THE ROAD TO STRUCTURAL CODES: THE PROCESS AND THE …rnc.org.sa/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/the_road_to_structural_code… · THE ROAD TO STRUCTURAL CODES: THE PROCESS AND THE CRITERIA

THE ROAD TO STRUCTURAL CODES: THE PROCESS AND THE CRITERIA ADOPTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAUDI STRUCTURAL CODES

Authors A Shuraim, A Al-Negheimish, K Al-Sheref, S Alsayed, M Moustafa, M Al-Shamrani

Publication date 2007

Journal Saudi Engineering Conference

Publisher King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Scholar articles The road to structural codes: the process and the Criteria adopted in the development of

Saudi Structural codes* A Shuraim, A Al-Negheimish, K Al-Sheref, S Alsayed… - Saudi Engineering Conference

Related articles - All 4 versions

https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=dqFBBeYAAAAJ&cstart=20&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=dqFBBeYAAAAJ:5nxA0vEk-isChttps://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=dqFBBeYAAAAJ&cstart=20&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=dqFBBeYAAAAJ:5nxA0vEk-isChttps://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=1908954932035432933&btnI=1&hl=enhttps://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=1908954932035432933&btnI=1&hl=enhttps://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&q=related:5bEziGX4fRoJ:scholar.google.com/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cluster=1908954932035432933

Proceedings of the 7th Saudi Engineering Conference (SEC7)

THE ROAD TO STRUCTURAL CODES: THE PROCESS AND THE CRITERIA ADOPTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAUDI

STRUCTURAL CODES

A. Shuraim1, A. Al-Negheimish1, K. Al-Sheref 2, S. Alsayed1, M. Moustafa3, M. Al-Shamrani1

1 King Saud University 2 Saudi Aramco

3 Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The paper discusses the development of the structural parts of the Saudi Building Code from the perspective of the structural technical committee (STC). It describes the main events, defines the criteria adopted to produce rational and applicable codes that are appropriate for the kingdom. The structural committee has produced the following structural codes: SBC 301 “Design Loads for Buildings and Structures”; SBC 302 “Structural Tests and Inspections”; SBC 303 “Soils and Foundations”; SBC 304 “Concrete Structures”; SBC 305 “Masonry Construction”; and SBC 306 “Steel Structures”. In the development of these codes, source international codes have been chosen to constitute the framework upon which major modifications have been implemented. The paper documents various aspects of the process including challenges encountered and criteria involved in the development of the six structural codes. Documentation of the process is significant for understanding the codes and for the future modifications needed to keep these codes up-to-date.

KEYWORDS: building codes, structural, coding, standards. INTRODUCTION

The evolution of codes in developed countries, such as USA, has progressed slowly over many decades. The first concrete building code appeared in 1910 by ACI [1], and the first enacted model code was the uniform building code in 1927[2]. Over the decades, many changes, additions, and new codes have emerged reflecting the


accumulated knowledge from research and practice. These codes have become more complex, more prescriptive, and address a variety of engineering topics. Modern building codes have evolved well beyond their traditional areas of public health and welfare. The 2003 edition of the International building code (IBC) [3] specify its purpose as to “establish the minimum requirements to safeguard the public health, safety and general welfare through structural strength, means of egress facilities, stability, sanitation, adequate light and ventilation, energy conservation, and safety to life and property from fire and other hazards attributed to the built environment and to provide safety to fire fighters and emergency responders during emergency operations.”

In the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the process of code development took different path. It seems logical to develop a building code over a short period of time to follow up with the fast progress in the construction industry where thousands of infrastructures are to be built. The royal directive of 2002 has set the path to develop a Saudi building code on the basis of comprehensive international codes such as IBC, EC and NBC along with Arab codes and local research and studies in the kingdom. For carrying out this objective, the National Committee of the Saudi Building Code (NCSBC) was formed, in accordance with the royal directive.

Under the auspice of the NCSBC, the code consultative committee (CCSBC) was formed, which is composed of some members of NCSBC in addition to nominated chairmen of the proposed technical code committees. The first formal meeting of CCSBC was held on Jan 13, 2003 where a work methodology and technical committee formation criteria were agreed upon. The technical code committees are: administrative, architectural, structural, plumbing, electrical, mechanical, fire-resistant, and seismic requirements. The framework of the various code committees is shown in Figure 1.

This paper addresses the structural parts of Saudi Building Code from the perspective of the structural technical committee (STC). It highlights some aspects of the process including challenges encountered and criteria involved in the development of the six structural codes. The paper also points to some of the steps that may enhance the successful applicability of the code. It is believed that such documentation can play a significant role in understanding the codes and in the future modifications needed to keep these codes up-to-date.


Figure 1: Saudi Code Building Committees

TIMELINE OF MAIN EVENTS

The major evenets that have an impact on STC code development within the scope of this paper are arranged in a chronological order as shown by Figure 2, for the purpose of understanding the technical process. The first event shown is the first formal meeting of CCSBC which also marks the first practical step in the formation of the technical committees by nominating each committee’s chairman. The last event in the Figure is the formal submission of the draft codes, represrnting the limiting scope of this paper. However, the paper does not imply that no nontechnical events has taken place outside the shown limit. Example of which is the international code conference that tookplace late of 2005, also, the awareness meetings that tookplace in different cities in the kingdom, in addition to other committee meetings. Table 1 elaborates on the main technical events.

