Upload
tahir
View
50
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
The Risk Factors of Severe Child Poverty in the UK. Monica Magadi Department of Sociology School of Social Sciences City University, London. Why ‘severe’ child poverty?. Despite recent decline in child poverty in the UK, children from the poorest families remain a legitimate concern - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
The Risk Factors of Severe The Risk Factors of Severe Child Poverty in the UKChild Poverty in the UK
Monica MagadiMonica Magadi
Department of SociologyDepartment of SociologySchool of Social SciencesSchool of Social SciencesCity University, LondonCity University, London
Despite recent decline in child poverty Despite recent decline in child poverty in the UK, children from the poorest in the UK, children from the poorest families remain a legitimate concernfamilies remain a legitimate concern
Vast array of research on child Vast array of research on child poverty in the UK, but little is known poverty in the UK, but little is known about the circumstances of children in about the circumstances of children in severe povertysevere poverty
Why ‘severe’ child Why ‘severe’ child poverty?poverty?
AimsAims Establish the extent of severe child Establish the extent of severe child
poverty in the UKpoverty in the UK
Examine characteristics of children Examine characteristics of children experiencing severe childhood experiencing severe childhood poverty and identify factors that poverty and identify factors that place children at most risk of being place children at most risk of being severely poor severely poor
Data and MethodsData and Methods
Based on the 2004-05 Family Based on the 2004-05 Family Resources SurveyResources Survey
A multi-dimensional measureA multi-dimensional measure Child deprivationChild deprivation Parent deprivationParent deprivation Household incomeHousehold income
Adult Material Deprivation Adult Material Deprivation ItemsItems
A holiday away from home for at least one week a year A holiday away from home for at least one week a year Friends or family around for a drink or meal at least once a Friends or family around for a drink or meal at least once a
monthmonth Two pairs of all weather shoes for all adults in the benefit unitTwo pairs of all weather shoes for all adults in the benefit unit Enough money to keep your home in a decent state of Enough money to keep your home in a decent state of
decorationdecoration Household content insuranceHousehold content insurance Make regular savings of £10 a month or more for rainy days or Make regular savings of £10 a month or more for rainy days or
retirementretirement Replace any worn out furnitureReplace any worn out furniture Replace or repair electrical goods such as refrigerator or Replace or repair electrical goods such as refrigerator or
washing machine when brokenwashing machine when broken Have a small amount of money to spend each week on Have a small amount of money to spend each week on
yourself (not on your family)yourself (not on your family) Have a hobby or leisure activityHave a hobby or leisure activity
Child Material Deprivation Child Material Deprivation ItemsItems
A family holiday away from home for at least one week a yearA family holiday away from home for at least one week a year Enough bedrooms for each child of 10 or over of a different sex Enough bedrooms for each child of 10 or over of a different sex
to have their own bedroomto have their own bedroom Leisure equipment such as sports equipment or a bicycleLeisure equipment such as sports equipment or a bicycle Celebrations on special occasions such as birthdays, Christmas Celebrations on special occasions such as birthdays, Christmas
or other religious festivalsor other religious festivals Go swimming at least once a monthGo swimming at least once a month Do a hobby or leisure activityDo a hobby or leisure activity Have friends around for tea or snacks at least once a fortnightHave friends around for tea or snacks at least once a fortnight Go to toddler group/nursery/playgroup at least once a week (for Go to toddler group/nursery/playgroup at least once a week (for
children under six not attending primary or private schoolchildren under six not attending primary or private school Go on school trips (for those over six, or under six and Go on school trips (for those over six, or under six and
attending primary or private school)attending primary or private school)
Material Deprivation Material Deprivation ThresholdThreshold
Deprivation items in FRS represent a set of Deprivation items in FRS represent a set of questions which best discriminates between questions which best discriminates between poor and non-poor families poor and non-poor families
‘‘Enforced lack’ approachEnforced lack’ approach Weighted approach based on principal Weighted approach based on principal
components analysiscomponents analysis Bottom quintile considered deprivedBottom quintile considered deprived
Severe deprivation – deprived of both adult and Severe deprivation – deprived of both adult and child necessities (11%)child necessities (11%)
