The Responsible Mining Concept –Contributions on the Interface betweenScience and Practical NeedsCarsten DrebenstedtTechnische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany

1 IntroductionThe term “sustainable development” is today often pointed out like the mainguideline for the development of the modern society.But the term is not new. The first time the term was used is documented in1713 by Hans Carl von Carlowitz, the chief mining inspector in Saxony, in hisbook “Silvicultura oeconomica” – about the economy of the forest. Because of thedemand in wood e.g. for equipment construction, underground support, and charcoal production for metallurgical processes, the demand in this material increasedand strategies and measures were needed to reduce the consumption and toregulate the afforestation.Initiated in 1972 by the Club of Rome with the report “The Limits to Growth”starts the modern discussion about the limit of economic growth because of thelimited availability of natural resources, on special example of crude oil. The firstoil crises in 1973 pushed the consideration of natural resources.In 1987 was published the so called Brundtland Report “Our Common Future”from the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development(WCED). An oft-quoted definition of sustainable development is defined in thereport as: "development that meets the needs of the present without compromisingthe ability of future generations to meet their own needs."Al least with the UNCED (United Nation Conference on Environment andDevelopment) 1992 in Rio de Janeiro sustainable development was defined like abalanced development between economy, ecology and social needs.However, the concept of sustainable development is to keep a system(economic, social or ecosystem) in function considering the well-being of futuregenerations.The mining industry may come in conflict with some of the above mentioneddefinitions. Can mining be sustainable? Yes, because mining is an inseparable partof the development of our society. The responsibility is, to improve the miningtechnologies permanent and develop science and technologies to avoid andminimize negative impacts to the environment.4 C. Drebenstedt

2 To the Understanding of Sustainability in MiningMining is the extraction of valuable minerals from the earth's crust by man tosatisfy his basic needs, such as housing, heat, light, food, in modern society,including also mobility and communication. This materials can be classifiedaccording to their use, e.g. in construction minerals, industrial minerals or energyraw materials. Besides farming, forestry and fisheries, mining is part of theprimary production, the basement of all the other production. The mining industrymakes our daily life possible. Mining is and will remain for the foreseeable futurepart of the general interest of society.Is the term sustainability based on the idea that the man in the interaction withthe environment has to observe the consequences and in the sense of agenerational contract care about the living conditions in the future, some specialconsiderations in the use of the earth's crust must be noticed:- The materials are taken from the earth's crust can be contrary to theagriculture and forestry or fishing not multiply and also not "grow" in areasonable timeframe. The deposits are being exploited today and are nolonger available for future generations.

