The Rise of The Rise of EuropeEurope

Chapter 8Chapter 8

The Middle Ages

An IntroductionAn Introduction

Why do they call it the Middle Ages?

Main Ideas of the Middle Main Ideas of the Middle Ages:Ages:

FeudalismFeudalism Christianity/ CrusadesChristianity/ Crusades Chivalry Chivalry PlaguePlague WarWar

VocabularyVocabulary

Any thing from the Middle Any thing from the Middle Ages is considered to be Ages is considered to be Medieval.Medieval.

Examples:Examples:

Medieval CastleMedieval Castle

Medieval KnightMedieval Knight

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesBy A.D. 500, the Roman Empire had fallen By A.D. 500, the Roman Empire had fallen

apart. Historians call the 1000 years apart. Historians call the 1000 years following the fall of Rome the Middle following the fall of Rome the Middle Ages. These years are in the middle Ages. These years are in the middle between the fall of Rome and the rebirth between the fall of Rome and the rebirth of classical learning in Europe in the of classical learning in Europe in the 1500s.1500s.

During the Middle Ages, the eastern part of During the Middle Ages, the eastern part of the old Roman Empire grew strong as the the old Roman Empire grew strong as the Byzantine Empire, but the western part Byzantine Empire, but the western part broke into many parts and fell into decay.broke into many parts and fell into decay.

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesThe fall of Rome brought important The fall of Rome brought important

changes to Western Europe. Germanic changes to Western Europe. Germanic tribes slowly moved south and took tribes slowly moved south and took over Roman lands. over Roman lands.

For 500 years there had been one For 500 years there had been one Roman Empire. Now hundreds of little Roman Empire. Now hundreds of little kingdoms took its place. These kingdoms took its place. These kingdoms had no system for collecting kingdoms had no system for collecting taxes and rulers had no money for a taxes and rulers had no money for a governmentgovernment

Also called the “Dark Also called the “Dark Ages”Ages”

Why? Not much emphasis on

Thought Government Art Philosophy

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesFrom about 500 to 1000, the From about 500 to 1000, the region was a frontier land region was a frontier land (underdeveloped area on the (underdeveloped area on the outskirts of a civilization with outskirts of a civilization with vast natural resources). vast natural resources).

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesBetween 400 and 700 A.D., Germanic Between 400 and 700 A.D., Germanic

tribes carved western Europe into tribes carved western Europe into small kingdoms, the most successful of small kingdoms, the most successful of which was that of the Franks.which was that of the Franks.

In 481 A.D., a warrior named Clovis In 481 A.D., a warrior named Clovis united the Franks and became united the Franks and became their kingtheir king. He made Paris his capital. . He made Paris his capital. He was the first Germanic king to He was the first Germanic king to become a Roman Catholic.become a Roman Catholic.

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesWhile Germanic peoples conquered While Germanic peoples conquered

western Europe, Muslims western Europe, Muslims conquered North Africa and conquered North Africa and Spain, but were defeated in Spain, but were defeated in France at the Battle of Tours. France at the Battle of Tours.

-European Christians viewed -European Christians viewed Muslims with fear, but gained Muslims with fear, but gained knowledge from them.knowledge from them.

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesIn 800 A.D., one Frank king became

strong enough to unite all of Western Europe. His name was Charlemagne.

Ruled from 768 to 814/ Expanded the Frankish kingdom into Carolingian empire = covered much of western & central Europe

Reunites most of the western empire

He defeated the other Germanic tribes and united them into one kingdom,

Spreads Christianity

The pope Leo III crowned him “Emperor of the Romans.”

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesCharlemagne tried to create a united Charlemagne tried to create a united

Christian Europe and to revive Latin Christian Europe and to revive Latin learning.learning. He also established a He also established a school at Aachen (Germany), school at Aachen (Germany), where the scholar Alcuin set up a where the scholar Alcuin set up a Latin-type curriculum in which Latin-type curriculum in which students studied grammar, students studied grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.geometry, music, and astronomy.

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesCharlemagne appointed powerful Charlemagne appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions. He nobles to rule local regions. He gave them the land so they could gave them the land so they could offer support and supply soldiers offer support and supply soldiers for his armies. To keep control of for his armies. To keep control of these rulers, he sent out officials to these rulers, he sent out officials to check on roads, listen to check on roads, listen to grievances, and see that justice grievances, and see that justice was done.was done.