Figure 2: Timeline of code development Table 1: Summary of main technical events in chronological order Approximate duration Main events 1/13/2003 to 4/5/2003 Discussion of work Methodology, and technical

committee formation 4/5/2003 to 10/4/2003 Evaluation stage, conducting review process to identify

challenges and proposing solutions of the structural parts of IBC

10/4/2003 to 10/5/2003 First SBC work shop 10/5/2003 to 12/15/2003 Making proposal to adopt new source codes in addition

to IBC: ACI-318, ACI-530, ASCE-7, AISC. Also, requesting approval to form six workgroups


12/15/2003 Presenting STC proposal to NCSBC 12/15/2003 to 3/15/2004 Preparing the contents of the new six codes and

completing the work group formation 3/15/2004 The first meetings of the new-formed work groups: SBC

301, SBC 302, SBC 303, SBC 304, SBC 305, SBC 306. 3/15/2004 to 12/4/2004 Code development by workgroups based on the new

source codes and STC criteria. 12/4/2004 to 12/5/2004 STC work shop where the findings from the six codes

were presented 12/18/2004 to 12/19/2004 NCSBC convention 12/5/2004 to 6/6/2005 Refinement stage: Completing the work of the six codes 6/6/2005 Formal submission of the six codes in a draft form

GENERAL METHODOLOGY

The general methodology adopted by the national committee for the Saudi Building Code (NCSBC) requires each of the technical committees to perform the following tasks:

1) Conduct a thorough study for each of the following:

a) The Source code b) Relevant research and studies published by universities, research centers,

ministries, etc. in the Kingdom. c) Arab codes issued by the council of ministers for housing and constructions –

the Arab league. 2) Based on the study, identify chapters, sections, and items that should be removed,

added, or modified. Rationale and scientific evidence for such decisions by the technical committee should be provided.

The source code mentioned in the NCSBC directive was identified as the set of codes published by The International Code Council (ICC)[3]. The ICC was established in 1994 as a nonprofit organization dedicated to developing a single set of comprehensive and coordinated model construction codes. The founders of the ICC are: 1) Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA); 2) International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO)[4]; and 3) Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc. (SBCCI). Since the early part of the last century, these nonprofit organizations developed the three separate sets of model codes used throughout the United States.

The ICC issues about fourteen codes as shown in Figure 3, one of them is the international building code (IBC) which has been considered as the default source code, where its contents have been distributed among the various technical committees. However, during the initial stage neither the ACI-318[5] nor the ASCE-7[6] was considered as part of the source code. Upon reviewing the IBC, eight chapters have been identified to have structural contents and were assigned to STC. Some of the ICC codes such as International Mechanical Code and International Plumbing Code are


referenced by the IBC and were considered as reference codes for other technical committees.

During the evaluation stage, the STC has divided the eight chapters of IBC among themselves, and agreed on a methodology and criteria for the thorough reviewing process. Tasks and Time table were defined as shown in Figure 4 where the time span for this assignment began on April 2003 and planned to be completed by September 2003 in order to present its finding to a code workshop. The criteria considered at that stage are the following:

1) Code modifications should have scientific and practical basis; 2) The code needs to be compact size not voluminous; 3) The code should address relevant only national/local issues; 4) Code provisions should be simplified without unwarranted complexity; and 5) The produced code may contain only minimum shortcomings and deficiencies, if ever.

Framework of the ICC codes

. International Building Code®

. International Residential Code®

. International Existing Building Code®

. International Fire Code®

. International Mechanical Code®

. International Plumbing Code®

. International Fuel Gas Code®

. International Property Maintenance Code®

. International Energy Conservation Code®

. International Zoning Code®

. International Private Sewage Disposal Code®

. International Urban-Wildland Interface Code.

. ICC Electrical Code®

. ICC Performance Based Code.

International Building Code:Contains 35 chapters, 10 appendices, and 532

Referenced codes and standards102.4 Referenced codes and standards. The codes and standardsreferenced in this code shall be considered part of the requirementsof this code

Examples of Referenced codes and standards

ACI-318 (one of the 532 referenced codes and

standards by IBC)contains 22 chapters, 6 appendices, and

more than 90 Referenced codes and standards which are declared to be part of

this code as if fully set forth herein

ASCE-7:(one of the 532 referenced codes and

standards by IBC)Has 10 chapters, 2 appendices, and 130 Consensus Standards. The consensus

standards are to be considered part of the requirements

Figure 3: ICC codes and relationships with other codes and standards.