- Mining products are exclusively produced as required, that mean, only tothe extent that they are actually needed in industry and households. Thestockpiling is limited to the security of supply. The storage not changesthe properties of geo – materials (long "shelf life").- The mining materials go into the economic cycle and are directly used inindustry and households, e.g. coal, or converted into other products andprocessed, such as ores.- The circulate materials can be get back only from consumers and usedagain (urban mining, recycling). It should be noted that certain usefulmaterials are lost completely or partly by the use of itself, such as bycombustion of hydrocarbons or by processing, for example limestone forcement in concrete, or by natural material conversion processes, e.g.corrosion, or by dilution (abrasion).- Furthermore, the residence time of the geo - materials in the products ismainly long term, some over 100 years, so they return late in thecommodity cycle.- The streams have become beyond global, what means, that not all geomaterialsremain in national or even regional circuits, but are distributed.Commodities and goods produced from them are traded worldwide.If the demand for geo-materials increased, for example by population growthand/or rising standard of living, mining remains indispensable.In the strict sense, the contribution of mining to sustainability as a futureorientedplan consists the fullest possible use of substances occurring in the valueof the deposits, both the major and the minor and accompanying components. ThisThe Responsible Mining Concept 5goal must be taking into account in mining, processing and the further production.This can lead to a longer use of the deposits and the available resources areprotected for future generations. Non-valuable components of the deposit, as lowgrade ore, waste rock, preparation and processing residues, shall be storedseparately each as technogenic deposits. New technologies can make themaccessible for the future. Unfortunately, this argument is often used to abstainfrom measures of remediation and reclamation.In a broader sense, the mineral extraction industry in connection with therecycling industry is considered to be sustainable because recycling keeps thematerials available for future generations in the circuit.If the term sustainability is defined as a balanced development, in whicheconomic, social and environmental objectives are in line, the mining is in thesame responsibility as all manufacturing industries. Here, too, there are particularconsiderations:- The location of the mining operation cannot be freely chosen, but isconnected to the deposit, that mean in location-bound- The deposit and thus the production period are finite- Depending on the deposit, the engagement of mining in natural and socialenvironment can be long term and in large scale structure, in particularsurface mining is spatial dynamic.In terms of sustainability the impact in the natural and social environmentduring and after mining is relatively balanced through rehabilitation. The landafter a temporary mining use goes back again in the natural and economy cycle.Otherwise applies as in all other economy: mining creates direct and indirectworking places, provides tax revenue and thus for the prosperity and developmentin the region.Many measures in the mining industry are geared to ensure environmental,health and safety to a great extent. The main principle in the mining industry is:safety first. The mining industry is one of the safest industries in Germany at all.The number of accidents in the mining industry in Germany is below the average.

Because of the importance of mining and the special conditions adopted mininglaw and permission processes for mining projects were developed. In developedcountries about mining projects decided in a very democratic and transparentprocedure.3 Sustainability Research in MiningThe chair surface mining at Technische Universität Bergakademie Freibergunderstands sustainability in mining at first and foremost as responsible behaviorof the mining companies, which takes into account the above-mentioned aspectsof sustainability. Responsible for the promotion and support of this consciousaction, the chair tracked in the following research strategy:6 C. Drebenstedt- Maximizing the use of value components of a deposit (major, minor, andaccompanying minerals)- Use of valuable minerals in the residues of raw materials extraction andprocessing- Environmentally friendly mining technologies- Fast and high-quality rehabilitation of the claimed land- Ensuring public and occupational safety in all stages of the miningprocessFor this mining concept methodological basics were created, which have beenpublished in books and international conferences. To implement the researchpriorities at the chair surface mining for the diverse topics are establishedinterdisciplinary and internationally oriented research groups:- Mine planning- Mining technology (mechanical path)- Mine water (chemical path)3.1 Maximum Utilization of the Value ComponentsThe research focus "Maximum utilization of the value components" includes thefollowing topics:- Construction of a rock management system starting from the depositmodel to the raw material processing to optimize the mineral recoveryfrom deposits in compliance with the environmental benefits on theexample of copper mining in Chile (Drebenstedt et al. 2010a)- Selective extraction of raw materials with high selectivity to avoid lossesor dilution, e.g. hard coal mining in Vietnam, lignite mining in Germany(Xuan, Drebenstedt 2009; Pfütze, Drebenstedt 2012)- Optimization of extraction technology for safe use of reserves, such asextraction of pillars and low-loss extraction of high rooms (chambers) inthe copper mine Sheskasgan, Kazakhstan- Development of intelligent solutions for quality control in production andstorage/ dumping processes (Eichler, Drebenstedt 2010)- Targeted construction of technogenic deposits, such as for accompanyingmaterials (Drebenstedt 2007)- Inclusion of low-grade ores in resource recovery, such as gold inUzbekistan (Ravshanov, Drebenstedt 2006)- Recovery of valuable components from tailings, e.g. Phosphorite inUzbekistan (Ishimov, Drebenstedt 2010a)- Use of residues from treatment, e.g. Phosphorite in Uzbekistan (Ishimov,Drebenstedt 2010b)- Use of residues of raw material use, e.g. ashes (Drebenstedt 2006c)The Responsible Mining Concept 7

