The Black Death

The Crusades

Great Schism

Hundred Years War With a partner, make a list of 5 things you remember.

Black Death With the death of a third

of Europe’s population, the labor and skills of the survivors were in great demand

Former serfs could become skilled laborers and merchants

The Crusades

Many noblemen died w/o heirs

Property went to the king

Broke down the power of feudal nobility and gave more power to kings

New products from Middle East, India, and China

Created trade and strengthened merchant class

Great Schism Two popes weakened

the authority of the Catholic Church.

Kings gained more power over their own territories

Hundred Years War National Pride Increased power of the

kings of France and England

So many people died during the war, survivors found new opportunities (serfs could become merchants and skilled laborers)

1300-1600

Renaissance

Humanism

Humanities

Vernacular

Utopia

Perspective

Secularism

Began in Italy-large urban centers, wealthy merchants (patrons), and the were closest to the heritage of Greece and Rome

Rebirth of interest in learning and art (classical Greece and Rome)

Began with movement called humanism Medieval scholars studied classical Greece and Rome

Tried to make everything fit with Christian teachings

1300s-Italian scholars focused on classical literature

Wanted to learn from Greeks and Romans about moral and virtuous behavior

Studied grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry using classical works

These studies are called the humanities and the scholars who studied them, humanists

Interested in the beauty and opportunity on earth-taught that people should live a full life and enjoy new experiences

Looked for Greek and Roman manuscripts

Sometimes found more than one copy-critical attitude needed to compare and decide which manuscript was “most” correct

Translated manuscripts into the vernacular-their native language rather than Latin

Generally wrote on non-religious subjects

Many humanists began to write their own works instead of just translating-this began the actual Renaissance!

“I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated…as if the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it.”

Erasmus

“I disagree very much with those (people) who are unwilling that Holy Scripture (Bible), translated into the vernacular (spoken language such as English or French or Italian instead of Latin which was known only to the clergy and nobility), be read by the uneducated(common people)…as if the strength of the Christian religion (being a member of the Church) consisted in the ignorance (not understanding it) of it.”

Erasmus

Now re-write this quote in your own words…

Write your quote on your paper, leaving a space behind any words you don’t know (you will put a definition or synonym in this space).

Read your quote several times and look up any words you don’t know.

Now, re-write the quote in your own words and be prepared to share it with the class.

Based on the quote that you read and those read by your classmates, write down THREE things that you learned about the humanists.

This is your ticket out of class!!!

Francesco Petrarch-poems in Italian to a woman named Laura

Giovanni Boccaccio-wrote The Decameron, a collection of stories told by a group of people fleeing to the countryside during The Plague

Niccolo Machiavelli-wrote The Prince-the end justifies the means

In the North, humanists tended to focus on social problems and reform in the Church Desiderius Erasmus(Netherlands)-most famous work is

In the Praise of Folly-exposed inappropriate behavior of people, including the clergy. Also translated Bible to Latin from Greek (found many errors)

Sir Thomas More(England)-criticized the society of his day by describing an ideal imaginary community

William Shakespeare(England)-poet and playwright (comedies, tragedies, and historical tragedies)

Francois Rabelais(France)-Gargantua and Pantagruel-about the travels of two gentle giants-through these characters he offered opinions on religion, education, and other subjects

The loss of religious unity in Western Europe

Reformation

Protestant

Counter-Reformation

95 Theses

Indulgences

Vulgate

Books in the Middle Ages were rare-very rich and the Church

Copied by hand on animal skins (300)

Paper and printing press changed EVERYTHING!

Johann Gutenberg-more people could buy books and learn to read

Bible, scientific discoveries, writings of the Humanists, and the works of ancient Greeks and Romans

Roman Catholic Church-Vatican in Rome

St. Peter’s Basilica most important church in Rome

1506-Pope Julius II wanted new basilica, but how to pay for it???

The sale of indulgences (paid for forgiveness of sins)

Johann Tetzel-sold indulgences in Germany

“As soon as a coin in the coffer rings/the soul from Purgatory springs”

Martin Luther (German monk)-objected to the sale of indulgences and other practices within the Church

Wrote his 95 Theses-posted on the church door in Wittenberg, Germany, hoping to start a discussion

Translated from Latin into German-printed and distributed throughout northern Germany

Caused a decrease in the sale of indulgences

Luther was excommunicated

Lutheran Church was begun

Luther believed: That the Bible was sole authority to give people salvation

Priests were unnecessary

Common people and aristocracy sided with Luther

Beginning of the Protestant Reformation Protestant=Protest

Reformation=Reform

John Calvin-Geneva, Switzerland

Calvinists-Predestination-when people are born, their course in life has already been determined

Ministers had 4 functions Preach Instruct members of the

Church about the beliefs of the church

Provide discipline Care for poor and needy

England-King Henry VIII Married to Catherine of

Aragon-wanted divorce (no male heir)

Pope would not annul the marriage

Henry removed England from the Catholic Church and made himself head of the Church of England

Organized much like the Catholic church, but with new ideas from the Reformation

In response to the Reformation Led by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)-founded by Ignatius

Loyola (Spanish soldier) Jesuits were well-educated, strictly disciplined, and

devoted to their work First goal was to stop the spread of Protestantism 1545-Council of Trent confirmed Catholic beliefs Pope was the supreme head of the Church The Vulgate (Latin Bible) was ONLY Bible to be used Index (forbidden books) was created The Inquisition-system of church courts intended to discover

and punish heretics-used torture in many cases to gain a confession

Political Europe is now politically fragmented along religious

lines Spain and France-Catholic

England-Protestant

Holy Roman Empire-Catholic and Protestant Principalities

Holy Roman Empire weakened

Henry VIII makes himself head of the Anglican Church-Act of Supremacy

The state (Kings) begins to become more powerful than the Church!

Intellectual Lutheranism expanded educational opportunities for

men and women

Printing press spreads ideas to different parts of Europe

Rising sense of individualism as people try to create a better life

Artistic Protestant emphasis on the individual’s personal

relationship with God was reflected in the number of common people and day-to-day scenes depicted in art

Religious Unity in Europe as a Christian society was shattered

Wars between Catholics and Protestants

Catholic Counter-Reformation

Vernacular translations of the Bible led many people to read and interpret the Bible for themselves

Protestant focus on coming to God without the intervention of a priest

Persecution, Inquisition, and banned books