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

But then, his kids screw it up…

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

But then, his kids screw it up…

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesHis rule brought law and order His rule brought law and order

back to Western Europe, but back to Western Europe, but less than 30 years after his less than 30 years after his death in 814, his empire broke death in 814, his empire broke apart and civil war began. In apart and civil war began. In 843, his grandsons drew up the 843, his grandsons drew up the Treaty of VerdunTreaty of Verdun, which split , which split the empire into three regions.the empire into three regions.

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle Ages

Muslims invaded southern FranceMuslims invaded southern France Magyars settled on the plains of HungaryMagyars settled on the plains of Hungary Vikings (Norsemen of Scandinavia) Vikings (Norsemen of Scandinavia)

attacked the empireattacked the empire Vikings were superb warriors & Vikings were superb warriors &

shipbuilders/ famed dragon ships shipbuilders/ famed dragon ships carrying about 50 men could go shallow carrying about 50 men could go shallow rivers to attack inlandrivers to attack inland

99thth century, Vikings settled in Europe century, Vikings settled in Europe 911, Frankish king gave Vikings land of 911, Frankish king gave Vikings land of

NormandyNormandy

Europe under Europe under attack!attack!

Magyars from the East

Muslims from the South

And the biggest threat came from the North, the Vikings

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesOne of the invaders that attacked One of the invaders that attacked Charlemagne’s empire was the Charlemagne’s empire was the Vikings, which came from northern Vikings, which came from northern Europe. They were sailors who built Europe. They were sailors who built excellent ships. Viking explorers excellent ships. Viking explorers traveled to Russia, all across traveled to Russia, all across Europe and to America. They were Europe and to America. They were not just destructive raiders, but not just destructive raiders, but also traders and explorersalso traders and explorers

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle Ages

Around the year 1000, Around the year 1000, a Viking named a Viking named Leif Leif ErikssonEriksson landed on landed on and island northeast and island northeast coast of North coast of North America. He called it America. He called it Vinland… today Vinland… today Newfoundland! Newfoundland!

Statue of Leif Eriksson in Duluth, Minnesota

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle AgesAfter the Romans left Britain After the Romans left Britain in the fifth century, different in the fifth century, different Germanic tribes invaded the Germanic tribes invaded the island (Angles, Saxons, and island (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes). Jutes).

Assignment!Assignment!

-There’s 4 sections for Middle There’s 4 sections for Middle Ages Notes. Start on 1 sheet of Ages Notes. Start on 1 sheet of paper and turn in when you’re paper and turn in when you’re done with all 4 sections.done with all 4 sections.Pg 185: #1, 4, 5, 7.

Feudalism: MilitaryService for Land

Feudalism Feudalism Knights = heavily armored warriorsKnights = heavily armored warriors Frankish army initially set up foot Frankish army initially set up foot

soldiers in mailsoldiers in mail Early Middle Ages (500-1000) wealth Early Middle Ages (500-1000) wealth

was based on owning land/very little was based on owning land/very little tradetrade

Nobles gave a piece of land to vassals in Nobles gave a piece of land to vassals in exchange for fighting = fiefexchange for fighting = fief

Feudalism and the Manor Feudalism and the Manor EconomyEconomya code of conduct called a code of conduct called chivalrychivalry: :

the knight promised to defend the the knight promised to defend the church, to be loyal to the lord, church, to be loyal to the lord, protect the weak, and be polite to protect the weak, and be polite to women.women.

TroubadoursTroubadours, or wandering poets, , or wandering poets, adopted the view of chivalry and adopted the view of chivalry and their love songs praised the their love songs praised the perfection, beauty and wit of perfection, beauty and wit of women.women.

Assignment!Assignment!

Pg 190 #1-5

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval Church Missionaries were sent to spread Missionaries were sent to spread

their faith among Germanic their faith among Germanic tribes. Women also spread the tribes. Women also spread the faith by marrying pagan kings faith by marrying pagan kings and bringing them into the and bringing them into the Church. Church.