Non-severe deprivation – deprived of either adult Non-severe deprivation – deprived of either adult or child necessities (16%)or child necessities (16%)
Not deprived (73%)Not deprived (73%)
Low Income ThresholdLow Income Threshold Household income, equivalised based on the Household income, equivalised based on the
modified OECD equivalence scale modified OECD equivalence scale Income based on ‘after housing cost’ measureIncome based on ‘after housing cost’ measure Income poverty measurement based on Income poverty measurement based on
relative poverty linesrelative poverty lines Severe income poverty (‘poorest poor’)– bottom half Severe income poverty (‘poorest poor’)– bottom half
of those classified as being in poverty based on of those classified as being in poverty based on conventional 60% of median threshold (12% of conventional 60% of median threshold (12% of children)children)
Non-severe poverty – below 70% of median income Non-severe poverty – below 70% of median income (15%)(15%)
Not poor – above 70% of median income (73%) Not poor – above 70% of median income (73%)
Severe Child Poverty Severe Child Poverty DefinitionDefinition
Children are classified as being in ‘severe’ Children are classified as being in ‘severe’ poverty if they are in households with very low poverty if they are in households with very low income (i.e. ‘poorest poor’) in combination income (i.e. ‘poorest poor’) in combination with ‘severe’ material deprivation (i.e in the with ‘severe’ material deprivation (i.e in the bottom quintile with respect to both adult-bottom quintile with respect to both adult-related and child-related necessities). Those in related and child-related necessities). Those in households below 70 per cent of median households below 70 per cent of median income, in combination with either severe or income, in combination with either severe or non-severe deprivation are classified as being non-severe deprivation are classified as being in non-severe poverty. The remaining are in non-severe poverty. The remaining are classified as not being in poverty.classified as not being in poverty.
Poverty permutation and mean Poverty permutation and mean incomeincome
Poverty permutation Mean income for a one-child couple family (£)*
Per cent of children
Not in poverty-neither income poor nor deprived-not income poor, some material deprivation-income poor, no material deprivation
426514377160
78.352.011.315.0
Non-severe poverty-non-severe income poverty and deprivation-income poverty and deprivation, one of which is severe
193211179
17.77.6
10.1
Severe poverty(severe income poverty and deprivation)
112 4.0
Base Population: All children (n=16012) in 2004-5 FRS
What do families of children in What do families of children in severe poverty go without?severe poverty go without?
Item Not in poverty
Non-severe
poverty
Severe poverty
A holiday away from home once a year (adults)A holiday away from home once a year (children)Make regular savings of at least £10 a monthSmall amount of money to spend on self per weekReplace any worn out furnitureReplace or repair broken down electrical goodsHousehold content insuranceKeep home in a decent state of decorationFriends/family around for a drink/meal once a monthLeisure equipment e.g for sports or a bicycleA hobby or leisure activityGo swimming at least once a monthHave friends for snacks at least once a fortnightEnough bedrooms for each child aged 10+ of diff. sex
25.819.429.221.518.810.57.09.98.82.8
10.54.33.0
10.9
82.674.883.475.676.263.856.250.142.822.247.031.122.935.7
95.791.789.288.586.377.876.068.467.561.758.656.856.152.0
Base Population: All children (n=16012) in 2004-5 FRS
Regional Variations of Regional Variations of Severe Child Poverty in Severe Child Poverty in
the UKthe UK
83 84 84 83 79 76 76 80 75 79 7667
15 14 13 15 18 20 20 17 21 16 1924
2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 9
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
South
wes
t
South
Wes
t
Easte
rn
Norther
n Irela
nd
Yorks
and
Hum
bers
ide
North-W
est & m
erse
yside
North E
ast E
nglan
d
Scotla
nd
Wales
East M
idlands
West
Midl
ands
Lond
on
Pe
r c
en
t o
f c
hil
dre
n
Not in poverty Non-severe poverty Severe poverty
Severe Child Poverty Severe Child Poverty Status by Economic Status by Economic Activity of ParentsActivity of Parents
Base Population: All children in 2004-5 FRS.
Column per cent
Economic Activity of Economic Activity of ParentsParents
Severe Child Poverty StatusSevere Child Poverty Status All All childrenchildrenNot in Not in
povertypovertyNon-Non-
severe severe povertypoverty
Severe Severe povertpovert
yy
One or more self One or more self employedemployed
1515 66 44 1313
Full-time work (lone or Full-time work (lone or both)both)
2121 44 11 1717
One FT, one PT (couple)One FT, one PT (couple) 2828 44 11 2323
One FT, one no work One FT, one no work (couple)(couple)
1919 1313 99 1818
Only PT work (lone or Only PT work (lone or both)both)
1010 1616 1616 1111
Workless parent(s)Workless parent(s) 88 5757 6969 1919
Unweighted casesUnweighted cases 1239412394 29792979 639639 1601216012
Severe Child Poverty Severe Child Poverty Status by Benefit ReceiptStatus by Benefit Receipt
Base Population: All children in 2004-5 FRS.
