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The Rise of Romanticism
Through the Culture of the Arts
From Neoclassicism to Romanticism
- A defining characteristic of the late 18th century was a renewed interest in classical antiquity.
- The Enlightenment emphasized rationality and so the geometric harmony of classical art and architecture seemed to embody Enlightenment details.
- Greece and Rome served as models for this time of political upheaval with their traditions of liberty, civic virtue, morality and sacrifice.
Jacques-Louis David
A neoclassical painter of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire.
David’s beliefs aligned with the Enlightenment belief that subject matter should have a moral and should be presented so that the “marks of heroism and civic virtue offered the eyes of the people will electrify its soul, and plant the seeds of glory and devotion to the fatherland.”
Jacques-Louis David
Oath of the Horatti, 1784, oil on canvas, 11’x14’
Jacques-Louis David
The Oath of the Tennis Court, 1791, Graphite, Ink, Sepia, 2’ 1 ½” x 3’ 5 1/3”
Jacques-Louis David
The Death of Marat, 1793, oil on canvas, 5’3”x4’1”
The Pieta, Michelangelo, 1499, marble,
Neoclassical Architecture
Jacques-Germain Soufflot, the Pantheon, Paris, France, 1755-1792
Pierre Vignon, La Madeleine, Paris, France, 1807-1842
The Move to Romanticism
-Jean Jacques Rousseau’s ideas contributed to the rise of Romanticism. -Rousseau exclaimed that, “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains!”
-So Romanticism emerged from a desire for freedom- not only political freedom, but also freedom of thought, of feeling, of action, of worship, of speech, and of taste, as well as all the other freedoms.
-Those who affiliated themselves with Romanticism believed that the path to freedom was through imagination rather than reason and functioned through feeling rather than through thinking.
Characteristics of Romanticism
emotions – passion – irrationality the dreamer – the individual the power and fury of nature the danger of science the dehumanization of man through technology country life = best kind of life romanticization of middle ages the exotic, occult and macabre (dreams, death) nationalism interest in foreign lands and cultures renewed interest in Christian mysteries and mysticism
Henry Fuselli
The Nightmare, 1781, oil on canvas, 3’4”x4’2”
William Blake
Ancient of Days, frontispiece of Europe: A Prophecy, 1794, metal relief etching, hand colored, 9 ½”x 6 3/4”
Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes
The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, 1798, etching & aquatint
The Third of May 1808, 1814, oil on canvas
Goya
Saturn Devouring His Children, 1819-1823, Detail of a detached fresco on canvas
Theodore Gericault
Raft of the Medusa, 1818-1819, oil on canvas
Insane Woman, 1822-1823, oil on canvas
Eugene Delacroix
Paganini, 1831, oil on cardboard on wood panel
The Death of Sardanapalus, 1826, oil on canvas
Eugene Delacroix
Liberty Leading the People, 1830, Oil on Canvas
Romanticism in Sculpture
Francois Rude, La Marseillaise, Arc de Triomphe, Paris, France, 1833-1836
Antoine-Louis Barye, Jaguar Devouring a Hare, 1850-1851, Bronze
Imagination and Mood in Landscape Painting
-The 18th century artists had regarded the pleasurable, aesthetic mood natural landscapes inspired as the making the landscape itself picturesque or “worthy of being painted”.
-The Romantic artists rather than provide simple descriptions of nature, poets and artist used nature as an allegory.
-They commented on spiritual, moral, historical, or philosophical issues.
Caspar David Friedrich
Cloister Graveyard in the Snow, 1810, oil on canvas
Joseph Mallord William Turner
The Slave Ship, 1840, oil on canvas
Thomas Cole
The Oxbow (View from Mt. Holyoke, Northhampton, Mass., after a Thunderstorm,
1836, Oil on canvas
Architecture
John Nash, Royal Pavillion, Brighton, England, 1815-1818
Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, London,
England, 1850-1851, iron and glass
Charles Barry and A.W.N. Pugin, Houses of Parliament, London, England, 1835
Literature Match-up
Romantic Poets Coleridge Wordsworth Byron Schlegel Goethe
Romantic Literary Ideas Defies definition BUT emphasizes
living life according to one’s own terms
Focuses on the need for a return to a childlike state of being
Highlights social issues of his day Rejection of old traditions and
supporter of personal liberty Imagination = God at work in the
mind
Romantic Poetry – EnglishGerman
Madame de Staël
Daughter of Jacques Necker
Read primary document on pg. 600 and discuss bolded questions
Early Romantic Music
Musical periods are always a little behind those of art and literature – SO the music of the late 18th century is referred to as Classical (i.e. Mozart) or Early Romantic (i.e. Beethoven)