ID Task Name1 Quick review the entire IBC Code to identify Structural Parts2 Make initial review to determine relevant references3 Identify and review relevant local and regional work4 Chapter 16: STRUCTURAL DESIGN5 Chapter 17: STRUCTURAL TESTS AND SPECIAL INSPECTIONS6 Chapter 18: SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS7 Chapter 19: CONCRETE8 Chapter 20 and 23: ALUMINUM AND WOOD9 Chapter 21: MASONRY10 Chapter 22: STEEL11 Conduct comprehensive review with cross-referencing12 Chapter 16: STRUCTURAL DESIGN13 Chapter 17: STRUCTURAL TESTS AND SPECIAL INSPECTIONS14 Chapter 18: SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS15 Chapter 19: CONCRETE16 Chapter 20 and 23: ALUMINUM AND WOOD17 Chapter 21: MASONRY18 Chapter 22: STEEL19 Identify issues that need further studies, and show justification

1فريق عمل

2فريق عمل

3فريق عمل

4فريق عمل

5فريق عمل

6فريق عمل

7فريق عمل

1يق عمل

2يق عمل

3يق عمل

4يق عمل

5يق عمل

6يق عمل

7يق عمل

Apr '03 May '03 Jun '03 Jul '03 Aug '03 Sep '03 Oct '03

Figure 4: initial work plan during the evaluation stage.

IDENTIFIED CHALLENGES IN THE REVIEW PROCESS

The review process has brought a number of critical points for the STC to consider and to propose actions. Among them:

• Differences in geological and climate conditions, • Differences in construction materials and systems and quality control, • Errors in codes, • Differences in measuring units, and • Interdependency through cross-referencing.

Differences in Geological and Climate Conditions The source codes reflect geological and climate conditions in terms of seismic activities, hurricane, high wind, and cold weather that differ substantially from the prevalent conditions in the kingdom. Accordingly, these issues have been identified in the reviewing process and some proposals were submitted by the members for the sake of modifications. Examples of the decisions are presented next.

Seismic provisions of the source codes are very complex and play major influence on the provisions of design, construction and quality control. In contrast to the high seismicity of USA, the Kingdom has only low to moderate seismicity. Keeping the high seismicity provisions was judged by the STC to be counterproductive for the goal of applicability because engineers and building official will be required to master these provisions though they may not be needed in the foreseen future as indicated by local studies. Accordingly, STC has decided to remove any provisions related to seismic categories E and F. Similarly, STC has decided to simplify wind provisions to reflect the conditions of the Kingdom.


Hot weather condition is a major factor in the Kingdom, though not as a big issue in the source codes. Hence, STC has taken steps to add provisions to tackle the hot weather conditions and at the same time minimize the provisions related to the extreme cold weather conditions.

Differences in Construction Materials, Systems and Quality Control There are a number of differences in the construction materials between USA and the Kingdom. For example, wood is a major construction material in USA, especially for single dwelling units, also masonry is used extensively for low-rise buildings. For such type of construction in the kingdom, reinforced concrete is the main building materials. Differences exist also in reinforcing bars, steel shapes and dimensions, units of measurements.

Prevalent foundation systems in the IBC are pile foundations while in the kingdom single, combined, and mat foundations are more widely used. Accordingly, STC has concluded that more provisions are to be added to address the latter systems while minimizing some of the provisions of the former, especially those related to wood construction.

Slab systems for single dwelling units are usually follow irregular layouts, making the design procedures described by the source code inapplicable in a great number of cases. This problem was marked by the STC. Therefore, the committee has decided to identify these issues in the reviewing process for the sake of deleting, modifying or adding.

Errors in Source Codes Source codes are not error-free, as one might anticipate. STC has identified some errors in some limited cases. Although limited in numbers, but they can have significant consequences if not detected. This finding compounds the burden on the STC members to be meticulous when working on source codes. Table 2 presents just three errors from tens of errors that have been inspected, for illustration only.

Table 2: Samples of errors in source codes. The correct equation is

'4700 cc fE =

The correct equation is

6

21' dbf

V occ

c ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+=β

Here 1.7 is a power not a multiplier

R = (Rn0.59 + pl)1.7


Practical Unit Conversions The default units in the source codes are US customary units with conversion to equivalent SI units. This conversion seems very often odd and insufficient. For example, the conversion of 5 feet is shown in Table 3 to be 1524 mm, however, this number seems very odd if not rounded properly. In the second example, the no. 6 bar size in (US units) was converted down to equivalent No. 19. However, there is no bar size of 19 mm in the kingdom, according to SASO specification. Thus, the proper conversion requires selecting the nearest actual bar size without violating the safety requirements.

Table 3: samples of practical unit conversions.

Exception: For exterior walls with more than 1500 mm of horizontal separation, the fire shall be assumed to occur on the interior side only

Shells, folded plate members: Dia 20 mm bar and Larger……………………………………. 20

Interdependency through Cross-Referencing The structural topics in IBC are not fully covered directly within its chapters, but rather through cross referencing. The concept of cross referencing in building codes is well-known; however, the extent of it in IBC is more profound than in its predecessor Uniform Building Code (UBC-97) which is widely used in the Kingdom. The basis for this concept emerged from the fact that in the USA, codes and standards are developed by various institutes and industry professionals. For example, reinforced concrete provisions are developed by the American Concrete Institute (ACI-318) with a document entitled” Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete” which provides minimum requirements for design and construction of structural concrete.

Similarly, American society of civil engineers (ASCE) and Institute of structural engineering produces a number of standards among them the loading standards ASCE-7, which is entitled “ Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures”. ASCE-7 sets minimum load requirements and load combinations for buildings and other structures for strength design and allowable stress design. Addressed are dead, earthquake, fluids, flood, lateral earth, live, roof, rain, snow, wind, and wind on ice loads; weight of ice; and self-straining forces. In fact the two standards mentioned above (ACI-318 and ASCE-7) follow the same cross referencing concept and they site other standards and codes and consider them as part of them. Figure 3 summaries these cross referencing ideas.

