaded Navy Secretary Edwin Navy Secretary Edwin Denby to transfer control Denby to transfer control of naval oil reserves to of naval oil reserves to him.him.

Fall leased these reserves Fall leased these reserves (some were in Teapot (some were in Teapot Dome, Wyoming) in return Dome, Wyoming) in return for cash, cattle and for cash, cattle and personal loans.personal loans.

Fall was sent to jail.Fall was sent to jail. Harding died of a heart Harding died of a heart

attack before the scandal attack before the scandal broke.broke.

Teapot Dome ScandalTeapot Dome Scandal Original caption: Original caption:

Photo shows a Photo shows a cartoon from the cartoon from the "N. Y. Tribune" "N. Y. Tribune" entitled "The entitled "The First Good Laugh First Good Laugh They've had in They've had in Years," in which Years," in which Cartoonist "Sing" Cartoonist "Sing" satirizes the satirizes the Democrats Democrats jubilation over jubilation over the Teapot Dome the Teapot Dome Scandal. Scandal.

Calvin Coolidge takes Calvin Coolidge takes charge.charge.

VP Calvin Coolidge took VP Calvin Coolidge took over after Harding’s over after Harding’s death in 1924.death in 1924.

Pro – Business: “The Pro – Business: “The business of America IS business of America IS business.”business.”

Vetoed most spending Vetoed most spending bills including those bills including those designed to help designed to help farmers and veterans.farmers and veterans.

Prosperity remained Prosperity remained high.high.

Calvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge

Herbert Hoover wins 1928 Herbert Hoover wins 1928 election.election.

• RepublicanRepublican• Ran against Alfred Ran against Alfred

E. Smith who was E. Smith who was Catholic and Catholic and supported by supported by immigrants.immigrants.

• Hoover received Hoover received 58% of the vote.58% of the vote.

• Hoover became the Hoover became the president of the president of the Depression years.Depression years.

Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover 19281928

African Americans move African Americans move northnorth

By 1920, the African American population in the North doubled.

Moved to escape discrimination in the South. Found more in the North.

Led to race riots in Chicago (1919) and Tulsa (1921) among others.

Led to rise of KKK.

Return of the Ku Klux KlanReturn of the Ku Klux Klan

KKK Rally Original caption: Several thousand Klansmen paraded Original caption: Several thousand Klansmen paraded yesterday in Red Bank, New Jersey in the local Armistice Day yesterday in Red Bank, New Jersey in the local Armistice Day Celebration, and there were many hisses heard along the line of Celebration, and there were many hisses heard along the line of march. When it was known that they would persist in parading march. When it was known that they would persist in parading nearly all the organizations scheduled to march withdrew, nearly all the organizations scheduled to march withdrew, because of hints of trouble. Many of the spectators made it a because of hints of trouble. Many of the spectators made it a point not to raise their hats when American flags carried by point not to raise their hats when American flags carried by Klansmen went by. It was estimated that the Klansmen in the Klansmen went by. It was estimated that the Klansmen in the parade numbered anywhere from 3,000 to 10,000. Aside from the parade numbered anywhere from 3,000 to 10,000. Aside from the profusion of hisses there was no antagonistic demonstration.profusion of hisses there was no antagonistic demonstration.

KKKKKK Reached its peak in mid Reached its peak in mid

1920s with 5 million 1920s with 5 million members.members.

Staged mass rallies and Staged mass rallies and spoke out against groups spoke out against groups it felt were undesirable.it felt were undesirable.

By 1930 membership at By 1930 membership at 6, 000.6, 000.

Reasons for decline were: Reasons for decline were: publicity about violence, publicity about violence, decrease in Red Scare decrease in Red Scare hysteria, corruption and hysteria, corruption and scandals within, and scandals within, and Grand Dragon convicted Grand Dragon convicted of murder.of murder.

African Americans Defend African Americans Defend Their RightsTheir Rights

Organized African Organized African American labor American labor Unions (Brotherhood Unions (Brotherhood of Sleeping Car of Sleeping Car Porters.)Porters.)

