The Relationship of Body Image Disturbance on the Eating Habits Among Male and Female Students of Cebu Doctors' University

8/15/2019 The Relationship of Body Image Disturbance on the Eating Habits Among Male and Female Students of Cebu Doct…

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THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY IMAGE DISTURBANCE ON THE

EATING HABITS AMONG MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS

OF CEBU DOCTORS’ UNIVERSITY

CLARENCE MICHAEL C. ALABANLESLEY DAWN A. CEDRO

MAYLEN A. LICATAN, RGC

Research Mentor

CEBU DOCTORS’ UNIVERSITY

Mandaue City

March 14, 2016


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THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY IMAGE DISTURBANCE ON THE

EATING HABITS AMONG MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS

OF CEBU DOCTORS’ UNIVERSITY

_____________________________________

A Thesis Paper Presented

To the

Department of Psychoo!y

Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity

_____________________________________

&n Partia 'ufiment of the

Re(uirement for the De!ree of

)acheor of Arts in Psychoo!y

_____________________________________

"y*

Aa"an, Carence Michae C+

Cedro, esey Da-n A+

.cto"er /, 201


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AKNOWLEDGEMENT


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The researcher -oud ie to epress their sincere !ratitude and

appreciation to-ards the foo-in! infuentia and inspirin! peope for

main! this thesis paper possi"e+

To our dearest mentor, Ms. Mayle A. L!"a#a, you ha%e a-ays

"een so approacha"e and supporti%e+ 3ou ne%er faied to foo- up on us

and !i%in! !uidance+ Throu!h the %ery ast minute, you -ere patienty

correctin! and hepin! us -ith our paper+ e are so !ratefu to "e your

mentee+ Than you so much+

To the head of the Research .ffice, M$s. Ma$!a Fe F. A%e&a$, than

you for chaen!in! and for the continuous support from the moment -e

5oined the psychoo!y famiy+ 3ou are not 5ust a teacher and chair of

psychoo!y department "efore "ut aso a parent+ 3ou thou!ht us so much

a"out ife, and you hep us not 5ust to "e a "etter student "ut aso a "etter

person+

To our pane and research coordinator, department chair M$s.

Ma$!a Ele C. Ma$"'&'s, than you for pro%idin! us much needed support

and encoura!ement, and for sharin! to us so much -isdom and

no-ed!e+ Than you for your !uidance, time, trust and patience+

To our ad%iser Ms. Mel(a P. R)%!ll's, paneist Mr+ *'se Ca$+e P.

Bal!"'"', and our statistician M$. Rya Ma D)e-as, for your critica

assessment of our ideas, constructi%e feed"ac ad for the time you ha%e

aotted for this paper+ 3our assistance "rou!ht meanin!fu o"ser%ation

-hich stren!thened the study+


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To our technica ser%ices i"rarian M$s. Ma$!a A!e T. S)a$e/ Del

Real. Than you for the time and effort on hepin! us finishin! the in tet

citation+

To a the Coe!e Deans of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity, than you for

ao-in! us to conduct our study and to a the students of Ce"u Doctors#

$ni%ersity for their time and cooperation that made this thesis paper a

reaity+

To our "eo%ed famiy, especiay our parents and si"in!s, for their

unconditiona o%e, and undyin! support+ Than you for a-ays "eie%in! in

us and for inspirin! us+ e o%e you so much+

To our friends and inspirations, than you for fiin! our i%es -ith

ener!y, dreams, o%e, and unfor!etta"e memories+ ithout you -ain!

throu!h coe!e -oud not a "e as -onderfu+

And asty, to our Ami!hty 'ather, than you for !i%in! us the o%e,

-onderfu "essin!s, and our famiy+ Than you for your !race that !uided

us throu!h, and for !i%in! us these peope -ho made our ife a-esome+

Than you


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Ta%le '0 C'#e#s

Pa!e

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT %i

LIST OF TABLES %iii

LIST OF FIGURES i

ABSTRACT ii

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationae 1

Theoretica )ac!round 4

Re%ie- of Reated 7tudies 10

Conceptua 'rame-or 18

THE PROBLEM

7tatement of the Pro"em 1/

7i!nificance of the 7tudy 19

7cope and imitation 20

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Desi!n 21

Research :n%ironment 21

Research Respondents 21


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Research &nstruments 22

Research Procedure 2;


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Recommendations 4

REFERENCES 4/

APPENDICES

A TRA>7M&TTA :TT:R 8

) &>'.RM:D C.>7:>T '.RM 61

C R:7:ARC= &>7TR$M:>T 6;

D T&M:TA): .' R:7:ARC= ACT&?&T&:7 6/

: R:7:ARC= )$DTAT&.> 81

= R:7:ARC= :>?&R.>M:>T MAP 8;

CURRICULUM VITAE


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LIST OF FIGURES

'i!ure Tite Pa!e

1+0 7chematic Dia!ram of the 7tudy 18

2+0 e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance ;0 in terms of Mae

;+0 e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance ;; in terms of 'emae

4+0 e%e of :atin! =a"its in terms ;6of Mae

+0 e%e of :atin! =a"its in terms ;9of 'emae

6+0 7i!nificant Reationship of )ody 42&ma!e Distur"ance and :atin!=a"its in terms of Mae

8+0 7i!nificant Reationship of )ody 4;&ma!e Distur"ance and :atin!=a"its in terms of 'emae

ABSTRACT


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This study aimed to determine the reationship of "ody ima!edistur"ance on the eatin! ha"its amon! mae and femae students of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity for academic year 201 @ 2016+ The study -as

conducted at Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity ocated at P+? arraa"a Br+, A%e+,Mandaue City, Ce"u -ith a tota popuation of t-o hundred ei!hty sirespondents from the Coe!e of Arts and 7ciences and the Coe!e of Reha"iitati%e 7ciences+ The study utiied a descripti%e correationresearch method to determine the reationship of "ody ima!e distur"anceon eatin! ha"its and the stratified random sampin! to determine thesampe sie of t-o hundred ei!hty si 2/6 respondents+ The studyutiied t-o research instruments -hich is the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire)7E authored "y Cooper et a+ 1998, and the :atin! =a"itsEuestionnaire "y


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THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Rationae