Role of the ChurchRole of the Church Christianity became main religion of Christianity became main religion of

Roman empire by 4Roman empire by 4thth century century

Patriarch

Archdiocese/Archbishop

Bishop/Diocese

Priest/Parish

Pope

Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church Pope claim was based on the belief that Pope claim was based on the belief that

Jesus gave Peter the keys to HeavenJesus gave Peter the keys to Heaven Peter was considered to be the chief Peter was considered to be the chief

apostle & the first bishop of Romeapostle & the first bishop of Rome Bishops who succeeded Peter were Bishops who succeeded Peter were

called popes called popes Western Christians accepted the pope as Western Christians accepted the pope as

the church’s leader, but could not agree the church’s leader, but could not agree on the pope’s powerson the pope’s powers

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchIn manor villages, the priests of the In manor villages, the priests of the

parish was the only contact people had parish was the only contact people had with the Church. The priests with the Church. The priests celebrated the mass and administer celebrated the mass and administer the the sacramentssacraments (the sacred rites of (the sacred rites of the Church). Christians believed that the Church). Christians believed that faith in Christ and participation in the faith in Christ and participation in the sacraments would lead them to sacraments would lead them to salvation.salvation.

The church was a social center. The church was a social center.

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchTo support the parish, the Church To support the parish, the Church

required Christians to pay a required Christians to pay a tithetithe, or , or tax equal to a 1/10th of their income. tax equal to a 1/10th of their income. The Church taught that men and women The Church taught that men and women were equal before God, but on Earth, were equal before God, but on Earth, women were viewed as “daughters of women were viewed as “daughters of Eve,” weak and easily lead into sin. At Eve,” weak and easily lead into sin. At the same time, the Church offered a the same time, the Church offered a view of the ideal woman, as modest and view of the ideal woman, as modest and pure as Mary, the mother of Jesus.pure as Mary, the mother of Jesus.

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchAbout 530, a monk named Benedict About 530, a monk named Benedict

organized the monastery in organized the monastery in southern Italy. He drew up a set of southern Italy. He drew up a set of rules to regulate monastic life for rules to regulate monastic life for monks and nunsmonks and nuns

Role of ChurchRole of Church Monks meditated & read privately/ They Monks meditated & read privately/ They

prayed together seven times a dayprayed together seven times a day All aspects of Benedict life was All aspects of Benedict life was

communalcommunal Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine

monasterymonastery Monks spread Christianity throughout Monks spread Christianity throughout

Europe/Irish & English monks were Europe/Irish & English monks were enthusiastic missionariesenthusiastic missionaries

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchMonasteries and convents also performed Monasteries and convents also performed

a vital role in preserving the writings. a vital role in preserving the writings. Monks and nuns copied by hand books Monks and nuns copied by hand books from the past to make more copies. from the past to make more copies. Over time, the largest monasteries and Over time, the largest monasteries and convents became centers of learning, convents became centers of learning, and the monks and nuns kept learning. and the monks and nuns kept learning.

Abbey of Monte Cassino, originally built by Saint Benedict, shown here as rebuilt after World War II.

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchWomen could not become priests, Women could not become priests,

however, many did enter convents. In however, many did enter convents. In the later Middle Ages, the Church put the later Middle Ages, the Church put more restrictions on nuns: it more restrictions on nuns: it withdrew rights that nuns had once withdrew rights that nuns had once enjoyed, such as preaching the enjoyed, such as preaching the Gospel, and placed most independent Gospel, and placed most independent convents under the control of Church convents under the control of Church officials. officials.

Role of ChurchRole of Church Nuns = women who withdrew from the Nuns = women who withdrew from the

world to dedicate themselves to Godworld to dedicate themselves to God Nuns lived in convents headed abbessesNuns lived in convents headed abbesses Abess Hilda founded a monastery in Abess Hilda founded a monastery in

Whitby in 657 where she educated five Whitby in 657 where she educated five future bishopsfuture bishops

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchThe Church not only controlled the spiritual The Church not only controlled the spiritual

life of Christians, but became the most life of Christians, but became the most powerful force in medieval Europe. powerful force in medieval Europe.

High clergy, such as bishops and archbishops, High clergy, such as bishops and archbishops, were usually nobles and they had their own were usually nobles and they had their own territories. The pope itself held vast lands in territories. The pope itself held vast lands in central Italy, later called Papal States. central Italy, later called Papal States. Because churchmen were often the only Because churchmen were often the only educated people, feudal rulers appointed educated people, feudal rulers appointed them to high government positions.them to high government positions.