Column per cent
Benefit /tax credit receipt of Benefit /tax credit receipt of familyfamily
Severe child poverty statusSevere child poverty status All All childrechildre
nnNot in Not in povertpovert
yy
Non-Non-severe severe povertypoverty
Severe Severe povertpovert
yy
Disability Living Allowance (DLA)Disability Living Allowance (DLA) 66 88 33 77
Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA)Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA) 11 55 77 22
Incapacity Benefit (IB)Incapacity Benefit (IB) 33 77 77 44
Income Support (IS)Income Support (IS) 66 5151 4545 1515
Working Tax Credit (WTC)Working Tax Credit (WTC) 1515 1919 1111 1515
Child Tax Credit (CTC)Child Tax Credit (CTC) 6464 8787 7575 6969
None of the above benefits/tax None of the above benefits/tax creditscredits
3434 88 2121 2929
Unweighted casesUnweighted cases 1239412394 29792979 639639 1601216012
Severe Child Poverty Severe Child Poverty Status by Family Type Status by Family Type
and Sizeand Size
Base Population: All children in 2004-5 FRS.
Column per cent
Family Family compositioncomposition
Severe child poverty statusSevere child poverty status All All childrenchildrenNot in Not in
povertypovertyNon-Non-
severe severe povertypoverty
Severe Severe povertypoverty
Family typeFamily type- lone parentlone parent- couple parentscouple parents
17178383
52524848
47475353
25257575
Family sizeFamily size- one childone child- two children two children - three childrenthree children- four or more four or more childrenchildren
25254747202088
2222363624241818
2626343420202020
2525444421211010
Unweighted casesUnweighted cases 1239412394 29792979 639639 1601216012
Severe Child Poverty Severe Child Poverty Status by EthnicityStatus by Ethnicity
Base Population: All children in 2004-5 FRS.
Column per cent
Ethnic background of Ethnic background of household headhousehold head
Severe child poverty statusSevere child poverty status All All childrechildre
nnNot in Not in povertpovert
yy
Non-Non-severe severe povertypoverty
Severe Severe povertpovert
yy
WhiteWhite 9191 8282 6363 8888
Mixed /Chinese /other Mixed /Chinese /other 22 44 99 33
Asian and Asian BritishAsian and Asian British 55 1010 2020 66
Black and Black BritishBlack and Black British 22 55 88 33
Unweighted casesUnweighted cases 1239412394 29792979 639639 1601216012
High Risk of Severe High Risk of Severe Poverty Among Children:Poverty Among Children:
living in London, Wales and the Midlands ;living in London, Wales and the Midlands ; with workless parents; with workless parents; whose parents have low educational qualifications;whose parents have low educational qualifications; living in rented accommodation;living in rented accommodation; whose parents have no savings/assets;whose parents have no savings/assets; in large families of four or more children;in large families of four or more children; from ethnic minority groups, especially of Asian from ethnic minority groups, especially of Asian
origin; and origin; and in families with disabled adult(s).in families with disabled adult(s).
Selected risk factors of severe and non-Selected risk factors of severe and non-severe child poverty, relative to not being severe child poverty, relative to not being
in povertyin povertyFactor Non-severe
povertySevere poverty
Economic activity of parents (workless)- Self employed- couple or single, part-time work (no FT)- Couple or single, all in full-time work
0.34*0.60*0.15*
0.06*0.01*0.29*
Mother’s educational qualification (degree)- No qualification- non-degree qualification
3.45*2.54*
6.27*4.00*
Benefit receipt (no receipt)- Jobseeker’s Allowance- Incapacity Benefit- Income Support- Child Tax Credit
2.65*1.36*2.84*1.29*
0.810.750.54*0.80
Ethnic Group (White)-Asian-Black-Mixed /other
2.39*1.331.40*
6.08*2.51*2.82*
Interesting PatternsInteresting Patterns
Non-receipt of benefits generally Non-receipt of benefits generally associated with a higher risk of severe associated with a higher risk of severe child povertychild poverty Benefit take-up possibly an issue for families Benefit take-up possibly an issue for families
experiencing severe child poverty.experiencing severe child poverty.
Lone parents associated with lower risk of Lone parents associated with lower risk of severe poverty but higher risk of non-severe poverty but higher risk of non-severe poverty than couple parents.severe poverty than couple parents.