264 KARL RICKELS AND RAYMOND B. CATTELL

10. CAITELL, R. B., DWIN, S. S. and SAUNDERS, D. R. Personality Structure in Psychotics by Factorization of Objective Clinical Tests. J. Ment. Sci., 1954, 100, 154-176.

11. CATTELL, R. B. and RICKELS, K. The Diagnostic Power of the IPAT Objective Anxiety and Neuroticism Tests with Private Patients. Arch. gen. Psychiat., 1964,11, 459-465.

12. CATTELL, R. B. and RICKELEI, K., et al. Meprobamate in Anxious and Neurotic Private Psy- chiatric Patients; A Controlled Study (In Press).

13. CATTELL, R. B. and SCHEIER, I. H. The Objective-Analytic Anxiety Battery. Instit. Pers. and Abil. Teat., 1602 Coronado, Cham aign, Ill., 1960.

14. CATTELL, R. B. and SCHEIER, f H. The Meaning and Measurement of Neuroticism and Anxiety. New York: Ronald Press, 1961.

15. CATTELL, R. B. and TSUJIOKA, B. The Importance of Factor-Trueness and Validity, Versus Homogeneity and Orthogonality, in Test Scales. Ed. Psychol. Measmt., 1964,24,3-30.

16. EYSENCK, H. J. Dimensions of Personality. London: Kegan Paul, 1947. 17. EYSENCK, H. J. The Structure of Human Personality. London: Methuen, 1953. 18. GORSUCH, R. and CATTELL, R. B. A Definitive Study of the Second Order Factors in the Si-

19. HUNDELBY, J. and HAMMOND, S. Recent Evidence on the Nature of the Regression Factor, teen Personality Factor Questionnaire. J. SOC. Psyehol., 1965 (In Press).

U. I. 23. J. genet. PsyclwZ., 1965 (In Press).

THE RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICAL ILLNESS TO THE IPAT 16 PERSONALITY FACTORS TEST

HORACE STEWART

Milledgeville (Ga.) State Hospiial

INTRODUCTION The relation between personality and physical illness has been studied from a

number of approaches. Maslow reported that the emotionally mature individual was more resistant to physical distress. Hinkle, Christenson, Kane, Ostfeld, Thet- ford and Wolf(2) reported personality differences in a group that reported a high frequency of physical illness as compared with those reporting a low incidence of physical illness. Research ( l . 4 , in psychosomatic illness has indicated that some individuals are more prone to certain illnesses than others. This study attempts to relate reported physical illness and objective personality test scores with a sample of student nurses.

METHOD Subjects. The subjects for this study were 172 female student nurses who were

serving their psychiatric affiliation at the Milledgeville State Hospital. The Ss ranged in age from 18 to 21 and have completed approximately one and one-half years of their three year training program.

Procedure. The subjects were first administered a Health Inventory which required them to rate their health for four periods of their life with special attention to their physical health within the last one year. The four periods rated were: birth to six years, six years to puberty, puberty to 18 years, and 18 years to present. They used a 6 point rating scale: (1) very poor physical health with chronic illness; (2) more than usual illness; ( 3 ) average amouiit of illness; (4) just usual commoti ill- nesscs, low frcqucncy; (5) almost never at all; and (6) can’t rcmcmbcr any illness. In addition to the rating scale, they were askcd to list all illnesses within the last year and to list any chronic or recurring complaints.

Upon completion of the Health Inventory, the subjects completed Form C of the I. P. A. T. 16 Personality kcactor Questionnaire and the S-I Inventory. The number of diffcrcnt physical complaiiits dctcrmiticd whcthcr the subjects fcll iiito the high frequcncy illness group or the low frcqucncy illness group. The 1 test was used to determine the significance of the mean differences on the personality traits.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICAL ILLNESS TO THE IPAT 16 P. F. TEST 265

RESULTS Forty-seveii student iiurses were classified as having a low frequeiicy of physical

illness and 28 student iiurses as haviiig a high frequency of physical illness. In the low frequency group there was mi avrragc of less than one physical complaint per subject during the last year. In the high frequency physical illness group there was a mean of 5.1 1 complaints for thc last yrar. Thcrc was a range of 58 complaints of physical illiiess. The following is a listiiig of the teii most frequent complaints in order of frequciiicy : colds (9(j), throat infections (4ci), menstrual difficulties (44), headaches (341, premenstrual difficulties (91), flu (19), infection of unknown origin, virus (12), sinusitis (1 l), allergy (1 I ) , aiid diarrhea (9). XI1 other complaint catcgor- ies had a frequency of 6 or less.

TABLE 1. MEAN RAM Sco~tss O N THE 16 P. F. TEST FOR THE Low A N D HIW FHEOUENCY OF P I l Y b l C A L I L L N E S S GIWUPS

Low High ~ Low High

A 7 51 x 00 k3 4 68 4 ti1 (; 7 Y O 6 04* E :3 !)l 4 2!) ~

F G H

~~

G . 00 7.60 5 51 5 68 6 O ! ) 5.61

I 7 . (li? 7 . 5 0

L 4.96 6.25** M 5.89 6.50 N 4.23 5,43** 0 :< !)6 4 43 ~~

s . i i 5.71 6.57 6.68 7 .x2 (i .57 5 . G2 6.61*

hl1) 7.1!) 6.61

*Sigriificant at. t tie .05 level. **Sigiiificarit at the .01 level (orie-t,ailed tests).

