The Road to War

Chapter 11 Section 4

BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE, 1811--A U.S. force under General William Henry Harrison defeats Indians under Tenskwatawa, the 'Prophet', brother of Tecumseh, 7 November 1811

TECUMSEH (1768?-1813). Presumed portrait by an unknown artist.

Henry Clay

James Madison

• In spite of Americans’ anger over the Embargo Act, Republicans won the election of 1808 decisively. Madison owed his victory to the support in the (1) South and the West.

• Both Jefferson and Madison shared the same beliefs about government and Madison planned to follow in (2) Jefferson’s footsteps.

JAMES MADISON (1751-1836). 4th President of the United States.

Conflict with Native Americans• Between 1790-1810 about 900,000 white settlers moved

west of the Appalachians.• Fighting broke out between the Native Americans and

settlers. As both sides killed innocent people, warfare spread.

• (3) British in Canada would assist the Native Americans by giving them supplies.

Emigrants crossing the Appalachians on their

way to Pittsburgh.

Treaty of Greenville• In 1795 leaders of the Miamis and

other Indian nations signed the Treaty of Greenville. Indians gave up their land (that later would become Ohio) for $20,000 and a promise of more money if they kept the peace.

In 1803, Ohio joined the United States.

• By then many settlers were moving beyond Ohio into Indiana Territory. The movement of settler’s further west created problems for Native Americans.

• Indians vow to keep settlers from taking more land.

6

Two Shawnee Brothers Seek Unity• Two Shawnee Indian brothers, (4) Tecumseh who

united Native Americans east of the Mississippi River and (5) Tenskwatawa known as “Prophet,” lead revolts against the settlers.

• The brothers believed that Indians were becoming too dependent on white trade and believed they should return to old ways.

TENSKWATAWA (c1768-

1834). The Prophet [Shawnee]

TECUMSEH (1768?-1813). American Shawnee Indian chief.

Prophet Builds a Village• 1809 Indians settled in a territory along

Tippecanoe Creek now known as Indiana.

• Governor (6) William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory rejected Tecumseh's demand that settlers be kept out of the region.

(7) Battle of Tippecanoe• In the summer of 1811 Gov. Harrison with 1000 soldiers,

with the approval of the War Department, attempted to break up the Indians before it could organize a major attack against the settlements.

• When the Indians learned about Harrison’s attack the Indians surprised him in a battle.

• (8) Tecumseh died in 1813 destroying the dream of a Native American confederation.

A U.S. force under General William Henry Harrison defeats Native Americans under Tenskwatawa, the 'Prophet', brother of Tecumseh, 7 November 1811.

A push to war• James Madison was a quiet man that was against

war between France and Britain.• Many Americans disagreed and felt that American

should go to war. Members of Congress that felt that our country should go to war against the British were known as (9) War Hawks.

Devotion to country• War Hawks had a strong sense of devotion to

their country and were usually from the (10) South or West.

• (11) Henry Clay, a War Hawk, wanted war for the following reasons:

– Revenge on Britain for seizing American ships.

• (12) The West wanted to conquerall British land in North America.

Nationalism is pride of devotion to one’s country.

Henry Clay

Declaration of War• Following a harsh winter in 1811-1812, Britain decided to

change its policy of interfering with American Shipping.• President Madison asked Congress to declare war on

Britain in June of 1812 (13) before he learned of the British change in policy.