Many teena!ers are concerned a"out their "ody ima!e and on ho-

other peope percei%ed them as attracti%e or not+ The media !a%e

peopeconcepts of -hat an idea "ody ima!e shoud "e ie+ The concept

of physicay attracti%e mae and femae "oth %aries in cross cutura

contract contet+ 7tudies ha%e reported that femae "ody ima!e

dissatisfaction ha%e a hi!her num"er compared to the mae popuation

thou!h reports of the !ro-in! num"er of maes admittin! of ha%in! "ody

ima!e dissatisfaction is shocin!y increasin! )rennan, aonde K )ain,

2010+

There had "een a concern on -hat an idea mae and femae shoud "e

ie+ 7uch as -hat maes a mae physicay attracti%eL Contemporary

'iipino mascuinity is a resut of miin! oca attitudes -ith those of

7panish and American cooniation 3an!, ?as(ue K oeppe, 201+ 7o

ho- does the 'iipino community define a physica attracti%e 'iipinoL Men

desired to "e shaped and toned, as opposed to -omen -ho focus on

-ei!ht oss+ &n -estern contet mae idea ?Gshaped, -ith an emphasis

paced on ar!e "iceps and chests+ Men desire for -ei!ht !ain -oud fit


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-ith the desire to achie%e the mae idea %Gshaped fi!ure and to !ain

additiona musce+ .pposed to the mae definition of physica

attracti%eness, femaes on the other hand -ere etremey thin -ith

emphasis on the hips, "ottoms and thi!hs Morris, 2011+ omen are

more iey than men to descri"e themse%es as fat, to -ei!ht themse%es

often, and to diet fre(uenty 'urnham, )admin K 7neade, 2002+

)ody ima!e is simpy the su"5ecti%e picture or menta ima!e of

one#s "ody Daey, 201+ )ody ima!e is ho- you sa- yoursef -hen

ooin! in the mirror or -hen you picture yoursef in your mind+ &t aso

incudes ho- you fee a"out your "ody, incudin! your hei!ht, shape and

-ei!ht+ Peope ha%in! ne!ati%e "ody ima!e ha%e a "i!!er chance of

de%eopin! an eatin! disorder and are more iey to suffer from

depression, isoation, and o"session -ith -ei!ht oss Nhat is )ody

&ma!e,O n+d++

Thompson, =eine"er!, Ata"e and TanteffGDunn 1999, as cited in

Amissah, >yaro,


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amount and eat at the ri!ht time for the meta"oism and ener!y

consumption of the "ody to do their tass+ Coe!e students need the

proper intae of food to impro%e their study sis, memory, and thinin!

capa"iities Cmaeta, 2012+

Tae for eampe the case of Anna, a coe!e student -ho has a

%ouptuous "ody shape+ 'or a youn! !ir, she has "een o"sessin! hersef

-atchin! fashion sho-s, or readin! fashion ma!aines+ =er idea "ody

shape is that of run-ay modes, ha%in! smaer hips and thinner thi!hs+

=er o"session -ith ha%in! a simmer "ody shape has ed her to a%oid

situations in -hich she -as to -ear cothes that can re%ea umps of her

fats on her "ac or !oin! out -ith friend -ith the fear of "ein! moced "y

others due to her shape+ 7he "e!an chan!in! the course of her diet -ith

etreme focus on eatin! -hat she thins as heathy+ 7he dei"eratey

a%oids eatin! -ith friends and cassmates -hom did not much her food

preference+ 7he mocs others -ith differin! eatin! ha"its+

Another eampe is the case of eo, a coe!e student -ho has

"een surrounded "y men -ho are shaped and toned, some are in %G

shaped and had ar!e "iceps and chest especiay "ecause the !ym is

near the schoo+ =is cassmates are aready concerned of their "ody

shape so eo "e!an to eercise and -or out on the !ym, he aso a%oid

eatin! unheathy foods and drinin! acoho+ =e tended to "e preoccupied

-ith food and has a ri!id and restricti%e eatin! ha"it+ =e prefers to eat -ith

peope -ith the same food preference+


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The researchers desired to esta"ish a reationship "et-een the

e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance and e%e of eatin! ha"its to a"e to

predict ho- the one %aria"e is affected "y the other for mae and femae

The researchers %ie- the study as ha%in! !reat si!nificance in

psychoo!ica research+ Moreo%er, the eatin! ha"its -ere an interestin!

topic for research -ith the sensationaiin! concept of heathy eatin! and

!oin! or!anic+ As -e as "ody ima!e distur"ance that had "een -idey

used in studies that affects other %aria"es+ &n the e%ent that there is a

si!nificant reationship amon! the t-o %aria"es, the resut can "e further

utiied into understandin! in the contet of teena!e eatin! ha"its+

Theoretica )ac!round

Adoescents#"odies under-ent physica !ro-th+ Teena!ers

eperience physica maturation and socia chan!es+As they "ecame

sensiti%e -hen it comes to socia acceptance, the desire to Nfit inO

infuenced their eatin! ha"its and ho- they percei%e their "odies+

Accordin! to Bourard 1984, as cited in Ar(uisoa K Ca"inatan,

2009, "ody ima!e has t-o components+ 'irst is the "ody idea and net is

the "ody concept+ The "ody idea may either heathy or unheathy+ The

heathy "odyGidea is not too different from the cutura standards "ut is

aso ad5usted "y the person himsef+ &n this -ay, the person maes hisQher

idea "ody more reaistic+ )ody concept incudes e%erythin! a person

"eie%es a"out the structure and capa"iities of his "ody and incudin! a

person#s menta ima!e of ho- his "ody oos ie+ This may either "e


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accurate or inaccurate+

The De%eopmenta Theories stated that "ody ima!e de%eopment

is focused on the importance of pu"erty and maturationa timin!, an area

of particuar importance for those interested in adoescent popuation

=ein"er!, ood K Thompson, 1996+ 'or eampe, 'a"ian and

Thompson compared su"5ecti%e and perceptua measures of "ody ima!e

for premenarcheal and postmenarcheal !irs found out that

postmenarcheal !irs -ere more iey to o%erestimate their thi!hs+ &n

!enera, !irs -ho mature ater than their peers# eperience eperience

menarche after the a!e of 14 had a more positi%e "ody ima!e than those

-ho reached menarche eary or on time+ Research indicated that it is not

the timin! of pu"erty aone that predicted "ody ima!e dissatisfaction "ut

instead, it is a cumuati%e effect of pu"erty and other stressfu e%ents ie

datin! and academic stress =ein"er! et a+, 1996+

Accordin! to Cusumano K Thompson 1998, as cited in

=ausen"as K Do-ns, 2001, the most empiricay supported theory is

7ociocutura, -hich identified socia pressure as the impetus for an

indi%idua#s desire to conform to unreaistic "ody shape standards+

7ociocutura mode emphasied that the current aesthetic student of a

thin and toned physi(ue for femae+

The socia comparison theory of 'estin!er 194, as cited in Roohi,

2014 stated that humans ha%e the dri%e to e%auate their opinions and

a"iities+ =e "eie%ed that peope -ho en!a!ed in this comparison process


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as a -ay of esta"ishin! a "enchmar "y -hich -e can mae accurate

e%auations of ourse%es+ There are t-o inds of socia comparison+ The

up-ard socia comparison is comparin! ourse%es to others -ho -e

thou!ht are "etter than us+ Do-n-ard socia comparison is comparin!

themse%es to others -ho are -orse off than themse%es+ The researchers

"eie%ed that one must ha%e -hat the society has seen as the idea

concept of perfect "ody ima!e to "e sociay accepted+

7imiar to the pre%ious theory, the co!niti%e and socia earnin!