Table 1 presents the raw score m m i s obtaiiicd by the two groups on the 1 G personality traits of the I. P. A. T. 16 Personality Factors Questioniiairc plus the raw score on tlir motivatioiial distortioii scalc. Four factors reached thc .05 level of coiifidcwcc or loss. li'actors I, aiid N ww fouiid to be sigiiificaiit a t tliv .01 l ~ v e l while, E'actors (' aiid (2, w w ~ sigiiificaiit at tlic. .O> I(ve1.

011 l'actor L the low frequency group had a mcwi raw score of 4.96 while the high frcquericy group had a mcaii of 6.25 ( 1 = i3.01, d. f . = 75). This factor indicates that the low frcicluciicy group would br charactwizrd as being truslful, while the high frc'qucwcy group would be charactcrizctl as suspecting. ]:or Factor N tlic low frequciicy group had a mean raw score of 4.29 wticrcns tlic high frcquciicy group had a mcaii of 5.43 ( t = 2.8(i, d. f . = 75). 11 one word description of the low frc- quciicy group for this fact or is simplr (iiaivc simplicity) while the liigli frcvlucncy group is described as sophisticated. E'actor C yielded a mean raw scorc of 7.30 for tlic low frcqueiicy group slid for the high group 6.04 ( t = 2.:$0, d. f . = 75). A brief description of this factor is thal the low frcquciicy group is cmolioiially stable while the high frcquoiicy group is cmolioiially unslahlc. 0 1 1 Iiaclor Q4 the low frcquciicy group obtaiiied a mcaii raw score of 5.62, wliilc tlic high frcquciicy group oblaincd a mcaii of 6.61 ( I = 1.80, d. f. = 75). 'l'his iiidicatcs that the low frcquciicy of illncss group is furtlior cliarnctclrixcd by the adjclctivc stable wlicrc as the high frcqucncy group is chaiwterizcd by the adjcct ivc tciisc.

The S-I Iiivciitory did iioi, yield u stat islically sigiiificniit diffcrcncc in means (1 = 0.49:3:$, d. f . = 74). The low frcquciicy group had a mean of 17.06, while the high group i i i w i i wah 21.78. Ail itciii aiidysis iiidicatcd that tlic liigh group tended to answor itoms 50(% of tlic time as follows: feelings of loiiclincss, feeling left out of thiiigs, oft cii t liiiikiiig of tlicmsclvcs, liuviiig feelings of inferiority, being easily hurt, afraid of compctilioii, easily aiiiioycd by people, mood altcriialiori, and being more teiiac.

266 HORACE STEWART

SUMMARY Twenty-eight Ss who reported a high frequency of physical complaints were

contrasted with 47 Ss who reported a low frequency of physical complaints. Four personality traits were isolated which differentiated the two groups at a statistically significant level. The low frequency of illness group were characterized by the following personality traits : accepting, outgoing, trustful, easy going, lacking ambition and striving, liking of people, lack of self-insight, having simple taste, relatively free from anxiety and tension, and emotional stability (ego strength). The high frequency of physical illness group were characterized by projection and inner tension, alertness to manners, social obligations, reactions of others, social climbing, worry, tenseness, irritability, anxiety, turmoil, and lower ego strength.

This study supports the hypothesis that physical illness is related to measurable personality differences. Whether the individual who suffers from excessive physical illness develops certain personality traits, or certain personality traits predispose one to the influence of illness needs further research.

REFERENCES 1. ALEXANDER, FRANZ. Psychosomatic Medicine. Norton: New York, 1950. 2.

3. 4. SELYE, I-~ANB. Thestress oflife. New Yo&: McGraw-Hill, 1956.

HINKLE, L. E., CHRISTENSON, W. W., KANE, S. D., OSTFELD, A., THETFORD, W. N. and WOLFF, H. G. An investigation of the relation between life experiences, personality characteristics, and general susceptibility to illness. Psychosom. Med., 20, 278, 1958.

MASLOW ABRAHAM H. Toward a Psycholo y of Being. New York: Van Nostrand, 1962.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF MMPI HIGH POINTS AND PIT NEED ATTITUDE SCORES FOR MALE COLLEGE STUDENTS’

BEN BARGER AND EVERETTE HALL

University of Florida

PROBLEM While the MMPI(6) has been found effective in differentiating among various

groups in college(’, 3 , a need has been felt for more specific measures of motivation than the MMPI provides. Therefore, in September 1962, J. L: Chambers’ Picture Identification Test (PIT) (2) was introduced into the test battery given all entering students at the University of Florida.

The PIT is a semi-projective instrument based on 21 needs from Murray’s need systemc6). Each student is given a set of cards on which are photographs of college students. He is asked to choose from each card two pictures he likes best, and two he likes least. After these answers are collected he is then asked to select pictures from each card which best match descriptions of people. These descriptions are derived from the 21 Murray needs selected for this instrument.

The selections made by each student are then compared to those made by a University of Florida freshman “norm” group of 1000 males and 1000 females, and scores are assigned for each need. Measures of judgments, attitudes, and associa- tions for the various needs are derived in this way.

METHOD The MMPI and the PIT were administered to approximately 1700 male and

1100 female freshmen and sophomores cntering the University of Florida in Sep-

‘Supported by NIMH Project Grant, MH 380.