The interdependency of codes makes that code insufficient for design purpose unless the referenced code or standard is present. Consider Table 4 with respect to steel design. Section 2205.1 merely cites AISC-LRFD, AISC 335 or AISC-HSS. Therefore,


steel design can not be performed or checked by authorities without having the proper document from AISC. More brief examples are shown in the Table.

Table 4: Interdependency in IBC. 2205.1 General. The design, fabrication and erection of structural steel for buildings and structures shall be in accordance with either the AISC-LRFD, AISC 335 or AISC-HSS. 2106.1 Seismic design requirements for masonry. Masonry structures and components shall comply with the requirements in Section 1.13.2.2 of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 and Section 1.13.3, 1.13.4, 1.13.5, 1.13.6 or 1.13.7 of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 depending on the structure’s seismic design category as determined in Section 1616.3. 1609.1.1 Determination of wind loads. Wind loads on every building or structure shall be determined in accordance with Section 6 of ASCE 7. 1617.1 Seismic load effect E and Em. The seismic load effect, E, for use in the basic load combinations of Sections 1605.2 and 1605.3 shall be determined from Section 9.5.2.7 of ASCE 7. The maximum seismic load effect, Em, for use in the special seismic load combination of Section 1605.4 shall be the special seismic load determined from Section 9.5.2.7.1 of ASCE 7.

THE FIRST WORKSHOP

The first work shop organized by NCSBC and took place in October 2003, over two days, and attended by engineers and architects from public and private sectors in the kingdom. Engineering community has been informed about the workshop either by personal invitations or through open invitations in the media to all those interested in the Saudi Building Code. The first day of the workshop was also attended by international guests and speakers and devoted to the general methodology as well as to the experiences of other countries. The second day, all technical committees presented their findings in parallel sessions the purpose of the parallel sessions is to present findings, criteria and attract comments and suggestions.

STC has prepared presentations on each of the topics, represented by the eight chapters of IBC (16-23). Findings on each topic were summarized in a systematic way. Figure 5 shows the STC main sheet as presented in the workshop, comprising the scope, divisions, criteria, and workshop outputs. The criteria are summarized as: 1) scientific basis; 2) compact not voluminous; 3) relevant to national/local issues; 4) simplified without unwarranted complexity; and 5) minimum shortcomings and deficiencies. These criteria aims at achieving the main STC objective entitled “towards rational and applicable codes”. A sample of the prepared form, as presented in the workshop, for one of the topics is presented in Figure 6, while other samples are presented in the appendix Figure 9 through Figure 11. A typical form is composed of five items:

1. Code documents: the IBC chapter as well as other referenced codes and standards.

2. Subdivisions: the major parts comprising the topic.


3. Major problems: the main challenges identified in the source code. 4. Proposals: suggested remedy for the cited problems. 5. Needed research and data: highlight of research topics that can help resolve

encountered problems. In additions to the forms and presentations, the STC has drafted seven critical statements in order to seek responses from engineering community attending the workshop. The statements are presented in Table 5 and the summary of the responses is presented in Figure 7. In general, the audience responses concur with the prevalent views of the STC. In summary the prevailing views call for the following:

1. Specialized code for each major division (loading, concrete, soils, steel, masonry).

2. Codes should have commentaries. 3. The importance of avoiding complexity and irrelevant materials. 4. The need to add topics of great importance to the kingdom when not available

in the source code. 5. The need to remove topics that have no probable use in the kingdom, such as

wood construction. 6. The need to develop a code for small residential buildings. 7. The importance of inspections and quality control

Saudi Building CodeStructural Committee workshop

Towards rational and applicable code (s)

Criteria for developing an

applicable code

Other benefits of having an

applicable Code

Output of workshop

Divisions

all buildings and structures

Major problems that hinder applicability

Proposals for enhancing applicability

Needed research and data

Compact not voluminous

Relevant to national/ local

issues

Simplified without unwarranted complexity

Minimum shortcomings

and deficiencies

Reinforced Concrete

Loading and forces

Steel

Testing and inspection

Masonry

Allowing for realistic value engineering

Extending life of structures

Minimizing engineering/construction

disputes

regulating and controlling the DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION,

QUALITY of materials,

minimum standards for SAFETY ;

SERVICEABILITY; ECONOMY

SCOPE/ PURPOSE

the influence of gravity and environmental loading including: WIND LOADS ; SEISMIC LOADS.

by

for

under

Scientific bases

Aluminum wood

Soils and Foundations

102.4 Referenced codes and standards. The codes and standards referenced in this code shall be considered part of the requirements of this code to the prescribed extent of each such reference.