NAACP – National NAACP – National Association for the Association for the Advancement of Advancement of Colored People – Colored People – which began anti which began anti lynching campaigns.lynching campaigns.

Marcus Garvey and Marcus Garvey and the Back to Africa the Back to Africa movement.movement.

Immigration RestrictionsImmigration Restrictions

Fear that rising Fear that rising numbers of numbers of immigrants would immigrants would take over the take over the nation and deprive nation and deprive citizens of jobs.citizens of jobs.

Immigration Act of Immigration Act of 1924. Limited 1924. Limited immigration. immigration. Quota system set Quota system set up for each up for each country.country.

Immigration RestrictionsImmigration Restrictions Immigrants Rejected Into Immigrants Rejected Into

United States Original United States Original caption: Quota law sends caption: Quota law sends them back to native them back to native lands....New lands....New York...waving a sad fare York...waving a sad fare well to friends on the well to friends on the dock at Ellis island, these dock at Ellis island, these would-be immigrants, would-be immigrants, rejected under the United rejected under the United States quota law, are States quota law, are being taken to the steam being taken to the steam for deportation back to for deportation back to their homelands. The their homelands. The photo shows, only one of photo shows, only one of many groups, which in many groups, which in this instance contained this instance contained forty-four disappointed forty-four disappointed petitioners. petitioners.

Mexican American Mexican American MigrationMigration

Quota system did Quota system did affect Mexicans.affect Mexicans.

500,000 arrived 500,000 arrived in the 1920s to in the 1920s to take low wage take low wage jobs in the South jobs in the South and Southwest.and Southwest.

New base of New base of citizens began to citizens began to develop, along develop, along with new racism.with new racism.11

The Scopes (Monkey) TrialThe Scopes (Monkey) Trial Fundamentalism Traditional Christian doctrine

should be accepted without question.

Tennessee legislature outlawed the teaching of Darwin’s theory of evolution.

John Scopes taught it in his science class anyway.

His trial was a national event. Did God create the world or

was it a product of evolution? Clarence Darrow and William

Jennings Bryan were lawyers. Scopes was found guilty and

fined $100.

Prohibition and the 18Prohibition and the 18thth AmendmentAmendment

The 19The 19thth Amendment was Amendment was passed as the passed as the Twenties began.Twenties began.

Drinking and making Drinking and making alcohol were illegalalcohol were illegal

Numerous armed Numerous armed gangs began gangs began “bootlegging” – “bootlegging” – making and selling making and selling liquor illegallyliquor illegally

Prohibition EnforcementProhibition Enforcement

New Forms of New Forms of EntertainmentEntertainment

Jazz and the Harlem Jazz and the Harlem RenaissanceRenaissance

Jazz began in New OrleansJazz began in New Orleans Moved to New York’s Moved to New York’s

Harlem areaHarlem area Jazz clubs became very Jazz clubs became very

popularpopular

RadioRadio Commercial stations Commercial stations

emerged in early 20s.emerged in early 20s. Businesses sponsored Businesses sponsored

programs.programs. Became inexpensive family Became inexpensive family

entertainment.entertainment.

Charles Lindberg “Lucky Charles Lindberg “Lucky Lindy”Lindy”

Charles Lindberg was Charles Lindberg was the first person to fly the first person to fly solo across the solo across the Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean

He became the most He became the most famous man in the famous man in the world over night.world over night.

His fame and wealth His fame and wealth made his the target of made his the target of kidnappers, who stole kidnappers, who stole and killed Lindberg’s and killed Lindberg’s only son right out of only son right out of his crib. his crib.

Women in the 1920s.Women in the 1920s. The Flapper =The Flapper =

The New WomanThe New Woman Stylish, Stylish,

adventurous, adventurous, works outside the works outside the home.home.

Short skirts and Short skirts and shorter hair.shorter hair.

Drove cars, Drove cars, smoked, smoked, participated in participated in sportssports

Active politicallyActive politically