theory of )andura 1988, as cited in Ar(uisoa K Ca"inatan, 2009

su!!ested that the "ody ima!e is a resut of epicit and impicit impact

from others+ Thus the theory postuated that a person e%auated his o-n

appearance -ith the eements of others as a "asis for -hat is desired and

-hat is not+ Peope ac(uired their "eiefs of ho- they shoud oo "y

internaiin! the standards set "y those around them+ &t emphasied on

Nearnin! occurred in a socia contet, and that much of -hat is earned is

!ained throu!h o"ser%ationO, the theory had aso "een appied to -ide

spectrum of ideas+

.n the other hand, sefGdiscrepancy theory su!!ested that man is

stron!y moti%ated to main consistency amon! his "eiefs and sefG

perceptions+ adin 2000, as cited in Ar(uisoa K Ca"inatan, 2009 stated

that a ne!ati%e "ody ima!e resuts from the incon!ruity "et-een idea and

sefGpercei%ed physica attri"utes+ Accordin! to socia discrepancy theory,

=i!!ins 19/8 stated that the sef has three domains the actua, idea,


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and ou!ht+ The NactuaO sef refects the indi%idua#s perception of his or her

o-n attri"utes+ &deaGsef referred to the attri"utes that the indi%idua -oud

ie to possess or that indi%idua aspired to ha%e+ asty, the ou!htGsef

refected to attri"utes that the indi%idua "eie%es he or she had an

o"i!ation to possess+ The ree%ance of socia discrepancy theory to "ody

ima!e is ar!ey "ased on the fact that there -ere cutura norms that

espoused particuar standards of attracti%eness =i!!ins, 19/8+

=ein"er! 1996, as cited in Ar(uisoa K Ca"inatan, 2009

su!!ested that the de%eopment and maintenance of "ody ima!e

distur"ance is ar!ey infuenced "y socia pressure+ 7ocia pressure is

identified as the mo%in! force "ehind a person need to conform to "ody

shape standards+ &dea "ody shape as seen in point and fim has "een

reated to "ody ima!e distur"ance+ 'or eampe, is the most theoretica

attention in%o%ed the sociocutura pressures+ &t had "een su!!ested that

pressure to "e thin, form one#s socia en%ironment fostered "ody

dissatisfaction "ecause of the repeated messa!es that one is not thin

enou!h -oud "e epected to produce discontent -ith physica

appearance+ The pressure to "e thin then emanated from a %ariety of

sources, such as parents, peers, datin! partners, and media+ 'urther, the

pressure can "e direct such as a parent -ho encoura!ed a dau!hter to

diet, or indirect such as a peer -hich %oiced of a sender mode 7tice K

hitenton, 2002+


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."5ectification theory of 'redricson and Ro"erts 1998, as cited in

ra-cy, 201; had "ecome one of the -idey statistica and empiricay

supported theory+ The theory is "ased on the ideas of se%era

o"5ectifications, an interpersona phenomenon -hich occured -hen a

person is seen or treated as a "ody or a coection of "ody parts for use "y

others+ Cao!ero, TanteffGDunn and Thompson 2011, as cited in

ra-cy, 201; stated that sefGo"5ectification is "eie%ed to "e reated to

se%era ne!ati%e psychoo!ica conse(uences ie appearance aniety,

"ody dissatisfaction, o- sefGesteem, "ody shame, eatin! disorders,

depression, and seua dysfunction+ This usuay happen especiay to !irs

and -omen -ho are sociaied to %ie- their "odies as o"5ects+ &n this

case, ho-e%er, the -ord No"5ectO is not ony used in the pro5ects that

shoud "e en!a!ed in, controed, and impro%ed, "ut in a seuaied sense

as Nse o"5ectsO =om(%ist, 'risen K AndersonG'ye, 2014+ Throu!h a

ran!e of societa messa!es, !irs and -omen earn to thin of and treat

their o-n "odies as o"5ects of others# desires 'rederison K Ro"erts

1998 Mciney K =yde 1996, as cited in =om(%ist, 'risen K AndersonG

'ye, 2014+ 'emaes are sociaied into self-objectificationG to internaie

an o"ser%er#s perspecti%e on their physica sef and to %ie- their "odies as

o"5ects to "e ooed and e%auated "y other "ased on their appearance+

This process rendered -omen %unera"e to "ody ima!e reated pro"ems

ie "ody, dissatisfaction and eatin! "eha%iors ertheim K Paton 2012,

as cited in =om(%ist, 'risen K AndersonG'ye, 2014+


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Co!niti%e psychoo!ists su!!ested that irrationa attitudes and

"eiefs, and distorted perception are in%o%ed in eatin! disorders+ These

"eiefs may concern unreaistic ideas of perceptions of "ody shape, or

irrationa attitudes to-ards eatin! ha"its and dietin! =i, 2001+

The study of Armita!e and Conner as cited in %aa%i , ien, Te,

K epp, 200 empoyed the Theory of Panned )eha%ior TP) -hich

incuded the constructs "eha%iora intention, attitudes, su"5ecti%e norms

and percei%ed "eha%iora contro and reported intentions assessed at

"aseine to "e predicti%e of dietary "eha%ior fat intae three months ater+

The first theory Conner and coea!ues aso empoyed the TP) and found

that heathy eatin! "eha%ior -as predicted from intentions and percei%ed

past "eha%ior measured si years earier+

.n the other hand, rista and coea!ues as cited in %aa%i ,

ien, Te, K epp, 200 appied the 7ta!es of Chan!e Mode in their

study and impemented a foo-Gup sur%ey after t-o years+ They found

that reduction in fat intae and increased in fruit and %e!eta"e intae -ere

differenty predicted "y psychosocia factors+ Respondents -ho -ere in

the ater sta!es of chan!e for eatin! a o- fat diet and -ho read food

a"es made the ar!est reductions in fat intae, -hie chan!es in fruit and

%e!eta"e intaes -ere sma and did not reach si!nificance across

psychosocia factors+

.ne theory used "y heath care professionas -hen peope decide to

chan!e their ha"its into heathy eatin! ha"its is Chan!e theory+ This


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theory, accordin! to Conte 201;, has four sta!es+ The first sta!e is the

decisionGmain! sta!e* this meant that the person is not ready and

"eie%ed that they are not concerned+ >et sta!e is the contempation

sta!e, in this sta!e the person -orried a"out a chan!e, ie thinin! of

osin! their "eha%iours on food -hen they -i chan!e their eatin! ha"its+

The third sta!e is preparation sta!e the person is no- ready to chan!e

and preparin! to mae a s-itch and "e!ins -ith sma chan!es ie eatin!

more fruits and drinin! -ater+ The fourth sta!e is action sta!e, at this

sta!e a person is tryin! mae an action to chan!e a "eha%ior ie stoppin!

to eat s-eets, esser amount of food, and etc+ >et sta!e is the

maintenance sta!e, in this sta!e the chan!e is sta"iied and the ne-

"eha%ior is incorporated in a person#s ife Conte, 201;+

Re%ie- of Reated 7tudies

Adoescents eperienced of "odyima!e distur"ance and eatin!

ha"its are interestin! %aria"e that %arious researchers ha%e studied+ Their

studies present %arious findin!s and concusions on the said %aria"es+

A study conducted "y


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.n the other hand, a study of ipatric et a+ 1999, as cited in

