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Scott brockett, Team Leader ENV.C3 Air Quality and Noise

Antwerp, 6 March 2012

Joaquin Conference on Health relevant Air Quality Policies

The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies

Where We Are Going

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Where We Are Going “The 2013 Review of the TSAP”

The Process

General Mandate & Scope

General Timetable

The Analytical Toolbox

Contracts (IIASA, WHO, …) & other platforms

Integrated Impact Assessment

…

Emerging Issues

From stakeholder consultations

Other issues that are likely to arise (Crisis, Infringements, Europe 2020, …)

Possible Deliverables

Revised Thematic Strategy

Accompanying Legislative proposals as appropriate

Accompanying Non-Legislative proposals

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Review of 2005 Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution (COM (2005)446)

Cfr also 6EAP assessment

Article 32 of Ambient Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC)

Standards for PM2.5 (legally binding national exposure reduction obligations) and, as appropriate, update standards for other pollutants

Taking into account latest WHO information, air quality situation and reduction potential, revision of NEC directive, progress in implementation, …

Article 8 of Air Quality 4th Daughter Directive (2004/107/EC)

Standards for heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, Ni) and PAHs

Taking into account trends, effects, exposure, measurement, measures, …

Article 10 of NEC Directive (2001/81/EC)

Originally foreseen to be adapted to 2020 TSAP objectives by 2006

College Debate 18/1/2011 (PV (2011) 1944) (SEC (2011) 342)

Commission Work Programme 2013 (COM(2010) 623 final)

Resource Efficiency Roadmap 2011 (COM(2011)571)

The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies Mandate

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Outspoken support by the President and the College:

Air Quality (Still) Matters

Comprehensive review of EU Air Quality Policy

To be launched asap in 2011

To be completed in 2013 at the latest

Revised NEC directive latest as part of the review

Meanwhile, continued action required in specific policy areas, also for assisting Member States in complying with current air quality standards

Sulfur Content of Marine Fuels (Directive 1999/32/EC)

Vehicle and non-road emissions

Revision of the UNECE CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol

[energy, cohesion, agriculture, research,]

Close co-operation with Member States (also on ongoing infringement cases), and other stakeholders

Co-benefits with climate change and Europe 2020 agenda

The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies Mandate

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Evaluation phase

2011 2012 2013

Policy development phase

Finalisation phase

Council / EP

x x x x x x Consultation

The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies Process and Timetable (general)

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The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies The Analytical Toolbox

Integrated Assessment Service Contract (IIASA, Ecorys, …)

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WHO Grant agreement (December 2011 – October 2012)

Evidence-based response to specific questions regarding health aspects of particulate matter, ground level ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide, as well as emissions to the air of As, Cd, Hg, Ni and PAH;

Evaluating emerging issues on risks to health from air pollution related to specific source categories (e.g. transport, biomass combustion, metals industry, refineries, power production);

Assessing evidence on the role of specific components or characteristics of particulate matter in producing health effects;

Technical Framework Contracts

PM assessments & workshops

Ozone assessments & workshops

NO2 assessments & workshops

Other Platforms

“Group of 4 Joint Work Programme (EEA, JRC, CLIMA, RTD, Contractors)

UNECE knowledge centers

...

The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies The Analytical Toolbox

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PM – demand for simplification and focus

PM10 redundancy between daily and annual limit values

PM10 and PM2.5 – redundancy between annual limit values

PM fractions – health impacts of BC/EC/ultrafines/coarse fraction/fraction linked to particular sources

NO2 –challenging health justification & playing the need to trade-off

Considering the persistent difficulties to meet annual limit values, ongoing time-extension requests, and future infringements

Questioning health justification & role as indicator of combustion-related pollution

Ozone

Use metric which reflects duration and gravity of exceedance? (e.g. SOMO35 instead of maximum daily 8hr mean)

Other

Exposure index vs limit values – appropriateness for health protection

Overall indicator for health to target action towards public health benefit

Role of indoor air quality in relation to ambient air quality

…

The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies Key Issues Emerging from Consultations –Health Effects

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Target vs limit values

TVs limited influence on measures

Useful? Replace with limits with flexibility/derogation?