Figure 5: Scope, divisions, criteria of STC as presented in the first workshop




Loading and Forces

Subdivisions

Gravity loading

Code Documents

Seismic loading

Wind loading

IBC-16, IRC-4, ASCE-7, NEHRP

2000Other loading

Output/ Major Findings

ProposalsNeeded research and

dataProblems

Selecting a complete, compact, simplified, relevant

subcode for loading and forces on the basis of ICC

Special provisions for 1 and 2 family dwellings

Scraping high seismic provisions from the entire

codeSDC: D,E,F

High seismic provisions are complex, yet not related to the

seismicity of the kingdom

There are no pertinent provisions for 1 and 2 RC family

dwellings

The code is voluminous and contains a large portion of

irrelevant issuesCHARACTERISTICS OF RC STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

R, W0, CD

DEVELOPING AND TESTING SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR 1 AND 2 FAMILY DWELLINGS

MCE SPECTRAL RESPONSEACCELERATIONS (SS, S1)

Figure 6: Summary of major findings regarding loading as presented at the first workshop

Table 5: Workshop questionnaire


Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7

Disapprove 39% 0% 21% 18% 32% 7% 4%

Approve 61% 100% 79% 82% 68% 93% 96%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Axis Title

Workshop Quesionnaire

Figure 7: results of workshop questionnaire.

POST-WORKSHOP PROPOSAL TO ADOPT NEW SOURCE CODES

As discussed above, the IBC has extensive interdependency on other codes and standards. The STC believed strongly that modifications in IBC structural chapters would not be fruitful without changing the entire strategy and target the original standard or code on which IBC has interdependency. However, the STC can not make that decision without consent and support of the NCSBC.

Immediately after the first workshop, STC drafted proposals for structural codes naming source code for each proposed code. Summary of the proposed codes are shown in Table 6 and Figure 8. The STC submitted a detailed report to NCSBC showing justifications, contents, and proposed additional workgroups for the development. A presentation was made to the general meeting of the NCSBC, about two months after the workshop as shown earlier in the timeline. The fundamental element of the report, as shown in Table 6, is the development of specialized codes for concrete, steel, soils and foundations, loading, and masonry. The proposal requires that additional members should join to form workgroup for each topic.

The NCSBC has accepted the proposal, and approved the formation of six workgroups that are composed of members from STC in addition to the new members. The workgroups have begun their assignments in mid-march 2004. The STC members and workgroup names and their workgroup participations are summarized in Table 13.


Table 6: Proposed changes in code development strategy as submitted to NCSBC in December 2003.

IBC Chapterspecialized code?

Sub-Code name (if needed)The Source Code

STRUCTURAL DESIGNYesSAUDI BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS ONMINIMUM DESIGN LOADS FOR BUILDINGS AND OTHER

STRUCTURES

ASCE-7-02

متطلبات كود البناء السعودي الحمال المباني و ألمنشآت االخرى

STRUCTURAL TESTS AND SPECIAL INSPECTIONS

no

SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS

yesSAUDI BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FORSOILS AND FOUNDATIONS

متطلبات كود البناء السعودي للتربة و االساسات

CONCRETEYesSAUDI BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FORSTRUCTURAL CONCRETE AND COMMENTARY

ACI-318-02 +ACI standards

متطلبات كود البناء السعودي للمنشآت الخرسانية

ALUMINUMNoSee Wood and ALUMINUM report

MASONRYYesSAUDI BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FORSTRUCTURAL MASONRY

ACI-530-02

متطلبات كود البناء السعودي العمال المباني من الطوب و البلوك

STEELyesSAUDI BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FORSTEEL STRUCTURES ( Three Parts)

AISC - LRFDAISC-ASD MBSM 02

OSHA & Aramco Safety Manual

)ثالثة أجزاء(متطلبات كود البناء السعودي للمنشآت الفوالذية

WOODNoSee Wood and ALUMINUM report

STRUCTURAL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Reinforced concreteWorkgroup

SBC 304

Steel workgroupSBC 306

Design loadsworkgroup

SBC 301

Soils and FoundationsWorkgroup

SBC 303

Testing and inspectionsWorkgroupSBC 302

Based on chapter 19 of IBC,

ACI-318 and other ACI standards

Based on chapter 16 of IBC,and ASCE-7-

02

Based on chapter 22 of IBC and on AISC-LRFD

Based on chapter 17 of IBC and other

standards

Based on chapter 18 of IBC, and a number of codes and standards

MasonryWorkgroup

SBC 305Based on chapter 21 of

IBC,and ACI-530-02

SAUDI BUILDING CODE NATIONAL COMMITTEE

CONSULTATIVECOMMITTEE

OTHER TECHNICAL COMMITTEE INCLUDING:

ARCHITECTURAL, ADMINISTRATIVE,

MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL,

PLUMBING, FIRE SAFETY, SPECIAL

SEISMIC

Figure 8: STC workgroups and corresponding source codes.

THE FINAL SHAPE OF THE STRUCTURAL CODES


SBC 301: Design Loads for Buildings and Structures SBC 301 contents are presented into sixteen chapters as shown in Table 7. Many changes and modifications were implemented on ASCE 7-02. The lengthy and complex seismic requirements have been reorganized into eight chapters. Each chapter contains a complete and coherent subject. Seismic contour maps for Saudi Arabia were added. Furthermore, some seismic coefficients need further study. The requirements on wind loads have been reorganized in a more logical and meaningful manner. Dead and live loads tables have been added to the code, and topics which are irrelevant to Saudi Arabia have been deleted. Load factors and combinations have been modified from those of ASCE 7-02.