Ar(uisoa and Ca"inatan, 2009 reported that 19+F of the 6,04

adoescents incuded in the study -ere tryin! to !ain -ei!ht, -hie ;6+6F

-ere tryin! to ose -ei!ht+ More femaes -ere tryin! to ose -ei!ht -hie

more maes -ere tryin! to !ain -ei!ht+

A on!itudina study conducted "y )earman, Martine and 7tice

2006 amon! adoescent !irs and "oys in a $ni%ersity in the $7 on "ody

dissatisfaction+ The story found out that the "ody dissatisfaction had more

si!nificant increase for !irs than for "oys amon! adoescence+

7imiar to the pre%ious "eief, a study "y )ernier, oyrsy5, )enoit,

)ecer and Marchessaut 2010 on the )ody &ma!e K Dietin! Attitudes

amon! the preadoescent "oys and !irs in Canada found out that femaes

are more iey to fee sensiti%e and conscious a"out their "ody than

maes+ The study sho-ed that the !irs ha%e hi!her e%es of "ein!

conscious -ith their "ody sie and reported on recei%in! more ad%ice from

peers and famiy than "oys+

&n a re%ie- of the iterature on "ody ima!e in men, Cohane and

Pope 2001, as cited in )otta, 200; concuded that the "ody ima!e

distur"ance does eist in men ho-e%er it is ined to tryin! to "e more

muscuar rather than tryin! to "e thinner+

7imiary, another study stated that there are sti si!nificant num"er

of maes -ho are concern -ith their "ody ima!e and sti unhappy -ith

their "odies+ Ricciardei et a+ 2008 studied a"out the desire for


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muscuarity amon! the maes in the Pacific isands+ The participants of the

study incuded 24 indi!enous 'i5an, 24 &ndoG'i5an, and 24 To!an )oys

"et-een a!es 1; to 20+ The study aimed on eaminin! "ody ima!e

concerns associated -ith muscuarity and the reasons for concerns+

Resuts sho-ed that muscuarity -as a dominant theme for the

respondents+

.n the other hand a study conducted "y 7ie!e 2002 noted ho-

ne!ati%e "ody ima!e is more prominent in femaes+ 7ie!e used and

ethicay di%erse sampe, he eamined the association "et-een "ody

ima!e and depressi%e symptoms in adoescents+ The resuts sho-ed that

!irs -ere more infuenced "y "ody ima!e than "oys compared to -omen

from other race ie Africa -ho eperienced increase in psychoo!ica

distress as "ody ima!e decined+

A correationa study conducted "y


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the past ha%e aso used the correation method to determine the

si!nificant reationship "et-een "ody ima!e and a %ariety of %aria"es+ &n

the study entited, N)ody &ma!e and the Media* The Media#s &nfuence on

)ody &ma!eO, 7parha- 200; su!!ested a resut from his t-o !roups

that indi%iduas -ho %ie-ed the media sides fet si!hty unattracti%e at the

particuar time -hie the contro !roup fet neither attracti%e nor attracti%e+

.n the second !roup -hich is the eperimenta !roup fet si!hty -orse

than norma a"out their oos+ >o si!nificant differences -ere found on the

"oth !roup+

)re"ante and Ca!as 201 sho-ed a resut on their oca study of

)ody &ma!e, )ody Mass &nde and the eperience of hiya in physica

education amon! fiipino femae uni%ersity students that fiipino femae

students reported to ha%e hi!h e%es of in%estment in ideas, socia

dependence, attention to !roomin!, o%era appearance of e%auation,

heathQfitness e%auation, ne!ati%e effect and fatness e%auation

A oca study on the reationship "et-een "ody ima!e distur"ance

and the eatin! ha"its of o%er-ei!ht indi%iduas conducted "y Adofo et a+

2006, as cited in Ar(uisoa and Ca"inatan, 2009, found out that ma5ority

of the respondents had si!nificant "ody ima!e distur"ance+

Another oca study on the e%e of )odyG:steem and the e%e of

socia physi(ue aniety amon! the seected students of Ce"u Doctors#

$ni%ersity conducted "y Paacion and Romea 2000, as cited in Ar(uisoa

and Ca"inatan, 2009 found out that there is a o- ne!ati%e correation


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14

"et-een the t-o %aria"es+ This sho-s that o- "odyGesteem -oud resut

to ho- socia physi(ue aniety+ The study aso found out that !irs ha%e

hi! her ne!ati%e correation than "oys+

A study conducted "y A(uisoa and Ca"inatan 2009 on the e%es

of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance and &nterpersona Trust amon! hi!h schoo

students of 7t+ ouis 7choo in Mandaue city sho-ed a resut that

perception of one#s "ody does not infuence ho- one percei%ed others to

"e -orthy of trust+


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15

heathGfood diet ri!idy and en!a!in! in compensatory restriction to mae

up for any dietary indiscretions, 4 tyin! sefGesteem to adherence to the

diet, and turnin! eatin! propery into the centra focus of ife, at the

epense of other persona %aues, reationships, pre%iousy en5oyed

acti%ities, and ironicay, physica heath+

A study a"out different factors affectin! unheathy eatin! ha"its

amon! youth in anchana"uri Pro%ince, Thaiand conducted "y ?arini

200 7ho-ed a resut amon! youth that a"out 4F of youth are a!e 1G

19 yrs od, and 2+2F of them ha%e eaten fast food and snac food

re!uary+ Moreo%er, youth of 1G19 years od are more iey to ha%e

unheathy eatin! ha"its than youth a!e of 20G24+ The study aso sho-ed

that femaes youth are more iey to eat fast food than mae youth+

Therefore it is necessary to tar!et heathy promotion pro!rams to youn!

adoescents a!e 1G19 and attention shoud "e paid to femae youth+

Adoescents encounter pressure not ony on their studies "ut aso

deain! -ith their persona pro"em and one of this is their eatin!

"eha%iour+ 7tudies on orea and Bapan reported poor eatin! ha"its and

inappropriate dietin! "eha%iour amon! hi!h schoo and uni%ersity students

im, an! K im,1999 >aamura et+a+, 1999, as cited in hor, Co"iac K

7rypiec, 2002+

Typica eatin! patterns amon! uni%ersity student -ere mea

sippin!, snacin!, and eatin! a-ay from home, fast food etc, and

uncon%entiona dietary pattern such as %e!etarian diets, specific -ei!ht


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16

oss diet and o%era reduction of food intae+ 7tudies aso reported that

uni%ersity students sho-ed as a nutritionay %unera"e !roup -ith

unheathy eatin! "eha%iors did not meet dietary recommendation 7a%i!e

et a+, 20087hi et a+, 200 =., 200, as cited in Chin K >asir, 2009+

.n the other hand, studies ha%e aso sho-n that uni%ersity

students -ho ha%e heathy eatin! "eha%ior perform "etter academicay

than student -ith unheathy eatin! "eha%iors Affenito, 2008 einman et

a+, 2002 Poitt and Mathe-s, 199/, as cited in Chin K >asir, 2009+


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17

Conceptua 'rame-or

'i!ure 1* 7chematic Dia!ram of the 7tudy

The dia!ram a"o%e iustrated that study determined the

reationship "et-een the t-o %aria"es* "ody ima!e distur"ance as the

independent %aria"e and the dependent %aria"e, eatin! ha"its, amon!

mae and femae students of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity+

e%e of :atin! =a"its

.