3.2 Environmentally Friendly Mining TechnologiesUnder the research focus "environmentally friendly mining technologies" areinvestigated the following topics:- Environmentally friendly drainage technology (HDD filter wells to

reduce the demand of material, energy and land) (Struzina et al., 2011)- Analysis of the cutting processes to reduce wear and dust as well as forenergy optimization (Drebenstedt, Van 2007; Drebenstedt, Kressner2008; Drebenstedt, Vorona, Gaßner 2012)- Optimization of blasting technology to reduce emissions (vibrations,noise, gases, dust ...) with good fragmentation (Drebenstedt, Ortuta 2009,2010, 2012)- Use of alternative fuels for mining equipment, such as biodiesel(Drebenstedt, Jauer 2007)- Selection of optimal technologies for the use of mining equipment andmining equipment selection for the optimal operating under givenconditions (Purevsuren, Drebenstedt, Tsedendorij 2006)- Prevention of coal fires (on example of China) (Gusat, Drebenstedt 2010;Drebenstedt et al. 2010b)- Environmental accounting for selection of environmentally friendlymining systems (example: hard rock and under water extraction)(Drebenstedt, Schmieder 2006; Gomaa, Drebenstedt 2012)- Complex effects of small-scale mining on the mineral economy andjustification of countermeasures (Grießl, Drebenstedt 2012)- Development of holistic environmental management strategies(Drebenstedt 2008)3.3 Fast and High-Quality ReclamationThe research focus on "Fast and high-quality reclamation" covers the followingtopics:- Developing the basics for a “dump cadaster”/ “dump archive” for theevaluation of mechanical and chemical processes in dumps andappropriate countermeasures for adverse effects (Drebenstedt, Struzina2008)- Development of dump monitoring systems for early detection and riskmitigation of negative impacts (Drebenstedt 2012)- Methods to reduce the formation of acid mine waters and effectivemethods for neutralization of acidic waters (Simon, Hoth, Drebenstedt,Rascher, Jolas 1012)8 C. Drebenstedt- Review of long-term consequences and tasks in the closure of mines(Drebenstedt 2006a)- Selection of alternative procedures for mine reclamation (expert systemfor uranium mining remediation) (Drebenstedt 2006b)The stated objects of the research focus in part across themes. Furtheroptimization of sub-processes is often only effective in the consideration ofinteractions with upstream and downstream processes. As an example in particularthe topics selective and cutting processes as well as rock management system oroptimized blasting take this in to account. In the project rock management systemfor example work together experts in drilling, processing, mechanical processengineering and automation processes.The topic of mining safety is the basis and prerequisite for any of the topics e.g.coal fires or residual pillar extraction.3.4 Research MethodsTo solve these issues following methods are used:- Laboratory, pilot and field tests- Mathematical modeling and simulation- Process visualization for understanding and optimization of processes- Artificial intelligence (neural networks)- CAD, expert systems- Financial-mathematical models, economic valuation

