The Renaissance

War of the Roses

Rise of the Tudors

Henry VIII and his Heirs

Crash Course American History #22

French word meaning: rebirthRenewed interest in classical learning –

the writings of ancient Greece and Rome

Renewal of the human spirit – a renewal of curiosity and creativity

Began in Italy Optimistic view of humanity

RENAISSANCE

IS IT REALLY A RENAISSANCE?

Didn’t know that they were living in the renaissance

Historical periods are historians’ inventions, useful labels for complex phenomena

Occurred gradually Was an intellectual

movement, therefore did not affect most on their day to day

Intellectual movement Found no conflicts

between the Church and ancient Roman moralists

Sought to harmonize the bible and the classics

Use the classics to strengthen Christianity

Predominant religion Very rich and powerful, even

in politics Popes were patrons of artists,

architects, and scholarsPope Julius II comissioned Michelangelo for the Sistine Chapel

Very corrupt:- simony – buying and selling of clerical offices

HUMANISM The Roman Catholic Church

RELIGION

Most famous work Utopia

Was knighted Became a chief

minister and advisor to King Henry VIII

(not his smartest life choice)

Sir Thomas More

FAMOUS HUMANIST

THE REFORMATION A need to reform the corruption

in the church Reformers rejected the authority

of the pope and the Italian churchmen

Strong patriotism and national identity made the English people resent the financial burdens imposed by the Vatican and the foreign power of the pope.

Martin Luther founded a Christianity based on a personal understanding of the bible- published The Ninety-Five

Theses on the church door in 1517

House of Lancaster

vs.

House of York

30 years of non stop fighting Shortly after peace with France, two

families began war over English throne

Lancasters (red rose) vs. Yorks (white rose)

Wars of the Roses

HH Wars of the Roses

(Yorkist Line) (Lancastrian Line)

HH Wars of the Roses

Battle of Bosworth (1485) Henry Tudor (Lancastrian)

defeats Richard III killed Crowned Henry VII Marries the Elizabeth of York

unite the two houses and to legitimize his claim as king

END OF THE WARS

Richard III Henry Tudor

Elizabeth of York

New symbol –double rose

Broke feudal power of the nobles End of the Middle Ages Power shift: Many nobles slain during the

wars; their estates confiscated by the Crown Lawlessness Desire for strong gov. brings peace and

prosperity Reestablished royal power Created the beginning of modern England Beginning of the Tudor dynasty

RESULTS OF THE WAR OF THE ROSES:

HENRY VIITHE FIRST TUDOR KING

HENRY VII

Anyone who opposed him at Bosworth was executed

BUT…was considered a good king

Sought prosperity for England.

In love with his wife and had 5 children

ARTHUR

Henry VII’s eldest son Political marriage to Catherine of

Aragon at age 15

She was Intelligent, well educated, good parents, extremely wealthy, and very well connected

Arthur dies in 1502

Died in 1502

WHAT TO DO WITH CATHERINE?

Henry VII needs Catherine’s fortune to protect against the

French

HENRY VII’S SOLUTION His other son will

marry Catherine Marriage takes 7

years to negotiate

Pope displeased

Henry VII wants a better alliance for his son

When young Henry becomes king, marries Catherine

HENRY VIII

Humanist Catholic, but saw

need for reform Sympathetic to

Protestants

He didn’t begin as an evil tyrant

TROUBLE IN PARADISE

Catherine fails to produce a male heir

Six failed pregnancies They do have a child:

a girl.

I GOT 99 PROBLEMS

Henry wants to divorce Catherine and marry his mistress (one of his many) Anne Boleyn

The Roman Catholic Church and the pope will not grant him a divorce

THE HOMEWRECKER Anne Boleyn Minor nobility Family desperate

to raise status Sister had already

been Henry’s mistress

ADVICE

Henry’s longtime advisors and friends said – “Accept God’s will.”

Cardinal Wolsey – Catholic Church

Thomas More -- Humanist

MORE ADVICE Thomas Cranmer Turn Protestant,

divorce Catherine. Outlaw Catholics,

confiscate wealth that the churches, monasteries, and convents have in England

Reward: Henry makes him an archbishop in new church

HENRY VIII AND THE NEW CHURCH

1534 Act of Supremacy = “only supreme head of the Church of England” is

the king.

Sold confiscated church land to the nobles in exchange for

their loyalty.

1534 Act of Succession = Legitimizes children of

Henry and Anne.

DESTROYING ENEMIES

Desperation drove him to these decisions, but he was conflicted about

them and so became paranoid.

Beheaded, imprisoned, and intimidated those who opposed himSir Thomas More: BeheadedArchbishop Wolsey: gave his home, wealth to Henry, still arrested, died before execution

WHAT ABOUT CATHERINE?

“Divorced”, house arrest

Daughter Mary declared illegitimate for refusing to become Protestant

She couldn’t be a princess which means she can’t ever be queen

WHAT ABOUT ANNE?

Does not produce a male heir, either. Miscarries 2 sons

Daughter (Elizabeth)

Fiery nature wore thin

Convicted of treason, beheaded

#3 JANE SEYMOUR The obedient one Married within a

week of Anne’s death

Protestant

October 1537 -- a son.