M.D:RAT:

=&


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18

THE PROBLEM

7tatement of the Pro"em

The study aimed to determine the reationship "et-een "ody ima!e

distur"ance on the type of eatin! ha"its amon! mae and femae students

of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity for academic year 201G2016+7pecificay, the

study -i ans-er the foo-in! statements*

1. Determine the e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of Mae in terms

of*

1+1 o-

1+2 Moderate

1+; =i!h

2. Determine the e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of femae in

terms of*

2+1 o-

2+2 Moderate

2+; =i!h

3. Determine the e%e of :atin! =a"its of Mae in terms of*

;+1 o-

;+2 Moderate

;+; =i!h

4. Determine the e%e of :atin! =a"its of 'emae in terms of*

4+1 o-

4+2 Moderate


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4+; =i!h

+ Determine the si!nificant reationship "et-een the e%e of "ody

ima!e distur"ance and eatin! ha"its amon! mae respondents+

6+ Determine the si!nificant reationship "et-een the e%e of "ody

ima!e distur"ance and eatin! ha"its amon! femae+

7i!nificance of the 7tudy

The study on the reationship of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance on the

:atin! =a"its amon! Mae and 'emae students of Ce"u Doctors#

$ni%ersity is si!nificant to other indi%idua such as parents, !uidance

counseors, dieticians, and other future researchers as -e+

The respondents coud a"e to identify the reationship of "ody

ima!e distur"ance on the eatin! ha"its+ Their a-areness on the %aria"es

ead them to tae action for impro%ement in terms of their ifestye and on

ho- to percei%e themse%es+

Parents coud aso a"e to understand their chidren "etter+ They

-ere a"e no- to !uide their chidren into -hat is considered to "e Na !ood

eatin! ha"itO thus, minimiin! the possi"iities of de%eopin! poor eatin!

ha"its and eatin! disorders+


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20

future researchers can "enefit from it since it can "e used for reference

date in main! their o-n study that can someho- reate to the study+ The

study can#t further contri"ute to iterature in the Phiippines concernin!

ho- one#s "ody ima!e affects our eatin! ha"its+ 'urthermore, future

researchers can use the resuts impro%e the study or nuify it shoud "e

the !athered data -i contradict the outcome of the current study+

7cope and imitation of the 7tudy

The study ony focused on determinin! the si!nificant reationship

of "ody ima!e distur"ance and eatin! ha"its amon! mae and femae

students of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity for academic year 2014G201+

The respondents may had fati!ue since the data !atherin! process

consists of en!thy research instruments in -hich respondents may more

often en!a!e in Sstrai!htGineS respondin! i+e+ choosin! ans-ers do-n the

same coumn on a pa!e or may ans-er directy -ithout understandin!

the test item+


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21

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Desi!n

The study utiied a descripti%e correationa method+ This method

-as desi!ned to determine the reationship of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance on

the :atin! =a"its of Mae and 'emae 7tudents of Ce"u Doctors#

$ni%ersity+

Research :n%ironment

The study -as conducted in Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity, the first

Medica $ni%ersity in the Phiippines ocated at 1 P+?+ arraa"a Br+

A%enue, >orth Recamation Mandaue City, 6014+ &t -as founded in 198

and -as initiay ocated at .smeUa )oue%ard, Ce"u City+ The schoo

!ained its $ni%ersity status in 2004 and mo%ed its present campus in

Mandaue City in 2008+

The uni%ersity is composed of nine 9 coe!es namey Coe!e of

Arts and 7ciences, Coe!e of .ptometry, Coe!e of Dentistry, Coe!e of

>ursin!, Coe!e of Reha"iitati%e 7ciences, Coe!e of Pharmacy, Coe!e

of Aied Medica 7ciences, Coe!e of


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The researchers utiied the stratified random sampin! to !et the

determined sampe sie of t-o hundred ei!hty si n H 2/6 respondents+

Research &nstrument

The study utiied t-o 2 research instruments namey* )ody

7hape A%oidance Euestionnaire )7E of Cooper et a+ 1998 and the

:atin! =a"it Euestionnaire of


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Research Procedure


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24

respondents on -hat is the purpose of the study to "e conducted+

&nstructions -ere ceary !i%en on ho- to ans-er the (uestionnaires+

Euestions or any carifications from the respondents -ere ans-ered and

-ere hi!hy encoura!ed "y the researchers+ This -as to mae sure that

the respondent has ceary understood -hat the instructions ha%e stated+

The researchers assured that the responses of the respondents -ere

handed -ith etreme pri%acy and confidentiaity+

The respondents -ere !i%en the first too -hich is the )ody 7hape

Euestionnaire )7E+ &t too approimatey fifteen 1 minutes for the

respondents to finish ans-erin! the (uestionnaire+ The second too -hich

is the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire :=E -as distri"uted+ 7imiary, it too

approimatey fifteen 1 minutes for the respondents to finish the :=E+

The research mentor aso super%ised the researchers durin! the

administration+

The papers -ere then ta"uated "ased on the scorin! procedures

of each instrument and -as anayed "y the researcher in a month+

7tatistica Treatment of Data

To determine the reationship of "ody ima!e distur"ance on the

eatin! ha"its, fre(uency distri"ution -as used+ The distri"ution of the

scores is presented accordin! to o-, Moderate and =i!h+ A "ar !raph

-as used to present the resuts of the distri"ution for reationship of "ody

ima!e distur"ance on the eatin! ha"its+ The mean and standard de%iation

of the "ody ima!e distur"ance scores and eatin! ha"its scores are aso


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computed+

Pearson correation -as used to determine the reationship of "ody

ima!e distur"ance on the eatin! ha"its amon! mae and femae students

of Ce"u Doctor#s $ni%ersity+


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26

DEFINITION OF TERMS

e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance* Referred to a person#s

distur"ance of hisQher "ody ima!e characteried "y ha%in! fears of !ainin!

-ei!ht, feein!s of o- sefGesteem "ecause of a persons# appearance, the

desire to ose -ei!ht and "ody dissatisfaction+ This study uses the )ody

7hape Euestionnaire )7E of Cooper et a+ 1998+

The )7E -as desi!ned for femae respondents "ut this study

researchers aso used for maes+ Responses for indi%idua items may "e

ne%er, rarey, sometimes, often, %ery often and a-ays+ Respondents#

scores -ere cassified in ; cate!ories namey*

S"'$e Le6el I#e$3$e#a#!'

1G6/ o- &t possesses a characteristic of "ein!

positi%e and has a cear perception

o%er "ody shape+ &ndi%idua see the

%arious parts of the "ody as they reay

are, they are aso comforta"e and

confident of their "ody+69G1;6 Moderate A characteristics of indi%idua o"tainin!

moderatey concerned of their "ody

shape+ They percei%e some parts of

their "ody unie they reay are+ They

start to fee uncomforta"e, a--ard,

and sefGconscious+ They tend to -orry


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a"out food, and !ainin! -ei!ht

1;8G204 =i!h Respondents has intense ne!ati%e

thou!ht a"out their "ody shape+ This

characteried "y ha%in! fears of !ainin!