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchThe medieval Church developed its own body of The medieval Church developed its own body of

laws, known as laws, known as canon lawcanon law

It applied to religious teachings, the clergy, It applied to religious teachings, the clergy, marriages, and morals. Anyone who disobeyed marriages, and morals. Anyone who disobeyed Church law faced a range of penalties, including Church law faced a range of penalties, including excommunicationexcommunication, which meant people could , which meant people could not receive the sacraments or a Christian burial. not receive the sacraments or a Christian burial. A noble who opposed the Church could face the A noble who opposed the Church could face the interdictinterdict, an order excluding an entire town, , an order excluding an entire town, region or kingdom from receiving most region or kingdom from receiving most sacraments.sacraments.

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval ChurchJewish communities existed across Europe. In Jewish communities existed across Europe. In

their homes, the Jews preserved the oral and their homes, the Jews preserved the oral and written laws that were central to their faith.written laws that were central to their faith.

In the late 1000s, Christians persecuted Jews and In the late 1000s, Christians persecuted Jews and accused them of being responsible for the death accused them of being responsible for the death of Jesus. In bad times, of Jesus. In bad times, antisemitismantisemitism, or , or prejudice against Jews, worsened: Christians prejudice against Jews, worsened: Christians blamed Jews for things they could not blamed Jews for things they could not understand, such as illness or famine. The Jews understand, such as illness or famine. The Jews moved to Eastern Europe were rulers welcomed moved to Eastern Europe were rulers welcomed the newcomers’ skills and knowledge.the newcomers’ skills and knowledge.

Assignment! Assignment!

Pg 196# 3-6

Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and ChangeChangeBy 1000, Europe’s economic recovery was well By 1000, Europe’s economic recovery was well

underway. Farming changed because of five underway. Farming changed because of five inventions: inventions: the three-field system, the the three-field system, the harness for horses and horseshoeharness for horses and horseshoe, , iron iron plows, the waterwheelplows, the waterwheel, and the windmill. , and the windmill. Under the three-field system , a lord left one Under the three-field system , a lord left one third of his fields unplanted each year, third of his fields unplanted each year, allowing the soil to rest. Then the field allowing the soil to rest. Then the field produced more food when the serfs planted it produced more food when the serfs planted it a year later. In 300 years, the population of a year later. In 300 years, the population of Europe doubled.Europe doubled.

The Change from The Change from Manor Life to the Manor Life to the Growth of TownsGrowth of Towns

Causes of the growth of Causes of the growth of townstowns

The use of horses The use of horses instead of oxen.instead of oxen. Oxen are big and Oxen are big and

slow.slow. Horses plow much Horses plow much

faster.faster. People could plow People could plow

twice as much.twice as much. RESULTS……RESULTS……

More Food!!!More Food!!!

The Three Field SystemThe Three Field System

In two of the fields the farmer would plant his crops.

In the last field the farmer would leave it FALLOW

What is the Result?????What is the Result?????

More Food!!!!

What is the final result?What is the final result? Because of horses and the 3-field system, there Because of horses and the 3-field system, there

was more food, MORE FOOD MEANS……was more food, MORE FOOD MEANS…… People become People become HEALTHIERHEALTHIER== People People LIVE LONGERLIVE LONGER== MORE BABIESMORE BABIES== INCREASED POPULATIONINCREASED POPULATION== NEED MORE PLACES TO LIVENEED MORE PLACES TO LIVE==

THE GROWTH OF THE GROWTH OF TOWNSTOWNS

Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and ChangeChangeEurope’s growing population needed goods that Europe’s growing population needed goods that

were not available on the manor: peasants were not available on the manor: peasants needed iron for farm tools, wealthy nobles needed iron for farm tools, wealthy nobles wanted fine wool, furs, and spices from Asia. As wanted fine wool, furs, and spices from Asia. As foreign invasions and feudal warfare declined, foreign invasions and feudal warfare declined, traders crisscrossed Europe to meet the growing traders crisscrossed Europe to meet the growing demand for goods. Traders and their customers demand for goods. Traders and their customers did business at local trade fairs; however, they did business at local trade fairs; however, they closed in the fall and the merchants waited closed in the fall and the merchants waited during the winter months near a castle. With during the winter months near a castle. With time these became the first real medieval citiestime these became the first real medieval cities

Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and ChangeChangeTo protect their interests, the merchants who To protect their interests, the merchants who

set up a new town would ask the local lord, set up a new town would ask the local lord, or king, for a or king, for a chartercharter (a written document (a written document set out the rights and privileges of the set out the rights and privileges of the town). In return, merchants paid the lord a town). In return, merchants paid the lord a large sum of money.large sum of money.