- Integration of suitable sensors for process monitoring and control- Development of integrated mining planning and production managementsystemsWith the selected research areas and topics the chair surface mining contributeto a responsible mining approach with balanced consideration of economic,environmental, social and safety aspects and to the responsibility, that even futuregenerations can use the geo-materials.In teaching this holistic approach is also taught. Serve e.g. the courses mineplanning, mining abroad and mineral economics. In special courses will protectedgoods taken into account, for example mining water management, reclamation,and ventilation and security technology. Moreover, the aspects of sustainabilityare an integral part of the technical and technological courses.4 Conventional and Alternative Mining ApproachesThe world mining industry is characterized by several challenges. The growth ofpopulation and living standard leads to an:The Responsible Mining Concept 9- Increase of Demand in Mining Products- Increase of Prices- Increase of Profits (Drive of Market)- Increase of Impacts to the Environment- Increase of Mining Waste- Increase of Land Occupation- …Since 2004 the world mining industry develops very fast, with a growth of 2-3% per year, for several commodities faster. Nowadays the world miningproduction reaches more than 30 B t. In average every human being consumes 5tper year, in developed countries more than 20t per year.Under this conditions new strategies required for covering the future rawmaterial demand. The main directions are:- Reducing the consumption- Minimizing the raw material demand in products- Use of alternative materials; material design- Recycling (urban mining)- Increase the recovery rates from deposits- Exploration of new deposits- Development of mining technologies for new deposit conditionsIn the following discussed two mining approaches, the “maximum profit”driven one and the more responsible mining concept with “moderate profits”.“Moderate” is a profit, when the level is attractive for investors with highenvironmental and social standards. Sometimes mining projects with lowstandards offer high (maximum) profits.Of cause, the moderate profit concept only works, if this approach is applied forall mining project. In reality we see and today large differences in level of miningsafety and the environmental and social standards in mining projects. Plusdifferent government regulations and subsidies this differences lead to not realfree market conditions.However, the improvement of mining industry must be happening always tokeep the public acceptance.The main strategies to improve the mining activities are:- Increase of recovery rate- Use of environmentally friendly technologies- Consideration of reclamation and long term environmental effects ofminingThe strategies must be realized by concrete measures. In this paper presentssome results of research and development projects of the Institute of mining at

Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (see chapter 3).10 C. Drebenstedt

4.1 General Mining ApproachThe general mining approach is illustrated in figure 1. The concept is maximumprofit driven, which can be summarized by formula 1(Maximum) Profit PG

= Income IG

– Direct Costs CDG (1)Fig. 1 General mining approachThe main characteristics of this approach are:- not optimized processes with relatively high losses of valuablecomponents- in result high volume of waste material- with negative impacts to the environment- low consideration of indirect costs IG

The indirect costs includes the expenditures, necessary for compensation of allnegative influences of the mining project to the environment, like- Land occupation costs- Environmental protection costs/Health care- Reclamation costs- Long term costs (decrease of land value, climate change, …)- Monitoring costs- Early end of deposit reserves/Early investment in new deposits- …The Responsible Mining Concept 11Widely exists the opinion that for all negative mining influences, especiallyafter mining, the government is responsible, because the companies pay/paid taxesto the government budget.In Germany the principle is, that the causer is responsible for all negativeimpacts and therefore he must accumulate special funds after governmentalcontrol. The experience shows, that and after decades of mine closure not allproblems are solved, e.g. with slope stability and water quality. The Germangovernment paid in last 20 years approx. 9 B€ for closing coal mines and > 5 B€for closing uranium mines. The mine closure was caused by the unification ofGermany with the bankrupt of mining companies without financial funds forreclamation (see fig. 2).Fig. 2 Examples of negative results of mining to the environment12 C. DrebenstedtThe economic parameters of the general mining approach are illustratedsimplified in figure 3. The general tendencies are:- Than higher the extraction (recovery) rate of valuable components, thanhigher the income- and then higher the direct costs because of additional measures- the profits (economic zone) reaches an maximum in moderate extractionlevel- considering the indirect cost, the profit reduces (ecological zone)Fig. 3 Economic parameters of general mining approach, depending on extraction level

4.2 Alternative Mining ApproachThe main characteristics of the alternative mining approach are (formula 2, fig. 4):- Increase of extraction level of main product/reduce losses- Use of byproducts and accompanying products/reduce residuals- Use of environmental clean production methods- Fulfill all reclamation responsibilities like integrated part of mining

- Consideration and reduction of indirect costs- Long term production/Past investments for new deposits(Moderate) Profit PA