-ei!ht, feein! o- sefGesteem of a

person#s appearance and the desire to

ose -ei!ht and "ody dissatisfaction+e%e of :atin! =a"its* @ referred to a person#s epectation that

hisQher eatin! ha"its characteried "y etremey concerned -ith heathy

eatin! ha"its, preoccupied -ith food, practice food rituas, and has a ri!id

and restricti%e eatin! ha"its+ This study uses the :atin! =a"its

Euestionnaire :=E of


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-hether they are eatin! heathy or

unheathy foods+8G/4 =i!h The respondents are etremey

concerned -ith their heathy eatin!

ha"its+ They tend to "e

preoccupied -ith food, practice

food rituas, has ri!id and

restricti%e eatin! ha"its+


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C2a3#e$ 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPETATION OF DATA

The findin!s of the study are presented, anayed, an interpreted in

si 6 sections of this chapter, namey*

1. e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of Mae

2. e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of 'emae

3. e%e of :atin! =a"its of Mae

4. e%e of :atin! =a"its of 'emae

+ Reationship "et-een the e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance and

eatin! ha"its amon! mae respondents

6. Reationship "et-een the e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance and

eatin! ha"its amon! femae respondents+

e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of Mae

)ody &ma!e Distur"ance is referred to a person#s distur"ance of his

or her "ody ima!e characteried "y ha%in! a fear of !ainin! -ei!ht,

feein!s of o- sefGesteem due to a person#s appearance and the desire

to ose -ei!ht and "ody dissatisfaction+

The e%es of "ody ima!e distur"ance in terms of mae respondents

-ere presented in fi!ure 2+0 in terms of o-, moderate, and hi!h+


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Pe$"e#ae D!s#$!%)#!' '0 #2e Le6el '0 B'(y I+ae D!s#)$%a"e

! #e$+s '0 Male

Low Moderate High0

20

40

60

80

100

45

86

12

Level of Body Image Disturbance (Male)n = 143

F!)$e 4.7

As sho-n in 'i!ure 2+0 sity percent 60F or ei!htyGsi /6 of the

respondents had a moderate e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance+ Thirty t-o

percent ;2F or forty fi%e 4 of the respondents had a o- e%e of "ody

ima!e distur"ance -hie ei!ht percent /F or t-e%e 12 of the

respondents scored a hi!h e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance+

)ased on the data presented, ma5ority or sity percent 60F or

ei!ht si /6of the respondents had a moderate e%e of "ody ima!e

distur"ance+ This si!nifies that 60F out of the tota popuation eperienced

moderate "ody ima!e distur"ance -hich -ere characteried "y a

moderate concern o%er "ody shape+ They percei%ed some parts of their

"ody unie they reay are and start to fee uncomforta"e, a--ard and

sefGconscious+ They tend to -orry a"out food and !ainin! -ei!ht+

Mae respondents -ho scored moderate often percei%ed parts of

their "ody unie they reay are+ Athou!h these indi%iduas ha%e moderate


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"ody ima!e distur"ance they are prone to ha%e hi!h scores in the future+

This si!nifies that these mae respondents are aso incined to comparin!

their "ody shape to-ards other maes to an etent+ &n comparison, recent

research su!!ested that the past studies of "ody ima!e amon! men -ere

fa-ed+ This fa-ed impression of the mae "ody ima!e coud ha%e

infuenced their o-n perception of their "odies )rennan et a+, 2010+

Maes -ho scored moderatey in the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire often

ha%e the tendency "rood a"out their "ody shape and fee ashamed of

their "odies+ Maes -ho scored moderatey are aso incined to feein! "ad

a"out their o-n "ody, and often a%oid situations in -hich "ody ima!e is a

topic+ They -oud often fee sefGconscious a"out their "odies in the

company of other maes+

Thirty t-o ;2F or forty fi%e 4 of the respondents had o- e%es

of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance+ o- scores are characteried "y a positi%e

and cear perception o%er "ody shape+ Mae respondents -ho scored o-

see %arious parts of their "ody as they reay are and are comforta"e

a"out their o-n "ody+

o- scores on the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire impies that the

respondents don#t o%er thin a"out "ein! fat or a%oid -earin! cothes that

-i mae them a-are of their "ody shapes+ &n comparison, a study

conducted "y Cohane and Pope 2000, as cited in


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32

e%es of sefGesteem, they don#t usuay compare their "odies -ith that of

others+ Athou!h there are other factors that coud infuence "ody ima!e

distur"ance, these factors don#t pay a "i! roe on o- scorers compared to

those -ho scored moderate and hi!h on the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire+

They are not as conscious as those -ho scored differenty in the test+

:i!ht percent /F or nine 9 of the sampe mae popuation had a

hi!h e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance+ A hi!h score on the )ody 7hape

Euestionnaire impies that these indi%iduas ha%e a fear of !ainin! -ei!ht

and o- e%es of sefGesteem -hich are characteried "y the indi%iduas

desire to ose -ei!ht and "ody dissatisfaction+ =i!h resuts of the )ody

7hape Euestionnaire -oud si!nify that these respondents -oud %ery

often fee uncomforta"e and fee "ad a"out their o-n "ody shape+ They

ha%e the tendency to often compare their "ody shape to-ards other maes

in an unfa%ora"e manner+

e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of 'emae

)ody &ma!e Distur"ance has "een defined as a persistent report of

dissatisfaction, concern and distress that is reated to an aspect of

appearance and some desire of impairment of socia reations and socia

functionin!+

The e%es of "ody ima!e distur"ance in terms of femae

respondents -ere presented in 'i!ure ;+0 in terms of o-, moderate and

hi!h+


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Pe$"e#ae D!s#$!%)#!' '0 #2e Le6el '0 B'(y I+ae D!s#)$%a"e !

#e$+s '0 Fe+ale

Low Moderate High0

20

40

60

80

100

35

82

26

Level of Body Image Disturbance (Female)n = 143

F!)$e 5.7

As sho-n in 'i!ure ;+0 fifty se%en percent 8F or ei!hty t-o /2

of the femae respondents scored moderate+ T-enty fi%e percent 2F or

thirty fi%e ; of the femae respondents scored o- and ei!hteen percent

1/F or t-enty si 26 of the respondents scored hi!h on the )ody

7hape Euestionnaire+

:i!hty t-o /2 of the femae respondents scored moderate on the

)ody 7hape Euestionnaire, &t si!nifies that fifty se%en percent 8F

eperienced a moderate "ody ima!e distur"ance characteried "y a

moderate e%e of concern on their "ody+ These respondents fee a--ard,

uncomforta"e and sefGconscious these respondents ha%e the tendency

to -orry a"out food and !ainin! -ei!ht+

The resuts impy that femaes -ho scored moderate on the )ody


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7hape Euestionnaire are often incined to -orry a"out their shape,