As trade revived, merchants had to borrow As trade revived, merchants had to borrow money to buy goods. The need for capital, money to buy goods. The need for capital, or money for investment, spurred the or money for investment, spurred the growth of banking houses.growth of banking houses.

Rise of FairsRise of Fairs Since people no Since people no

longer lived on a longer lived on a self-sufficient self-sufficient manor, they needed manor, they needed a place to buy and a place to buy and sell their stuff.sell their stuff.

Most fairs took Most fairs took place outside of the place outside of the town and the town and the peasants got tired of peasants got tired of always carrying always carrying their stuff..their stuff..

This was too This was too much work so much work so pretty soon pretty soon the peasants the peasants would just stay would just stay at the fair and at the fair and not go back to not go back to the manor.the manor.

Growth of TownsGrowth of Towns

What is it like to What is it like to live in a town?live in a town? ExcitingExciting CrowdedCrowded DirtyDirty NoisyNoisy Garbage Garbage

everywhereeverywhere

But, this is where they But, this is where they want to live!!!!!want to live!!!!!

busy, no bathrooms, nofresh air…….

Dirty, smelly, anima ls in thestreets, fires ………

Rise of GuildsRise of Guilds A guild is almost like today’s

UNIONS. They are groups of people

with the same job. They controlled what the

product was supposed to look like and how much they could charge

Members cooperated to protect their own economic interests.

They provided social services, operating schools and hospitals, and looking after the widows and orphans of their members.

Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and ChangeChange

To become a guild member meant many To become a guild member meant many years of hard work. At the age of 7 or 8, a years of hard work. At the age of 7 or 8, a child could become an child could become an apprenticeapprentice, or , or trainee, to a guild master. Most trainee, to a guild master. Most apprentices worked for guild members as apprentices worked for guild members as journeymenjourneymen, or salaried workers., or salaried workers.

Women worked in dozens of crafts and Women worked in dozens of crafts and could inherit the workshops of their could inherit the workshops of their fathers or husbands, even become guild fathers or husbands, even become guild masters.masters.

Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and ChangeChangeTo meet the needs of the changing economy, To meet the needs of the changing economy,

Europeans developed new ways of doing business:Europeans developed new ways of doing business: Many merchants joined together in an organization Many merchants joined together in an organization

known as a known as a partnershippartnership, where a group of , where a group of merchants pooled their funds to finance a large-scale merchants pooled their funds to finance a large-scale venture.venture.

Merchants developed a system of insurance to help Merchants developed a system of insurance to help reduce business risks.reduce business risks.

A merchant deposited money with a banker in his A merchant deposited money with a banker in his home city. The banker issued a home city. The banker issued a bill of exchangebill of exchange, , which the merchant exchanged for cash in a distant which the merchant exchanged for cash in a distant city.city.

Economic Expansion and Economic Expansion and ChangeChangeThese new ways reshaped medieval society. These new ways reshaped medieval society.

Feudalism endedFeudalism ended. By 1300, most peasants . By 1300, most peasants were either tenant farmers, who paid rent were either tenant farmers, who paid rent for their land, or hired farm laborers, who for their land, or hired farm laborers, who paid with rent with their labor.paid with rent with their labor.

A A new middle class formednew middle class formed between the between the nobles and peasants. The clergy and nobles nobles and peasants. The clergy and nobles despised the new middle class because they despised the new middle class because they saw them as immoral for making money saw them as immoral for making money from from usuryusury (lending money at interest) (lending money at interest)

Assignment! After you Assignment! After you finish, turn in all 4 sections finish, turn in all 4 sections

of Middle Ages Notesof Middle Ages Notes Pg 201 #3-6