= Income IA

– Direct Costs CDA

– Indirect Costs CIA

(2)The Responsible Mining Concept 13Fig. 4 Alternative mining approachThe economic parameters of the alternative mining approach are illustratedsimplified in figure 5. The general tendencies are:- higher income because of reduction of losses and additional sellableproducts from byproducts and accompanying raw materials- reduce of indirect costs, because of less waste volume and contaminationpotential- mainly less profit because of consideration of indirect costs andadditional technical measures to achieve higher extraction level andhigher environmental performanceFigure 5 shows a variation of direct and indirect costs, depending of the level ofadditional measures. In right balanced economies, higher expenditures forenvironmental friendly technologies result in significant decrease of direct costs,e.g. for energy and materials, and indirect costs.The idea of “moderate profit” is that instead of “maximum profit” with lowrecovery rate and environmental and social responsibility, a part of the income isused to increase this parameters. This shall be the standard of every miningcompany, but in reality we see often only a minimum of realization of therequirements.14 C. DrebenstedtFig. 5 Economic parameters of alternative mining approach depending on extraction level

5 Examples of RealisationThe institute of mining at Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg realizedin last years several research and development projects in different topics alongthe process chain in mining (see chapter 3). The main targets are to- develop best available technologies to reduce the negative impacts ofmining keeping performance and economic parameters- develop solutions for reducing mine losses and increase the extractionrate of valuable products- improve the methodology for estimation of the impact of mining toeconomic, environmental, health and safety parameters and decisionmakingSome of the projects short demonstrated below.5.1 Comprehensive Approach of GeometallurgyThe concept of Geometallurgy is, to close the information chain between thegeological and mineralogical parameters of the deposit on one hand and the finalextraction process of valuable minerals on the other hand. Mining is the bridgebetween the deposit and the processing plant. Then better the mining departmentknow what are the requirements, then better the processes of loosening, loading,haulage and dumping/blending can be optimized. Often up to day exist a lack ininformation along the process chain and much information is not used in theprocess design. An independent information system was designed to keep theprocess information available and use the information for process optimization(Drebenstedt et al. 2010). Figure 6 illustrates the principle of material andinformation flow.

The Responsible Mining Concept 15Fig. 6 Scheme of information and material flow in a typical mining projectEspecially in deposits with different mineralization zones, like in copperdeposits, often not used selective processing of the ore, but the ore is blended inone stockpile. Investigations showed that the separate processing of ore types withdifferent mineral grain sizes have economic and environmental advantages. Theover mill of coarse ore particles with waste of energy and the not sufficientopening of fine ore particles with losses in the processing, can be reduced.Because milling is the most energy consuming process, the selective processinglead to economic and environmental benefits.To the comprehensive use of the deposit belongs and questions of use of lowgrade ores. A selective dumping of low grade ores and waste rock is almost notrealized everywhere. Low grade ores can in future periods of mine life, afterdecades, become economic interest, even, when prices for the ores and/or the costsfor primary excavation grow up. A mathematical model for integration of lowgrade ore in the extraction process was developed (Ravshanov, Drebenstedt 2006).5.2 Use of Accompanying Raw MaterialsThe use accompanying raw material can give additional benefits to the miningproject, e.g.- additional income- availability and cost reduction for own needs in the mine, e.g. for roadconstruction- reduce the volume/ costs for waste disposal- reduce of land demand- additional working places- later development of new deposits16 C. DrebenstedtFigure 7 presents a typical case for accompanying raw materials in theoverburden of German lignite mines (Drebenstedt 2007). In the permissiondocuments, the use of the accompanying raw materials is an integrated part. Themining companies must undertake selective mining and dumping.Fig. 7 Typical accompanying raw materials in overburden of coal mines in Germany andtheir use (table on right site)