thou!ht a"out dietin! and had a fear of !ainin! -ei!ht and "ecome fat+

These preoccupation a"out their "ody shape, can "e a resut of fa-ed

"ody ima!e impression and of socia infuences+

&n a oca study conducted "y )re"ante and Ca!as 201, the

researchers found that 'iipino femaes ha%e hi!h e%es of in%estments in

ideas, socia dependence, attention to !roomin!, o%era appearance of

e%auation, heath or fitness e%auation and ne!ati%e effects and fatness

e%auation+ The researchers found that NhiyaO pays a roe on ho- femaes

percei%ed their "ody ima!e+

Moderate scores are considered si!nificant "ecause these

respondents ha%e hi!h e%es of "ody ima!e distur"ance if they are

eposed to other infuencin! factors such as appearance reated media+

This is supported "y the study of Thompson and =ein"er! 1999 -hich

sho-ed that those -omen -ith o-er sefGesteem and o-er sefGima!e

-ere found out to "e dissatisfied -ith their "ody shape compared to those

-ho had hi!h e%es of sefGesteem and sefGima!e+

T-enty fi%e 2F of thirty fi%e ; of the respondents had a o-

score on the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire+ This impies that these

respondents ha%e a cear perception of their "ody shape compared to

those -ho scored differenty+

o- scores on the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire impies that these

respondents ne%er or rarey eperienced "ody ima!e distur"ance such as


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feein!s of discomfort to-ards their "ody -hich are characteried "y

feein! fat after a mea or a%oided situations in -hich "ody shape is

discussed+

The resuts of the study can "e ined to respondents ha%in! hi!h

e%es of sefGesteem as stated in the roe of sefGesteem in )ody &ma!e

Distur"ance+ &n a study conducted "y Phiips, Pinto and Bain 2004, as

cited in asyi-, Macinnon K Macean, 2012, they found out that hi!h

e%es of sefGesteem resuted in a positi%e e%auation of their "ody+

Moreo%er, t-enty si 26 of the respondents had a hi!h e%e of

"ody ima!e distur"ance+ This si!nifies that ei!hteen percent 1/F

eperienced hi!h "ody ima!e distur"ance -hich is characteried "y

ha%in! fear of !ainin! -ei!ht, feein! of o- sefGesteem of a person#s

appearance and the desire to ose -ei!ht and "ody dissatisfaction+

This hi!h scores may"e a resut of eterna infuences such as

media ideas on "ody ima!e+ Accordin! to of 1990, as cited in

Thompson and =ein"er!, 1999, the mass media had "een criticied as

ad%ocates and promoters of the unreaistic and dan!erousy thin idea of

the femae "ody ima!e+ These respondents ha%e the tendency to su"5ect

themse%es to these eterna factors+ The researchers "eie%ed that

femae -ith hi!h scores on the )ody 7hape Euestionnaire are su"5ected

to media infuence especiay on ho- they see and percei%e their "ody

ima!e+

e%e of :atin! =a"its of Mae


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:atin! =a"its defined as -hat and ho- peope eat, their seection

of food, their -ay of !ettin! food+ A !ood eatin! ha"it is necessary for a

person of a a!es to maintain the proper nutrition their "ody needs and to

perform -e+

The e%e of eatin! ha"its in terms of mae respondents -as

presented in 'i!ure 4+0 in terms of* o-, moderate, hi!h+

Pe$"e#ae D!s#$!%)#!' '0 #2e Le6el Ea#! Ha%!#s ! #e$+s '0 Male

Low Moderate High

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

5

131

7

Level of ating !abits (Male)n= 143

F!)$e 8.7

As sho-n in 'i!ure 4+0, ninety t-o percent 92F had a moderate

e%e of eatin! ha"its+ 'i%e percent F had a hi!h e%e of eatin! ha"its+

Three percent ;F had o- e%e of eatin! ha"its+

>inetyGt-o percent 92F of the mae respondents scored

moderate on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire, -hich is characteried "y

"ein! conscious of eatin! heathy or unheathy foods+ &t si!nifies that mae

respondents -ho scored moderate on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire are

su"5ected to their persona preference o%er food+ This -oud si!nify that

mae respondents -ho scored moderatey on the :atin! =a"its


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Euestionnaire ha%e often fet preoccupied "y the food they intae "ut aso

ha%e the tendency to opt to -hat is con%enient for them+ Moderate scores

aso meant that these respondents often fet that heathy eatin! is a

si!nificant source of stress in their reationships on some occasions and

-oud often consider ony a fe- choices of food as heathy+ &n terms of

reationships to-ards others, moderate scores are infuenced "y socioG

cutura factors and en%ironments+

The resuts can "e reated to a study conducted "y ?erstraeten et

a+ 2014, that socioGcutura chan!es infuence eatin! "eha%iors in

adoescents+ &n -hich, she found out that the impact of chan!in! socioG

cutura en%ironments on traditiona food diets, food a%aia"iity and famiy

mea factors ead to increase portion sies K %ariety of paata"e foods

-ith poor nutritiona (uantity+ Another reason for choosin! a particuar food

may "e associated -ith concerns o%er identity, ima!e K socia

"eon!in!ness+ Moderators in eatin! "eha%ior that infuenced eatin! ha"its

incuded financia autonomy K settin! ruraQur"an these moderators may

restrict participants from accessin! food choice thus a chan!e in eatin!

"eha%ior may occur+

'i%e percent F of the mae respondents eperienced hi!h e%e

of eatin! ha"its, -hich meant that respondents are etremey concerned

-ith their heathy eatin! ha"its+ They tend to "e preoccupied -ith food,

practice rituas, had ri!id and restricti%e eatin! ha"its+ &t shoud "e taen

into consideration that hi!h scores are ined to Oorthoreia ner%osaO,


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o"sessi%e compusi%e attitude to-ards eatin! or e%en prone to depression

o%er food and the epense of sociaiation+ The resuts impied of those

hi!h scores on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire is that these mae

respondents spend a hu!e amount of time in choosin! -here to eat, or

-hether a food is heathy or not+

Respondents -ho scored hi!h on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire

compared to those -ho scored differenty are prone to turn do-n socia

offers in -hich in%o%ed eatin! unheathy food, in the epense of socia

reationships+ =i!h scores meant that these respondents fet that they are

in contro -hen they eat heathy+

Moreo%er, three percent ;F eperienced o- eatin! ha"its, an

indication that respondents are satisfied -hen it comes to eatin! ha"its+

These indi%iduas are not afraid and concerned of ha%in! heathy or

unheathy eatin! ha"its+ Mae respondents consume food "ased on their

preference rather on -hat they considered heathy or not+ They -oud !o

for food choices -hich are con%enient and easiy accessed+ Aso, the

researchers "eie%ed that the socioGeconomic status payed a roe in food

choice, such as those respondents -ho "eon!ed to the o-er and midde

socioGeconomic casses had different food choice than those "eon!in! to

the upper casses+

'urthermore, o- scores on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire meant

that these respondents don#t ha%e a difficuty in findin! paces to eat nor

they fet that their eatin! ha"its are superior to others+


52/90

Level of ating !abits (Female)

n= 143

39

e%e of :atin! =a"its of 'emae

:atin! ha"its referred to a person#s epectation that hisQher eatin!