Table 7: Contents of SBC 301 Chapter 1 General Chapter 2 Combination of loads Chapter 3 Dead loads Chapter 4 Live loads Chapter 5 Soil and hydrostatic pressure and flood loads Chapter 6 Wind load criteria Chapter 7 Design wind load procedures Chapter 8 Rain loads Chapter 9 Seismic design criteria Chapter 10 Seismic design requirements for building structures Chapter 11 Material specific seismic design and detailing requirements… Chapter 12 seismic design requirements for non-structural components Chapter 13 Seismic design requirements for nonbuilding structures Chapter 14 Site classification procedure for seismic design Chapter 15 Quality assurance and supplemental provisions Chapter 16 Existing building provision

SBC 302 Structural Tests and Inspections SBC 302 contents are presented into four chapters as shown in Table 8. Many changes and modifications were implemented on Chapter 17 and Section 109. These changes range from replacing sections with new one (Tables of required verification and inspections of concrete, masonry, steel constructions and soil and foundation), inserting additional sections such as precast concrete constructions, and special inspections for wind requirements, removing irrelevant topics such as Section 1704.6 on wood construction, 1704.10 on wall panels and veneers, Section 1709 on structural observations, and Section 1715, …etc.

Table 8: Contents of SBC 302 Chapter 1 General Chapter 2 Special inspections Chapter 3 Seismic and Wind Resistant Constructions Chapter 4 Special Conditions not Covered by the Structural Code


SBC 303: Soils and Foundations SBC 303 contents are presented into seventeen chapters as shown in Table 9. It is noteworthy to point out that out of the seventeen chapters that comprise the SBC 303 document, six were entirely new and five were substantially revised. The newly-introduced materials account for almost sixty percent of the SBC 303 document, and excluding the pile and pier portion this proportion approaches about seventy five percent. Furthermore, although one-half of the IBC document was devoted to pile and pier foundations, materials pertaining to those foundation systems represent only about twenty percent of the SBC 303 document.

Table 9: Contents of SBC 303 Chapter 1: General Chapter 2: Site investigations Chapter 3: Excavation, grading, fill and fill Chapter 4: Allowable load-bearing values of soils Chapter 5: Spread footings Chapter 6: Foundation walls Chapter 7: Retaining walls Chapter 8: Combined footings and mats Chapter 9: Design for expansive soils Chapter 10: Design for collapsible soils Chapter 11: Design for sabkha soils Chapter 12: Design for vibratory loads Chapter 13: Dampproofing and waterproofing Chapter 14: General requirements for pier and pile foundations Chapter 15: Driven pile foundations chapter 16: Cast-in-place concrete pile foundations Chapter 17: Pier foundations Appendix a: References

SBC 304: Concrete Structures SBC 304 contents are presented into twenty one chapters and seven appendixes as shown in Table 10. Many changes and modifications were implemented on ACI 318M-02. These changes range from replacing a whole chapter with a new one (Chapter 4 on Durability Requirements), inserting additional materials such as the simplified methods for the design of two-way slab system of Appendix C, removing irrelevant topics such as Section 5.12 on Cold Weather, expanding some sections such as Section 5.13 on Hot Weather, incorporating properties of local material such as reinforcing steel, …etc.

Table 10: Contents of SBC 304 Chapter 1 General requirements Chapter 2 Definitions Chapter 3 Materials Chapter 4 Durability requirements Chapter 5 Concrete quality, mixing, and placing Chapter 6 Formwork, embedded pipes, and construction joints


Chapter 7 Details of reinforcement Chapter 8 Analysis and design general considerations Chapter 9 Strength and serviceability requirements Chapter 10 Flexure and axial loads Chapter 11 Shear and torsion Chapter 12 Development and splices of reinforcement Chapter 13 Two way slab systems Chapter 14 Walls Chapter 15 Footings Chapter 16 Precast concrete Chapter 17 Composite concrete flexural members Chapter 18 Prestressed concrete Chapter 19 Shells and folded plate member Chapter 20 Strength evaluation of existing structures Chapter 21 Special provisions for seismic design Appendix a Strut and tie models

Appendix b Alternative provisions for reinforced and prestressed concrete flexural and compression members Appendix c Two way slabs coefficients methods Appendix d Anchoring to concrete Appendix e Notation Appendix f Steel reinforcement information Appendix g Design aids

SBC 305: Masonry Constructions SBC 305 contents are presented into fourteen chapters as shown in Table 10. The development process of SBC 305 draft followed the methodology approved by the Saudi Building Code National Committee.

Table 11: Contents of SBC 305 Chapter 1 General Chapter 2 Definitions and notations Chapter 3 Masonry construction materials Chapter 4 Construction Chapter 6 Seismic design Chapter 7 Working stress design Chapter 8 Strength design of masonry Chapter 9 Empirical design of masonry Chapter 10 Glass unit masonry Chapter 11 Masonry fireplaces Chapter 12 Masonry heaters Chapter 13 Masonry chimneys Chapter 14 Masonry veneer

SBC 306: Steel Structures


SBC 306 contents are presented into fourteen chapters as shown in Table 12. Many changes and modifications were implemented on AISC-LRFD, 1999. The main changes are: merging the Appendices into the main body of the Specifications and the Commentaries, moving the Commentary paragraphs close to the related Specifications, and deleting parts or paragraphs of the Appendices and the Commentaries when it is felt of less use or irrelevant to the Saudi Building Code. Only SI-Units are used through out the Code.

