THE REPUBLICAN VISION

Jeffersonian Ascendancy

Essential QuestionsWhat are the key issues of

Jefferson’s administration? Why the exceptions to “limited and

negative” government? What’s the significance of Marbury

v Madison? What are the factors that led to the

War of 1812? What is the significance of the war? What are examples of states rights?

Characteristics of the Period

Social leveling – egalitarian ideas Economics

Carrying trade & early textiles –NE Agriculture – S and W

Expansion west – opportunity Indians – more clashes; choices – move,

assimilate, fight for land

Increased regionalism

Jefferson’s Goals – “negative and limited government”

Limited government – cut size of bureaucracy

Frugal government – cut spending & deficits; decrease size of army & navy

Strict construction

Jefferson

President and party leader – co-opts the Federalist and increases DR

Development of one party – National Republicans – problems with factions

Accomplished most goals Problem = neutral rights

Election of 1808

Exceptions to “negative and Limited” government –WHY?

BUS – Gallatin Federally funded internal improvements

(FFII) – National Road Barbary Pirates – undeclared war; goes

around Congress (argh!)Louisiana Purchase 1803 Trade Embargo

National Road

Barbary Pirates

Decatur & the Barbary Pirates

Louisiana Purchase 1803 Mississippi River & New Orleans

critical to western expansion French threat - US options purchase

NO or treaty w/BR Napoleon offers for $15 million –

purchase – but issue = constitutionality

Federalist concerns TJ justification Lewis and Clark – scientific, cultural

and CIA mission

Louisiana Purchase 1803

War on the Judiciary

Judiciary Act of 1801 Expands # of judges – appoints Federalists “midnight judges” – keep control of J Marshall = chief

Impeachment – Chase & Pickering Failure sg for independent judiciary

John Marshall 1801-1835

Marshall’s goals

Increase the power of the judiciary – check and balance

Increase/maintain the power of the federal government

Create climate for economic stability and growth (market economy; Hamiltonian ideas)

Marbury v Madison 1803

Issue – commissions not given Writ of Mandamus Marshall court rules this part of

Judiciary Act 1789 unconstitutional Established the principle of judicial

review of Supreme Court over acts of Congress

Protects the power of the court

Internal Divisions

Tertium Quids – faction with in National Republican – old values Yazoo Land Claims Fletcher v Peck

Slave trade issues Who gets confiscated slaves Outlawed 1808 ----but

States Rights and Separation - Burr

Essex Junto 1804Northern

Confederacy –NE/NY

Hamilton foilsThe Duel

Western Conspiracy Empire in west,

take out of union and conquer Mexico

Treason trial –overt actions

The Duel

Foreign Policy: Western Expansion Goal

Increased pressure on Ohio – white and Indian –competition Harrison –Jeffersonian policies Tecumseh, The Prophet (Tenskwatawa) --

choicesEnvironmental/ecological impactBr roleFrontier culture – Second Great

Awakening

Second Great Awakening

Tecumseh & the Prophet

Foreign Policy Goal: National Security and Neutral Rights

Issue – BOP Europe -Napoleonic WarsBR -------USA--------FR US caught between conflicting policies

–no respect of neutral rights - impressment

Orders in Council v Continental System Essex decision-----Milan/Berlin

Decrees

Napoleonic Wars and Neutral Rights

Q1806 1806 Berlin Decrees-“Continental Berlin Decrees-“Continental System”System”

Q1806 1806 Britain issued the “Order in Britain issued the “Order in Council.”Council.”

Q1807 1807 Milan Decrees Milan Decrees

Q1808-1811 1808-1811 Britain impressed over Britain impressed over 6,000 American sailors. 6,000 American sailors.

