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The Renaissance:The Renaissance:

The Beginning of the Modern Era

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Part I: The Italian RenaissancePart I: The Italian Renaissance

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There Is No Generally Agreed to

Beginning and Ending Date for the

Renaissance

There are elements of it visible in the late

14th century

There are still strong influences from the

Middle Ages throughout it

It coincides with a number of other

historically significant eras, such as the

Reformation and the Age of Exploration

Broadly speaking, by 1450 Italy is

experiencing it; by 1600 it is fading

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There Were Several Important

Precursors to theRenaissance in the Late

Middle Ages

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Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) and

The Divine Comedy

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Giotto di Bondone (1267Giotto di Bondone (1267--1337) and a1337) and a

New Standard of Excellence in ArtNew Standard of Excellence in Art

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Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374), the

Father of Humanism

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Giovanni Boccaccio (1313Giovanni Boccaccio (1313--1375) and1375) andTheThe DecameronDecameron

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There Was a Renewed Interest in Such

Classics As The Aeneid

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Works by Cataline Herodotuss Histories

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Italy Was a Geographic Expression, Not aItaly Was a Geographic Expression, Not a

Unified CountryUnified Country

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The Most Prominent Cities Were ControlledThe Most Prominent Cities Were Controlled

by Powerful Merchant Oligarchies Led byby Powerful Merchant Oligarchies Led by

Wealthy MenWealthy Men

Lorenzo d Medici Florence

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Venices Rulers in the 1420s

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The Sforza Palace, Milan

Francesco Sforza

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Federico Gonzaga

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These Men, and Others Like Them,These Men, and Others Like Them,

Were Not Only Powerful PoliticalWere Not Only Powerful PoliticalFigures, But Also Patrons of the ArtsFigures, But Also Patrons of the Arts

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Pico Della Mirandola (1463-1494)

and Oration on the Dignity ofMan

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The Printing Press Was

Revolutionizing Intellectual Life

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The Flowering of Artistic Genius Was theThe Flowering of Artistic Genius Was theGreatest Triumph of the Italian Renaissance,Greatest Triumph of the Italian Renaissance,

Such as the Work of Sandro Botticelli (1445Such as the Work of Sandro Botticelli (1445--1510)1510)

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The Brilliance of Raphael (1483The Brilliance of Raphael (1483--

1520)Was Overwhelming1520)Was Overwhelming

The School of Athens, 1510-11

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One of the Most Towering of the

Renaissance Geniuses Was Leonardo

da Vinci (1452-1519)

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His Artistic Contributions Are Among the Greatest in History

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Da Vinci Imagined Exotic MachinesDa Vinci Imagined Exotic Machines

andWeapons in His NotebooksandWeapons in His Notebooks

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Leonardo Also Did RemarkableLeonardo Also Did Remarkable

Anatomical StudiesAnatomical Studies

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But the Greatest of the Renaissance

Artistic MastersW

as MichelangeloBuonarroti (1475-1564)

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Pieta, 1498-1499

HeWas a Master Sculptor

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David, 1501-1504

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Moses, 1513-1516

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HeWas Also One of the Greatest of All Painters

Sistine Chapel,

1508-1512

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But Italy Was Also Convulsed by

Political Struggles at the Time

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There Were Incessant Wars Among the

City States

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The Renaissance Soldier Was Often Simply a

Mercenary

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The Condotierre

Displayed virtu

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Charles VIII of France

Invaded Italy in 1494

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Louis XII of France Also

Launched Several Invasions of

Italy

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Rome Suffered a Disastrous Sacking in

1527 by a Variety of Forces; RomesPopulation Hits a Rock Bottom 10,000

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There was alsoThere was also

corruption and civilcorruption and civil

controversy in manycontroversy in many

areasareas

The Borgias

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Savonarola Preached Against Vanities andSavonarola Preached Against Vanities and

Worldliness in FlorenceWorldliness in Florence

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AndWas Brutally Executed for ItAndWas Brutally Executed for It

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In the Midst of TheseIn the Midst of These

Upheavals, An ItalianUpheavals, An Italian

Patriot Was WritingPatriot Was WritingNiccolo MachiavelliNiccolo Machiavelli

(1469(1469--1527)1527)

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MachiavelliWrote the Most FamousMachiavelliWrote the Most Famous

PoliticalWork in Modern HistoryPoliticalWork in Modern History

TheThePrincePrince (1513)(1513)

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But the Evidence of the ItalianBut the Evidence of the Italian

Renaissance Lives OnRenaissance Lives On

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An Interactive Timeline of theAn Interactive Timeline of the

ItalianItalian RenaissanceRenaissance

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Part II: The Renaissance in NorthernEurope and Spain

Part II: The Renaissance in NorthernEurope and Spain

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Thomas More and Utopia (1516)

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Hans Holbein andHans Holbein and The AmbassadorsThe Ambassadors(1533)(1533)

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Albrecht Durer, 1471Albrecht Durer, 1471--15281528

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TheFour Horsemenof theApocalypse, 1498

Knight, Death, andtheDevil, 1513

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Hieronymus Bosch (1450Hieronymus Bosch (1450--1516)1516)

Curing the Stone of Madness, c. 1480

Details from The Garden of Earthly Delights

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Section of

The Garden

of EarthlyDelights, c.

1500

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Pieter Brueg(h)el the Elder, (1525Pieter Brueg(h)el the Elder, (1525--1569)1569)

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El Greco (1541El Greco (1541--1614)1614)

Diff B h I li dDiff B h I li d

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Differences Between the Italian andDifferences Between the Italian and

Northern Renaissances?Northern Renaissances?

The Italians emphasized both

religious and Classical themes in

their work. The Northerners tended to be more

strongly Christian oriented

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What Ended the Renaissance?What Ended the Renaissance?

The growing religious upheaval in Europe

known as the Reformation

The subjugation of Italy to foreign powers

The fact that the Renaissance remained

an elite rather than a popular

phenomenon.