Table 12: Contents of SBC 306 A General provisions B Design requirements C Frames and other structures D Tension members E Columns and other compression members F Beams and other flexural members G Plate girders H Members under combined forces and torsion I Composite members J Connections, joints, and fasteners K Concentrated forces, ponding, and fatigue L Serviceability design considerations M Fabrication, erection, and quality control N Evaluation of existing structures

CONCLUDING REMARKS

The Royal directive of 2002 represents a milestone in the evolution of the Saudi Building Code. Many lessons have been learned from this experience, where international codes and regulations are utilized for developing national codes and standards. Through proper criteria and thorough knowledge of both the international codes and local conditions, developers can identify differences and shortcomings and propose solutions. STC has demonstrated the foregoing challenging task, in identifying a number of differences, detecting and fixing some errors and making significant changes in source codes in order to bring about rational and applicable codes.

The challenges reported in this paper do not necessarily constitute a complete list, but they represent general categories. The fact that errors were detected in the original source codes makes it natural to expect that some errors may not have been detected and even some errors could have been generated. Shortcomings in codes are not necessarily numerical errors; they can be confusing statements and complex provisions that can be misinterpreted. Wrong references to sections, tables and equations can have serious implications if not detected by well-qualified engineer; moreover, referenced codes and standards that are not available to the engineer may diminish the value of the code.

Newly developed codes should go through a process of quality assurances in a systematic manner, through monitored usage and parametric studies by qualified


engineers in order to detect any inconsistency and bring the remarks to the technical committees to take proper actions. Furthermore, external referenced codes and standards should be made available in a proper form. Finally, successful implementation of the code requires education and training of engineers to digest codes provisions and intents as well as proper administrative and inspection schemes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank the NCSBC, particularly its former chairman Dr. Khalid Al-Khalaf and its current chairman Engr. Mohammed Al-Nagadi, and the chairman of the consultative committee Engr. Ali Al-Zaid, and the general secretary of the code Dr. Mohammed Ben Hussain. Without their encouragements, supports and appreciations our work may not have been accomplished. Special thanks to all STC members and workgroup members for their excellent work and sincere efforts.

REFERENCES

1. American concrete institute, “ACI: A Century Of Progress” special publication, 2003 123 pp.

2. Berg, G.V. “Elements of structural dynamics.” Prentice Hall 1989, 267pp. 3. International Code Council, Inc., International Building Code, 2003. 4. ICBO, et al. “Uniform Building Code (UBC),” by International Conference of

Building Officials (ICBO), Whittier, California; 1997. 5. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete and

Commentary (ACI 318-02/ACI 318R-02),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, 369 pp, 2002.

6. American Society of Civil Engineers, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, SEI/ASCE 7-02, Reston, Virginia, 2002.


APPENDIX:



Soils and Foundations

Subdivisions

Foundations and soils investigations

Code Documents

Footings and foundations

Allowable load-bearing values of

soils

IBC -Chapter 16IRC -Chapter 4ACI-318, 530.1ASCE-5,-6,-7,-32WRI, CRSI

Excavations, grading and fill


Proposals

Needed research and dataProblems

Detailed provisions for shallow footings and special

footing systems (Mat, combined, continuous)

Include provisions for building on collapsible soils

More detailed provisions for site investigations,

excavations and backfilling

No provisions for collapsible soil

Extensive emphasis on pile foundation

Site investigations need more guidlines Load bearing and

deformation of highly weathered rocks

Evaluation of Settlement of sabkha formations

Pier and pile foundations

Damp-proofing and water-proofing

Insufficient coverage of shallow foundations

and retaining walls

Irrelevant seismic provisions

More details on retaining walls

Shortened and reduced coverage of pile foundations

Applicability of tests to quantify the heave of expansive shales to

sabkhas

Effect of dry/wet cycles on relevant parameters of

expansive formations

Data-base on dynamic parameters for soil

formations in West Coast (Gizan, Jeddah, Tabuk)

Figure 9: Summary of major findings regarding Soils and Foundations as presented at the first workshop




Reinforced Concrete Structures

Subdivisions

Material properties

Code Documents

Structural systems

Construction requirements

IBC Chapter 19ACI 318ASTM

Other ACI Committes

Quality control


Proposals Needed research and data

Problems

Modify other provisions to account

for local conditions

Simplified provisions for residential

buildings

Major modifications to the durability requirements

Questionable applicability of code provisions due to

Irregularity of locally prevalent structural system

Compliance of material properties with ASTM

Standards

Inadequate provisions for local severe environment Durability issues

Hot weather concreting

Special requirements

Improving the regularity of Locally

used Structural systems

Remove irrelevant seismic provisions

Figure 10: Summary of major findings regarding Reinforced Concrete Strucure as presented at the first workshop



Structural Tests and Inspections

Subdivisions

Required inspections

Code Documents

Quality assurance for seismic resistance and

wind

Special inspections for seismic resistance and

wind

IBC 1.09IBC-Chapter 17IRC 1.09IBC-Chapter 35ASTMExtensive list of other standards and documents

Special inspections (for concrete construction,

steel, etc)


ProposalsNeeded research

and data

Problems

Remove provisions related to high seismic design category SDC D, E, F

Include simple but detailed inspection provisions for small residential buildings

(Villas, duplexes, etc)

Remove provisions related to wind speed

above 120 mile/hr

Infrastructure of quality (certification, accreditation, training, etc) is lacking or

under-developed

Extensive reference to unfamiliar American standards

and practice.