Chesapeake and Leopard

June 21, 1807.June 21, 1807. Br. Captain fired on the USS Br. Captain fired on the USS

Chesapeake.Chesapeake. 3 dead, 18 wounded.3 dead, 18 wounded. Br. Foreign Office said it was a Br. Foreign Office said it was a

mistake.mistake. Jefferson’s Response:Jefferson’s Response:

Forbade Br. ships to dock in American Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports.ports.

Ordered state governors to call up as Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.much as 100,000 militiamen.

Chesapeake and Leopard

Jefferson’s Response: Exception to limited government--WHY

Embargo Act 1807 –”peaceful coercion” ALL TRADE prevented Impact –huge economic losses

Non-Intercourse Act 1809 – lasts to 1812 all but BR and FR NE pushed toward manufacturing and self

sufficiencyMacon’s Bill #2 1810

Open ---but plays off rivals War declaration – June 1812 ---why

Political Cartoon

War of 1812: Causes

Neutral Rights – free trade/free seasIndians – Tecumseh and the Prophet Pan

Indian Confederacy War hawks –

Canada – lust for land/opportunity

Brock & Tecumseh

War HawksClay Calhoun

James & Dolly Madison

Two Wars: Indians ---BritishIndians – western

expansion – OPP.Tippecanoe 1809 Thames 1813 Horseshoe Bend

1814Harrison &

Jackson

British – neutral rights and respect

1812-13 – Offense Lake Erie Can’t take Canada

1814 – Defense Washington/

McHenry

Key Battles

War 1813

Battle of the Thames

Washington 1814

Dolly Madison and the Burning

Fort McHenry

Patriot’s View

Jackson’s Campaigns

Jackson at Horseshoe Bend

Battle of New Orleans

Battle of New Orleans

Opposition: New England

Most hurt by embargo – didn’t obey Mr. Madison’s War – trade w/ enemyHartford Convention – Dec 1814

(states rights) Demands One term pres –not from same state 2/3 vote for embargo, war, new states End 3/5 rule No naturalized citizen in high office

Treaty of Ghent: Dec 1814

“status quo ante bellum” Napoleon loose –changes concernsEnds demands of Hartford

ConventionJanuary 1815 – Battle of New Orleans

Signing of the Treaty of Ghent

Anglo-American Relations

Significance of the War of 1812

Maintains independence Creates war heroes –

Harrison/Jackson Stimulates patriotism and

nationalism Stimulates domestic manufacturing Indian confederacy is shattered –

western expansion Leads to American System – support

for more active national government - increased role

Anglo- American Relations stable

New Nationalism: Era of Good Feelings 1812-1820

High period of prosperity and nationalism - unity

American System – Clay Protective tariff Second BUS FFII

Internal Expansion – economically & west Land and cotton trade = major expansion

force

Economic Nationalism

Transportation infrastructureDevelopment in commercial

agriculture, business/manufacturing & trade

Creativity and innovation Unity Jeffersonian and Hamiltonian goals

and methods

Role ofGovt.

Role ofGovt.

Foreign Policy

BullyAdams-Onis Treaty

(Transcontinental) Florida –US $5 million – SP Boundary clarified US – gives up TX

claims; SP - Oregon

SG – Pacific/Asia

CompromiseRush Bagot Treaty

Demilitarized Great Lakes

Commission of 1818 49th parallel 30 yrs joint

occupation OregonTreaty w/ Russia

Adams-Onis Treaty 1819

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Issue – re-colonizing by Europe/BrPrinciples

Non-colonization Non-interference

SG American unilateralism – autonomy in

foreign policy Eventual sphere of influence in LAmerica

Missouri Compromise 1820

Issue – extension of slaveryTallmadge Amendment – post natal

emancipationSectional tensions – issues are

highlightedCompromise – Clay ---”sacred”

Maine free/Missouri slave (pattern balances Senate)

No slavery north of 36 30 in Louisiana Purchase territory --

Missouri Compromise

End of the Era of Good Feelings 1820

Panic of 1819 – first major depressionDefeat of the Bonus Bill Missouri CompromiseSectionalism increasing