5.3 Use of Residuals of ProcessingOn example of a phosphorus deposit were investigated the use of the residuals forsoil improvement on one hand and of the secondary extraction on other hand. Thecontent of phosphate after processing is still 10%. The processing residualstransported to the tailing pond.Figure 8 shows the results of experiments for hydraulic sedimentation processcontrol with the target to achieve a concentration of phosphate particles in thetailing and one of the possible technologies for extraction from the tailing site. Thered part on left site shows the separate sedimentation and the buildup of a manmade, secondary deposit of phosphates. The grade reaches up to 50%. Using thehydraulic diameter of particles, the sedimentation process can be mathematicaldescribed and controlled by the inclination of the beach, the relation of solidfraction in the suspension, the discharge volume and other parameters (Ishimov,Drebenstedt 2010a).The alternative use of phosphate tailings is the direct use as fertilizer for thesoil improvement. Figure 9 illustrate the influence of the application to the plantgrowth for different soil types. With an application of 20% of phosphate tailingsThe Responsible Mining Concept 17was achieved an increase of plant growth up to 15% (Ishimov, Drebenstedt2010b).Other positive results were found using fly ash of coal burning for soilimprovement (Drebenstedt 2006c).The use of residuals can give similar positive results like accompanying raw

materials.Fig. 8 Results of controlled sedimentation (left site) and proposed extraction method of thesecondary depositFig. 9 Influence of mixing phosphate tailings in to different soil types on plant growth

5.4 Improvement of Mining TechnologyOne of the main subjects for improvement of the mining technology is theinvestigation of the cutting process. The right cutting device can reduce the cuttingresistance and in result the energy consumption, the wear and dust development.18 C. DrebenstedtThis improves the health, environmental and economic situation. The results ofexperiments show, that the cutting parameters und constructions of cutting devicesinfluence to this parameters. The investigations were carried out for bucket wheelexcavators and tools on ploughs and drums (Drebenstedt 2009; Drebenstedt, Phan2007). Figure 10 shows the experimental stand for rock cutting with dustdetermination.In practical application the change in cutting parameters and cutting deviceslead to an increase of excavator output of up to 15% for each measure.Fig. 10 Investigation of cutting resistance and dust emissions (left: test rig, right: dustcollector)Other investigations were carried out e.g. for the use of biodiesel in heavymining equipment fleets (Jauer, Drebenstedt 2008).5.5 Considering of Post Mining Landscape Design and AMDIn result of mining forms a post mining landscape, often with changes inmechanical, chemical, biological, morphological and other properties (Drebenstedt2006a).It is very important to reclaim the mining areas as soon as possible. A othervery important question is the overburden management to create safe andvaluable landscapes. Figure 11 illustrates a situation before and after refill of auranium mine in Germany. From seven outside dumps approx. 120 M m³ of rockwere moved by heavy mobile fleet over 10 years back to the mine after mineclosure.The Responsible Mining ConFig. 11 Post mining landscapAnother very good exmine operation on inside dMore and more attentiwater regulation in thequality. A decrease in wexample the AMD resultnitrates.To avoid the negativeundertake all practical prosoil in suitable way. Secosulfide soils the expositiobe reduced. Tertiary hot sproperties of excavated anonly for AMD, but for geaspects must be considereThe development of inimportant for landscape d(Drebenstedt, Kressner, P5.6 Evaluation MoFor selection of the best ashows the general selectiothe system boundaries weconomic and environm

parameters defined depcoarse dust particles orprotected subjects. The nhammer (Drebenstedt, Scfigure 13 for selection ofwith typical output in G20 MPa.ncept 1pe (left: general approach; right: refill)xample of successful reclamation activities but durindump is the relocation of the river Inde cross the dump.ion get the acid mine water drainage (AMD). The framEuropean Union requires strong parameters for watewater quality is not allowed. In German coal mines fots in very low pH-values and load of iron, sulfates aninfluence on water bodies, the mining companies muoofed measures. The first step is to classify and dump thondary, during excavation, transportation and dumping oon time and contact intensity with oxygen and water muspots of AMD must be treated. The knowledge about thnd dumped materials and their location is important, noeotechnical safety too (Drebenstedt, Struzina 2008). Thed in mine planning and surveying.ntegrated mine planning and control systems are not onldesign but also for optimization of output the equipmenPäßler 2008; Drebenstedt, Eichler, Simon 2013).delsavailable technology needs evaluation models. Figure 1on steps. The selection carried out after the definition owith an input-output analysis. The evaluation considemental parameters. The weighting factors for differenpending on the real conditions. For example ineseismic effects have lower impacts in far distance tnoise of a blast is different of a noise of a hydraulchmieder 2006). The results of investigations shown ienvironmental friendly technology for a hard rock minGermany of 300,000 t per year and with rock strengt19ngmeerorndustheofustheothislynt12ofers