Performance of most inspectors and independent

laboratories in the Kingdom is substandard Review and evaluate the

applicability and relevance of all

Standards cited in IBC Chapter 35 to local

practice and conditions in Saudi Arabia

Developing an implementation plan for

upgrading Infrastructure of quality in the KingdomLoad tests

Structural testing and Structural observations for seismic resistance

Irrelevant seismic and wind provisions

Figure 11: Summary of major findings regarding Structural Tests and Inspections as presented at the first workshop


Table 13: Structural Technical Committee members.

Work STC Additional tasks (Structural codes) SBC 301

SBC 302

SBC 303

SBC 304

SBC 305

SBC 306

The

stru

ctur

al T

echn

ical

com

mitt

ee (S

TC) 1 Dr. Ahmed B. Shuraim KSU Chair

man CH M

2 Prof. Saleh H. Alsayed KSU M CH 3 Dr. Faisal A. Al-Mashary KSU M CH 4 Prof. Magdy K. Moustafa MMRA M CH M 5 Dr. Nabeel S. Al-Gahtani SWCC M CH 6 Dr. Abdulaziz I. Al-Negheimish KSU M M M 7 Dr. Mosleh A. Al-Shamrani KSU M CH 8 Dr. Saeid A. Alghamdi KFUPM M M 9 Dr. Yousef A. Al-Salloum KSU M M 10 Eng. Khaled M. Al-Sheref Aramco M M M 11 Dr. Abdulsalam A. Alshogeir KSU M M 12 Major Eng. Hani H. Alnabulsi MOI-DCD M M 13 Eng. Faisal O. Binsiddiq RCJ &Y M 14 Dr. Ahmad O. AlQasabi KSU M M

Add

ition

al m

embe

rs

SBC

301

1 Dr. Rajeh Z. Al-Zaid KSU M 2 Dr. Mohammed S. Al-Haddad KSU M 3 Dr. Ali Al-Ghadib KFUPM M 4 Dr. Saleh Al-Deghaiter KSU M 5 Dr. Muhammad K.Rahman KFUPM M 6 Dr. Nabil Al-Jundi RG&ME M 7 Eng. Rais Mirza KSU M

SBC

302

1 Dr. Abdulrahman M. Alhozaimy KSU, M M 2 Abdullah S. Al-Satarwah RCJ &Y M 3 Dr. M. Myasser Tabba NC M 4 Mohiaaldin Hussin El Qahtany RM M 5 Hassan El Harby SGS M

SBC

303

1 Dr. Abdulaziz A. Alfi UAQU M 2 Dr. Abdulhafiz O. Al-Shenawy KSU M 3 Dr. Abdullah I. AL-Mhaidib KSU M 4 Dr. Ali A. Al-Massmoum UAQU M 5 Dr. Awad A. Al-Karni KSU M 6 Dr. Fadlo Toma RG&ME M 7 Engr. Muawia A. Dafalla NKCE M 8 Dr. Mohamed E. Hamdto ADA M 9 Dr. Mohamed O. Fadl MOE M 10 Prof. Talal O. Al-Refeai KSU M 11 Dr. Talat A. Badr KFUPM M

SBC

304

1 Prof. Omer S. Al-Amoudi KFUPM M 2 Dr. Waleed A. Khushefati KAU, M 3 Dr. Marai A. Alshihri UAQU M 4 Dr. Talal A. Radain KAU, M 5 Dr. Mohammed Maslehuddin KFUPM M 6 Dr. Faiz A. Mirza UAQU M 7 Dr. Mohammed Sohaib Al-Ama KAU, M 8 Eng. Syed F. Ahmed SOLtd. M

SBC 305

1 Dr. Mohammed A. Binhussain NCSBC M 2 Dr. Khaled Almuddulah KFU M

SBC

306

1 Dr. Alfarabi Sherief KFUPM M 2 Dr. Abul kalam Azad KFUPM M 3 Eng. Mohammed H. Al-Yousif ZSI M 4 Dr. AbdulAziz M. Alhamad KFU M 5 Dr. Mustafa Y. Al-Mandil KFUPM M

Abbreviations: (M) member, (CH): workgroup chairman,

King Saud University (KSU), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) ; King Faisal University (KFU); King Abdulaziz University (KAU); Umm Al-Qura University (UAQU); Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MMRA,: Royal commission for Jubail and Yanbu (RCJ &Y); Riyadh Municiplity (RM); Rashid Geotechnical and Material Engineers( RG&ME); Nizar Kurdi Consulting Engineers(NKCE): Arriyadh Development Authority (ADA) Ministry of Education (MOE) ; Saudi Oger Ltd.SOLtd.; ZSI: Zamil Steel Industries; Ministry of Interior – Directorate of Civil Defense (MOI-DCD); Saudi Geological Survey( SGS) ; National Consultants (NC); Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC)