The Research Paper

Works Cited Parenthetical Citations & The Harvard Outline

Works Cited

• MLA format (see correct citation guide handout)

• Center “Works Cited” at top of page

• List Sources in Alphabetical Order

• Indent source information

Works Cited

“Egypt.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. March 1997. Encyclopedia Britannica. 30 September 2011. <http://www.search.eb.com/>.

Gorman, Elizabeth. Prairie Women. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.

“Great Gatsby Study Guide.” studyguide.org. 5 January 2002. 30 September 2011. <http://www.studyguide.org/gatsby_study_guide.html>.

Parenthetical Citations

• In text citations that appear in your essay

• Used whenever a quote, fact, OR idea appears in your essay that was not YOUR original thought

• Should be a direct reference to what is listed in your Works Cited Page

Citation Examples: Book Author

Works Cited: Gorman, Elizabeth. Prairie Women. New

Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.

Parenthetical Citation: (Gorman, 34)

Citation Examples: Encyclopedia (Internet)

Works Cited“Egypt.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. March

1997. Encyclopedia Britannica. 30 September 2011. <http://www.search.eb.com/>.

Parenthetical Citation(“Egypt”)

Citation Examples: Website

Works Cited“Great Gatsby Study Guide.” studyguide.org. 5

January 2002. 30 September 2011. <http://www.studyguide.org/gatsby_study_guide.html>.

Parenthetical Citation(“Great Gatsby...”)

Using Parenthetical Citations in Your Essay

Direct Quote:

As stated in the article, “four million people made this great trek every year” (Gorman, 34).

Use of Idea:

In fact, it is known that four million people crossed these plains every year (Gorman, 34).

Multiple Citations Per Paragraph

As stated in the article, “four million people made this great trek every year” (Gorman, 34). In other words, a vast number of people shared the same experience as Ellie. Yet even with these challenges, people of the plains were seen as “tough, rough, and talented” (“Plains”). Some of these talents even proved helpful beyond prairie living.

Single Citation per Paragraph(If all ideas / facts come from the same source)

Ellie experienced many changes in her life, much like the four million other travelers who crossed these plains. In fact, you can argue that these peoples lives have never quite been the same because of the experience. Much impart due to the great migrations of 1828 (Gorman, 34).

The Harvard Outline

• Formal Research Paper Outline

• Forces you to have all aspects of the essay prepared before writing

• Uses Parenthetical Citations in the Outline

• Shows gaps in research / support

How to Read a Harvard Outline

Three Main Sections

I. IntroductionII. Body III. Conclusion

Introduction FormatI. Introduction

A. Background / Attention getting device (examples: a pertinent quotation or statistic, a relevant story or anecdote, etc.)

B. States the Issue

C. Thesis

D. Introduction of Arguments 1. 1st argument ( this will be II. A)2. 2nd argument (this will be II. B)3. 3rd argument (this will be II. C)

Introduction ExampleI. Intro Paragraph

A. Many religions practiced in the world Christianity one of most popular (Gurr)

B. Would Christianity exist if Jesus had not been crucified.

C. Christianity would exist.

D. It would exist because

1. Jesus Still Performed Miracles

2. Still had followers

3. Would still have died naturally, then rose again.

Format Body II. Body of Presentation

A. First argument1. Quote (or research evidence)

a. Explain (put the evidence in your own words)b. Analysis (what does the evidence mean, how does

it support your argument)

2. Quote (or research evidence) a. Explain (put the evidence in your own words)b. Analysis (what does the evidence mean, how does

it support your argument)

3. Connect back to your thesis / transition to a new paragraph

Body Paragraph Example II. Body Paragraph

A. Jesus still performed miracles

1. “Fill the water jars with water.” So they filled them up to the very top. 8 Then he told them, “Now draw some out and take it to the head steward,” and they did. 9 When had been turned to wine, not knowing where it came from” (New Oxford…).

a. Quote describes the wedding of Canna and wine changing

b. First time he proved divine / miracle . Proof he was holy…death not needed

2. Quote #2 a. Explain in your own words

b. Analyze why the quote is important to your argument

3. Clearly death not the only reason for the survival of Christianity. As well as these miracles, followers also would have continued the faith