nterttolicinneth20 C. DrebenstedtFig. 12 Evaluation model for selection of environmental friendly mining technologyFig. 13 Example of evaluation of environmental friendly mining technologyThe Responsible Mining Concept 21Another evaluation model was developed to define the costs for long termmining impacts to create during mining operation a sufficient financial fund forfighting against negative influences, like AMD or slope instability (Drebenstedt2006b). Figure 14 shows the scheme for the mathematical calculation inaccordance with formula 3.(3)AW - expense parameter, €At(0) - periodic amount for the cash-layout costs and investments in period t atthe valuation level in base year 0 (annuity), €t - valuation period (year)T - periodq - imputed interest (real rate of interest), %/aA typical case study for using the model is the question: What is the bestsolution for everlasting dewatering measures, pumping or free water flow? In thefirst case the investment is lower and the operation costs are higher, in the secondcase the investment is higher but the operation costs are lower. In result the firstcase with a pumping station give the best results. Therefor the all investments andcosts calculated year by year and transformed by formula 3 to an expenseparameter. Very important are the determination of the interest rate and of thetechnical-financial risk of calculations. Often the interest rate is over estimated.The value is mainly in the range of 3%.Fig. 14 Financial evaluation model for long term mining expenditures22 C. Drebenstedt

6 ConclusionsTo optimize the mining process under considering of both, economic andenvironmental/social aspects, a comprehensive investigation of all processes alongthe process chain over the life cycle is necessary. Positive results can be:- minimize losses and increase the extraction rate of valuable componentsin the deposit- minimize negative impacts to the environment, health and safety- improve the acceptance and responsibility of mining projects- optimize the economic parametersTwo mining approaches are possible: with “maximum” or “moderate” profit.To achieve the results, the maximum profit is not always the best supervisor.For the “moderate” profit approach several solutions for more environmentaland social responsibility exist. Advanced technologies and research are availableand need permanent improvement.ReferencesDrebenstedt, C.: Conditions for Mine Closure Strategy in Great European Coal Mines. In:Fourie, A., Tibbett, M. (eds.) Mine Closure Strategy, Perth, pp. 117–130 (2006a) ISBN0-9756756-6-4Drebenstedt, C.: Financial Valuation of Mine Closure Alternatives. In: Fourie, A., Tibbett,M. (eds.) Mine Closure Strategy, Perth, pp. 499–508 (2006b) ISBN 0-9756756-6-4Drebenstedt, C.: Wertstoff Braunkohleasche – Einsatzmöglichkeiten zur Verbesserung vonKippsubstraten – ein Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Rohstoffwirtschaft. In: Umweltgeotechnik