Limit values versus exposure reduction

LVs provide overall level of protection, but should always be some population exposure

Exposure reduction (uncertainty, effective measures)

New standards/deletion of standards

Gradual introduction of any new PM fractions (inventories, monitoring)

NH3, HM, additional PAH indicator?

De-emphasise CO LV, NO2 alarm value (SO2 LV?)

Harmonisation of parameters with source controls (NEC, EURO)

Flexibility

Justified? (winter sanding and salting), effective? (NO2 time extensions)

New options: failure of measures; where all cost-effective measures are taken; procedural issues

The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies Key Issues Emerging from Consultations –Standards and Limit values

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Meteorological variation

Rolling 3-year average for PM, ozone

Measures

Mismatch standards/health impacts (PM mass/traffic/BC)

Limitations of national action

Transboundary (NEC, AAQD Art 25)

EU source-based action

Costs!

Sensitive populations

Short-term action plans

Existing knowledge base at risk

EMEP / EU monitoring stations and data time series

Additional focus on ecosystem protection (UNECE LRTAP WG on Effects)

The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies Key Issues Emerging from Consultations –Air Quality Governance

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Monitoring siting and density

Review of MS networks, representativity, no of stations per zone

Develop further macro and micro siting criteria, adjust compliance reporting (zone/spatial representativeness of station?)

Harmonise methods with EMEP

Ref techniques expensive – cheaper options?

Specific issues – PM, PAH, BC/EC

Use of satellite data

Modelling

Consistent view that needed to supplement monitoring (cost, spatial coverage, forecasting, management); mandatory?

Uncertainty, particularly for compliance

Standards on input quality (emission inventories) and output resolution

Public information

Communication difficult for complex parameters

Some use of AQ indices and suggestions for future work – harmonisation?

The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies Key Issues Emerging from Consultations –Air Quality Governance

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Maximising climate & energy co-benefits

Modelling baseline includes Climate and Energy Package

Climate impact of action on air pollutants (ozone, BC/EC, NOx, SO2)/ AQ impact of biomass combustion, both integrated into analysis

Stimulating innovation

Identify key contributing sectors and scope for reduction; integrate into EU innovation programmes

Resource efficiency

Air as key resource

Urban Mobility (transport)

Sustainable Construction (Domestic Heating,NRMM,..)

Sustainable Food (Agri emissions)

(Healthy) Humans as capital inputs

…

Biodiversity, Water, Soil, …

The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies Other Issues that may come up–Europe 2020

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Revised Thematic Strategy

COM (Strategy: Targets, Measures, Means; Legislative initiatives as appropriate)

SEC (Impact Assessment, Annexes)

Other (Citizen Summary, Europa website containing studies, Press, …)

Non-Legislative Clean Air Programmes Tackling The Main Challenges

Urban clean air programme (U-CAP) –Ways and Means to Empower national and Local Actions (including funding possibilities (LIFE+, cohesion), Green Public Procurement Initiatives, Labelling, …

International clean air programme (I-CAP) --Action on ozone precursors, SLCFs, co-ordination with other regional conventions on BC (UNECE, UNEP,…), work on methane under UNFCCC

Blue sky innovation programme (Blip) –Highlighting role of air quality policy framework in driving innovation, jobs, etc; Setting out the key innovation needs, …

Clean air research agenda (Clara) –Outlining the long-term research needs (epidemiology, socio-economic, advanced/cheaper measuring techniques, …)

Action on Ammonia, PM/BC emissions from burning agricultural waste, methane abatement? … [G-CAP?]

The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies Possible Deliverables

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The Review of the EU Air Quality Policies Tentative Timetable (detailed)

Jan-11 Oct-13

Apr-11 Jul-11 Oct-11 Jan-12 Apr-12 Jul-12 Oct-12 Jan-13 Apr-13 Jul-13 Oct-13

Jun-11

1st SHM

Jul-11 - Nov-11

1st On-Line Public Consultation

Apr-11 Mar-13

Jul-11 Oct-11 Jan-12 Apr-12 Jul-12 Oct-12 Jan-13Policy Evaluation

Consultation

Policy Development

Oct-12 Dec-13

Jan-13 Apr-13 Jul-13 Oct-13

Dec-10 Dec-11

Jan-11 Apr-11 Jul-11 Oct-11Review Planning

Jan-11

AQ-NECD College Debate

Dec-11

AMP 2012

Jan-12

2nd SHM

Today

Jun-13

7th SHM

Apr-13 - Jun-13

2nd On-Line Public Consultation

Jun-12

3rd SHM

Policy Proposals

Oct-12 Dec-13

Jan-13 Apr-13 Jul-13 Oct-13

Jan-13

Draft IAB

Sep-13

ISC

Jun-13

IAB

Oct-12

AQ Eurobarometer

Dec-12

4th SHM Oct-13

Adoption

Nov-13

Council Conclusions

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The EU Air Quality Policy Framework

Additional background information

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Major milestones in the integrated assessment modelling

Baseline

March-September—Bilateral consultations with MS experts on GAINS emission calculations (but not on energy scenarios!)

March-September –New PRIMES 2012 baseline, with consultations of DG-ENER/PRIMES with MS energy experts

June –Draft TSAP baseline (including first MS comments) presented to ESG

Further feedbacks to IIASA up to September

December 2012 –Final TSAP baseline(s)

Scope for additional reduction

Draft emission baseline up to 2030 and Maximum Control Efforts scenario

Comparison of NEC assumptions in 2000 with actual developments, reasons for differences

Contribution to EU air quality from non-EU countries

Further emission reduction potentials

Road transport, agriculture, small-scale combustion, shipping, non-road mobile machinery

Compliance with air quality limit values (downscaling methodology)

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Magnitude of the air quality health and ecosystem problems in Europe

Update of health pollutants and their effects – WHO (research review)

Ecosystem effects – EMEP/WGE

Current and projected concentrations/depositions – EEA, ENV pollutant contracts, IIASA

Health and environmental outcomes – IIASA, CCE

Level of protection implied by current standards

Prospects for compliance 2020, 2025, 2030 – IIASA, ENV contracts

Extent of gap closure represented - IIASA

Adjustments needed

Simplification and focus (gaps (e.g. ecosystems), rationalisation, health relevance) – WHO, ENV contracts

Ambition – IIASA (costs and benefits (including climate change implications), timescales, measures)

Flexibility (nature of standards, derogations) – ENV contracts

Organisation of the Impact Assessment –

Translating objectives into standards

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Hemispheric, regional, national/local burden of pollution – IIASA, JRC, HTAP contract, ENV pollutant contracts

Cost-effective control options and impacts

EU level

NEC Directive emission ceilings

Measures on road, non-road, shipping (technical controls, structural changes)

Measures on combustion (IED, small-scale combustion), other IED sectors

Measures on agriculture

International level

Hemispheric or even global control requirements

Available international initiatives

National and local level

Database of measures - PM workshop, ENV pollutant contracts

Integrate into ongoing initiatives, outline additions

Organisation of the IA –Measures

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Monitoring siting and density

Review of MS networks – ENV pollutant contracts, EEA

Develop and assess options for further macro and micro siting criteria, adjustment of compliance reporting, co-ordination with EMEP, reference techniques – AQUILA

Modelling

Review of modelling practices in the MSs – ENV, FAIRMODE

Develop and assess options for criteria on input quality (emission inventories), output resolution, etc – FAIRMODE

Develop options for use in compliance assessment

Assessment – averaging over three years, reporting for area of representativeness – ENV pollutant contracts

Management

Sensitive groups, Art 23 Action plans – ENV pollutant contracts

Short-term action plans – specific ENV contract

Public information

Review use of AQ indices and develop options

Organisation of the Impact Assessment –Governance framework