She died in childbirth

PRINCE EDWARD

Sickly Henry worried he

was being punished for his actions

Attempts relationship with Mary and Elizabeth

Mary must renounce her mother and her church

#4 ANNE OF CLEVES

Cranmer helps find her

Protestant German Princess from a family known for producing a lot of children.

False advertising – she doesn’t look anything like her portrait

#4 ANNE OF CLEVES

Married January 9, 1540

Divorced July 9, 1540

Stayed “friend” of King Henry

Outlived Henry

HENRY’S DILEMMA

Considered returning to Catholicism

Edward – still sickly

Mary – now was favored (she’s Catholic)

Elizabeth (Protestant)- out of favor

WIFE #5: KATHERINE HOWARD

29 years younger Barely educated Catholic Cousin to Anne

Boleyn

WIFE #5: KATHERINE HOWARD

Married 1540Accused of adultery

Beheaded 1542She was only 19

WIFE #6: CATHERINE PARR

Outlived Henry Henry favoring

Catholics Alarmed many Protestants Married to

Protestant widow in 1543 until his death in 1548.

Helped improve relationship to Elizabeth

Catherine of Aragonm. 1509-1533DIVORCED

Anne Boleynm. 1533-1536EXECUTED

Jane Seymourm. 1536-1537

DIED

Anne of Clevesm. 1540 Jan - July

DIVORCED

Kathryn Howardm. 1540 -1542EXECUTED

Katherine Parrm. 1543 -1547

SURVIVED

HH Henry’s Six Wives

HENRY ON HIS DEATHBED

HENRY’S MESS

Country tired of religious see-sawingNext king: Edward

Protestant

Next in Line: MaryCatholic

After her: ElizabethProtestant

KING EDWARD VII

Never a strong king Ascended to the

throne at age 10 Was controlled by

advisors until he came of age; but died first

Strongly Protestant Penalties for being Catholic

Died childless in 1553

(“BLOODY”) MARY I (R. 1553-1558)

Bitter Goal: return

England to Catholicism

Outlawed Protestants and burned people at the stake for being “heretics”

300 executions Married cousin Involved England in

Spanish causes No children

MARY I

Revenge on Thomas Cranmer

Blamed him for Henry leaving

Catholicism and divorcing her

mother Tortured, burned

as heretic

THE FEELINGS OF THE PEOPLE

Conflicted Catholics = Pope has supremacy

Protestants = believe in King over PopeAct of Supremacy says king is the true head

of the Church, but Mary is CatholicMarried to Spanish King

Protestantism is official religion, but many privately practicing Catholicism

Fighting the Catholics draining the people and treasury

MARY’S PROBLEM

Mary was childlessOnly heir was

Elizabeth

Bitter personal feelings

Mary and Elizabeth prior to Mary’s death

Elizabeth becomes queen (1558-1603)

ELIZABETH I(CORONATION, AGE

20)

“I know I have the body of a weak and

feeble woman, but I

have the heart and

stomach of a king, and of

a king of England.”

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Developed a compromise to

please the Roman Catholic and the

Protestant churches; probably saved England from religious wars

AFTER DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA(AGE 55)

Speech to the troops at Tilbury

(pg 366)

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Developed a compromise to

please the Roman Catholic and the

Protestant churches; probably saved England from religious wars

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

She funded voyages of discovery to the

Americas; expeditions prepared England for an age of colonization

and expansionUnder her reign, the

arts flourished; miniature painting was at a high point

and the theater thrived

ELIZABETH IThe Virgin Queen “I am married to

England”

The Cult of Love Poems and literature

about her or dedicated to her

The Golden Age The time of her rule was

economically prosperous and domestically peaceful

TWO MINUTE TUDOR REVIEW

ELIZABETHAN BEAUTYTHE IDEAL WOMAN

Pale skin created by the use of ceruse (a mixture of white lead and vinegar), some women willing to be bled to achieve perfect paleness

Hair/Wigs: fair hair (blond or red), some used urine for blond, henna for red, or eschewed dying all together for wigs

Eyes/lips/cheeks: kohl used to darken eyelashes (kind of like mascara). Blush (rouge) was a must; achieved by using mercuric sulfide (also used on the lips)

ELIZABETHAN BEAUTYTHE IDEAL WOMAN

Juxtaposition of Elizabeth and the Virgin Mary – nobility and Christian imagery

The colors are symbolic Red: Christ’s blood White: Christ’s flesh,

purity Gold: God’s glory, The

Golden Age

Francesco Petrarca, Italian

Two parts (14 lines total):

Octave: eight lines

Sestet: six lines Volta: the transition

between the two parts

Four parts (14 lines total):

four quatrains: four lines

one couplet: two lines The Turn: a shift in focus

or thought (usually around line 9)

PETRARCHAN SHAKESPEREAN

SONNET

Chief Rival of Elizabeth

Catholic heroine

Exiled from Scotland, “guest” of Elizabeth for 18

years

Died a martyr

MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

MARY AND HER SON, JAMES