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109–118. University of Miskolc (2012) ISBN 978-615-5216-09-1Eichler, R., Drebenstedt, C.: Circular Blending Beds – New Operation Mode for ImprovingContinuous Homogenization. In: Drebenstedt, C. (ed.) Continuous Surface Mining,Freiberg, pp. 303–306 (2010) ISBN 978-3-86012-406-2Gomaa, E., Drebenstedt, C.: A review of continuous underwater mining and thedevelopment occur on continuous dredgers. In: Continuous Surface Mining – LatestDevelopments in Mine Planning, Equipment and Environmental Protection, pp. 41–51.University of Miskolc (2012) ISBN 978-615-5216-09-124 C. DrebenstedtGrießl, E., Drebenstedt, C.: Using an Expert System Approach to Identify AlternativeSolutions to Environmental Degradation Caused by Artisanal Small-Scale Mining. In:Singhal, et al. (eds.) Environmental Issues and Waste Management in Energy andMineral Production 2012, pp. 139–146. CD ROM, The Reading Matrix, Irvine (2012)ISSN 2167 3322Gusat, D., Drebenstedt, C.: Thermo-mechanical modelling of surface movements inducedby underground coal fires. In: Sklenicka, P., Singhal, R., Kasparova, I. (eds.) 2thInternational Symposium on Environmental Issues and Waste Management in Energyand Mineral Production, pp. 158–163. Publishing House of Lesnická pracá s.r.o., Prague(2010) ISBN 978-80-213-2076-5, 978-80-87154-42-7Ishimov, A., Drebenstedt, C.: Mathematical and experimental analysis of the sedimentaryprocesses during hydraulic filling of tailings. In: Sklenicka, P., Singhal, R., Kasparova,I. (eds.) 12th International Symposium on Environmental Issues and Waste Managementin Energy and Mineral Production, pp. 208–213. Publishing House of Lesnická pracás.r.o., Prague (2010a) ISBN 978-80-213-2076-5, 978-80-87154-42-7Ishimov, A., Drebenstedt, C.: Use of waste from phosphate processing for soilimprovement. In: Sklenicka, P., Singhal, R., Kasparova, I. (eds.) 12th InternationalSymposium on Environmental Issues and Waste Management in Energy and MineralProduction, pp. 214–218. Publishing House of Lesnická pracá s.r.o., Prague (2010b)ISBN 978-80-213-2076-5, 978-80-87154-42-7Pfütze, M., Drebenstedt, C.: Approaches for the use of contactless sensor technology for aquality-controlled selective mining in German opencast lignite mines. In: Singhal, et al.(eds.) CD ROM, pp. 513–520. The Reading Matrix, Irvine (2012) ISSN 2167 3322Purevsuren, D., Drebenstedt, C., Tsesendorj, S.: Modelling of dragline excavation schemes.In: Cardu, M., Ciccu, R., et al. (eds.) Mine Planning and Equipment Selection, vol. 1,pp. 192–201 (2006) ISBN 88-901342-4-0Ravshanov, D., Drebenstedt, C.: Aspects of mineral processing of man-mad deposits. In:Cardu, M., Ciccu, R., et al. (eds.) Mine Planning and Equipment Selection, vol. 2, pp.891–895 (2006) ISBN 88-901342-4-0Simon, A., Hoth, N., Drebenstedt, C., Rascher, J., Jolas, P.: Practical EnvironmentalProtection in Central German Lignite Mining New Methods for the Determination ofGeogenic Acid Mine Drainage and Buffering Potentials and Applications in MiningOperation. In: Singhal, et al. (eds.) Environmental Issues and Waste Management inEnergy and Mineral Production 2012, pp. 343–353. CD ROM, The Reading Matrix,Irvine (2012) ISSN 2167 3322Struzina, M., Müller, M., Drebenstedt, C., Mansel, H., Jolas, P.: Dewatering ofMultiaquifer Unconsolidated Rock Opencast Mines: Alternative Solutions withHorizontal Wells: Mine Water and the Environment. Journal of the International MineWater Association (IMWA) 30(2), 90–104 (2011) ISSN 1025-9112Bui, X.N., Drebenstedt, C.: Use of Hydraulic Backhoe Excavator in Surface Mining. In:Drebenstedt, C. (ed.) Innovative Entwicklung und Konzepte in der Tagebautechnik, TUBergakademie Freiberg, pp. 175–189 (2009) ISBN 978-3-86012-361-4