The Rise of Kingdoms and the

Growth of Church Power

The Rise of Kingdoms and the

Growth of Church Power

I. The Emergence & Growth of European Kingdoms, 1000 – 1300

A. KingsTheory

Practice

Expansion of royal power in the High Middle Ages

II. England in the High Middle Ages

A. William of Normandy (1066 – 1087)

Battle of Hastings (1066)Fusion of Normans and Anglo-SaxonsInvolvement in FranceEnd of SubinfeudationDoomsday Book

B. Henry II (1154 – 1189)

Plantagenet dynastyRoyal courtsCommon lawThe churchThomas Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury)

C. King John (1199 – 1216)Loses in FranceCharacter flawsHigh taxationMagna Carta

D. Edward I (1272 – 1307)ScotlandModel ParliamentEffects of Parliament

II. The Growth of the French Kingdom

A. The Capetian Dynasty

Little real powerRoyal domain limited to the Île de France

B. Philip II Augustus (1180 – 1223)

War against the EnglishFrench bureaucracy

C. Louis IX (1226 – 1270) “Saint Louis”

JusticeParticipates in Crusades

D. Philip IV the Fair (1285 – 1314)

Royal administration

Council for adviceChamber of Accounts (finances)Parlement (royal court)

Estates-General (French parliament)

Map 10.1: England and France in the High Middle Ages

III. Christian Reconquest: The Spanish KingdomsA. CordovaB. Reconquista (1000 –

1492)CastileNavarreAragónPortugalRepartimientoFueros

C. Alfonso X (1252 – 1284)

Map 10.2: Christian Reconquests in the Western Mediterranean

IV. The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany and Italy

A. Salian KingsB. German

NobilityC. Involvement in

ItalyThe Norman kingdom in southern ItalyNorthern kingdoms rich.

D. Frederick I Barbarossa (1152 – 1190)

Attempts to conquer northern Italy

Pope and Italian cities oppose himBattle of Legnano (1176)

E. Frederick II (1212 – 1250)King of Sicily, Germany, and Holy Roman EmperorPreoccupied with ItalyGermany left in confusion and chaos

Rudolf of Hapsburg (1273)

Emergence of Italian city states

Map 10.3: The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire in the Twelfth Century

V. New Kingdoms in Northern and Eastern Europe

A. Scandinavia

B. Hungary

C. PolandGermans and Slavs

Teutonic Knights

Teutonic Knight Castle at Marienburg

VI. Medieval Mongols & Russians

A. The Mongol Empire

1. Temuchin – Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – 1227)

2. Khubilai Khan3. Advances against the

Muslim world4. Advances against

Europe

B. The Development of Russia1. Kiev – Rus

• Boyars

2. The church3. Mongol invasion4. Alexander Nevsky

(c. 1220 – 1263)

Map 10.4: Northern and Eastern Europe

VII. The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church

A. The Problems of Decline

Worldly bishops and abbotsMonastic decline

B. The Cluniac Reform Movement

1. Cluny founded by Duke William of Aquitaine (910)

2. Money collected bypasses local gov’t and goes to Pope

3. Reform movement spreads

C. Reform of the Papacy

1. Simony2. Nicholaism3. Gregory the Great4. Innocent III -Excommunication

of King John - Interdict on

England

IX. New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals

A. The Cistercian Order

Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090 – 1153)Anti-Cluny

C. The Franciscans: Saint Francis of Assisi (1182 – 1226)

1. Born in a wealthy family

2. life of poverty

3. Pope Innocent III

4. Robert Grosseteste

Poor Clares

the stigmata.

D. The Dominicans

1. Dominic de Guzmán (1170 – 1221)

2. Very well educated

3. Albertus Magnus4. Thomas Aquinas

X. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages

Sacraments

Saints

The Virgin Mary

Relics

Indulgences

Pilgrimages

The reliquary containing the

blood of St. Januarius

Map 10.6: Pilgrimage Routes in the Middle Ages

XI. Voices of Protest and Intolerance

A. Heresy1. Catharism

• Dualist System• Catholic Church was

evil according to their views

2. Albigensian Crusade (began in 1209)

3. The Holy Office (Papal Inquisition)

B. Persecution of the Jews1. Money lending2. The Crusades3. Fourth Lateran Council

(1215)4. Expulsion

1. Edward I (Eng) 12902. Philip IV (Fr) 13063. Poland (welcomed

them)

C. Intolerance and Homosexuality

1. Associated with other minority groups

2. Thomas Aquinas and the “sin against nature”

3. Punishment

The Early Crusades1. Pope Urban II (1088 – 1099)

Council of Clermont (1095)

2. GoalsPopesKnightsMerchants

3. First Crusade (1096 – 1099) – Success!

Captures Antioch (1098)Captures Jerusalem (1099)

Map 10.7: The Early Crusades

E. Muslims strike back

1. Fall of Edessa (1144)

2. Second Crusade (Loss of

Jerusalem)3. Every crusade

after the first is a failure

F. Third Crusade (1189 – 1192)1. Reaction to the fall

of Jerusalem2. Saladin3. Led by Frederick I

Barbarossa of Germany, Richard the Lionhearted of England and Philip Augustus of France

Richard the Lionhearted Executing Muslims at Acre

G. Crusades of the 13th Century1. Fourth Crusade

(1202 – 1204)Sack of ConstantinopleLatin Empire of Constantinople (1204 – 1261)There were many crusades after the fourth (all failures)

H. Effects of the Crusades1. Little impact on the

Muslim world2. Impact on European

societyCultural interactionMany young warriors removed from EuropeItalian cities benefited economicallyAttacks on Jews