ha"its characteried "y etremey concerned -ith heathy eatin! ha"its,

preoccupied -ith food, practice food rituas, and has a ri!id and restricti%e

eatin! ha"its+

The e%e of eatin! ha"its in terms of mae respondents -as presented in

'i!ure +0 in terms of* o-, moderate, hi!h+

Pe$"e#ae D!s#$!%)#!' '0 #2e Le6el Ea#! Ha%!#s ! #e$+s '0 Fe+ale

F!)$e 9.7


53/90

40

As sho-n in 'i!ure +0, ninety t-o percent 92F had a moderate

e%e of eatin! ha"its+ 'i%e percent F had o- e%e of eatin! ha"its+

Three percent ;F had hi!h e%e of eatin! ha"its+

>inetyGt-o percent 92F scored moderate, this popuation is prone

into scorin! hi!h score on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire, this resut

indicated that respondents are moderatey concerned -ith their eatin!

ha"its+ This -oud si!nify that these respondents -oud often tae into

consideration eatin! heathy thou!h they are aso incined to consumin!

food -hich are reati%ey con%enient and -hich are a%aia"e to them+

'emae respondents -ho scored moderate on the :atin! =a"its

Euestionnaire are su"5ected to their persona preference o%er food+ This

impies that femaes -ith moderate scores on eatin! ha"its "ased their

food choice on -hat is con%enient for them at the !i%en time+ :atin! ha"its

of moderate scores can "e infuenced "y socioGcutura and en%ironmenta

infuences+ Therefore moderate scores on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire

meant that these respondents -i ha%e a tendency to score hi!her on the

test if they are su"5ected to other factors -hich may incude peer pressure+

&n contrast to o- scores and hi!h scores on the :atin! =a"its

Euestionnaires, a moderate score -oud indicate that these respondents

occasionay !ain a feein! of satisfaction from eatin! heathiy and are

often foo-in! a persona food diet

The moderate scores can "e reated to the resuts of the study

conducted "y upi et a+ 201 -hich sho-ed that ma5ority of respondents


54/90

41

especiay the students i%in! a-ay from home reco!nied to ha%e

chan!ed their eatin! ha"its -hie attendin! uni%ersity+ &t -as noted in other

contets ho- students find difficuty in foo-in! heathy eatin! ha"its+ The

reasons that infuence the food choices are different* the chan!e of

ifestye, the comfort and con%enience of fast food, the taste, the physica

and socia en%ironment surroundin! them, the !ender, the attention to the

-ei!ht and the "eiefs+ The resuts of this study are in a!reement -ith

others reportin! the adoption of unheathy food ha"its amon! coe!e

students, especiay -ith re!ard to the o- consumption of fruit and

%e!eta"es, mi and dairy products, fish, e!!s, puses, and the ecessi%e

consumption of meat, sausa!es and s-eets+

'i%e percent F of the popuation eperienced o- eatin! ha"its

-hich indicate that they are satisfied -ith their eatin! ha"its and not

concerned nor afraid of heathy and unheathy eatin! ha"its+

This impies that o- scores on the :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire

meant that these respondents are not preoccupied -ith the food they

consume+

.n the other hand, ony three percent ;F had hi!h scores on the

:atin! =a"its Euestionnaire -hich characteried "y ha%in! etreme

concern on their eatin! ha"its+ Respondents -ith hi!h scores ha%e the

tendency to "e preoccupied -ith food, practice rituas, K and ha%e ri!id

restricti%e eatin! ha"its+ This resut pro%ed that at east ony three percent

of the popuation is prone to orthoreia ner%osa+


55/90

42

.rthoreia >er%osa -hich -as defined "y )ratman and ni!ht

2000, as cited in


56/90

43

mae respondents r H G0+012, pH 0+228 I 0+0 J+ A no correation

"et-een the t-o %aria"es impies that an increase in eatin! ha"its does

not affect mae "ody ima!e distur"ance+ Therefore, mae eatin! ha"its,

-hether hi!h, moderate or o- does not necessariy pay a roe on mae

"ody ima!e distur"ance+

The resuts impy that e%en if mae respondents fee that they are

-orried a"out their "ody ima!e they do not fee that this is due to their ac

of sefGcontro on their eatin! ha"its+ Aso mae respondents -ho foo- a

heathy foodGdiet do not necessariy fee that their "ody shape infuenced

their choice in main! a diet+

S"a##e$ Pl'#: T2e Rela#!'s2!3 '0 B'(y I+ae D!s#)$%a"e a( Ea#!

Ha%!#s a+' Fe+ale $es3'(e#s

0 50 100 150 200 250

0

20

40

60

80

100

"elations#i$ of Body Image Disturbance and ating !abits among Female

ating !abits

F!)$e


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44

femae respondents rH 0+210, pH 0+012 I 0+0J+ There is si!ht

si!nificant reationship "et-een the t-o %aria"es, a -ea positi%e

correation "et-een the t-o %aria"es si!nifies that -hen eatin! ha"its

increases there aso a si!ht increase in "ody ima!e distur"ance+ This

-oud impy that -hen femae respondents often fet ashamed of their

"ody shape that they ha%e the tendency to mae efforts to eat heathy

foods+


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C2a3#e$ 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECCOMENDATIONS

OF THE STUDY

The summary of findin!s, concusion, and recommendations of the

study entited NThe Reationship of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance of the :atin!

=a"its amon! Mae and 'emae 7tudents of Ce"u Doctor#s $ni%ersityO are

presented in this chapter+

7ummary of 'indin!s

)ased on the data presented, interpreted and anayed in Chapter

t-o 2 the foo-in! findin!s are found out*

The study aimed at esta"ishin! the reationship "et-een the e%e

of "ody ima!e distur"ance and eatin! ha"its+ The study as composed of

t-o hundred ei!hty si 2/6 respondents from the mae and femae

students of Ce"u Doctor#s $ni%ersity+

Most of the respondents ans-ered a moderate score for "oth )ody

&ma!e Distur"ance and :atin! =a"its+ 'or )ody &ma!e Distur"ance, one

hundred se%en percent of the tota popuation ans-ered Moderate, -hie

ony fifty se%en percent of the popuation ans-ered o- and t-enty si

percent ans-ered hi!h -hie for eatin! ha"its, one hundred ei!hty four

percent of the tota popuation ans-ered moderate, -hie "oth ei!ht

percent of the tota popuation ans-ered o- and hi


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Concusion

The foo-in! statements of concusions are "ased on the resut findin!s*

1+ Ma5ority of the mae and femae respondents scored moderate

on the e%e of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance+ Therefore ma5ority

respondents often percei%ed parts of their "ody as they reay

are and often incined to fee -orry a"out their shape+

2+ Ma5ority of the mae and femae respondents aso scored

moderate on the e%e of eatin! ha"its+ Therefore the

researchers concuded that ma5ority of the mae and femae

students -oud often tae into consideration eatin! heathy

thou!h they are incined to consumin! foods -hich are reati%ey

con%enient and a%aia"e to them+

;+ The study found out that "ody ima!e distur"ance has no

si!nificant reationship on the eatin! ha"its amon! the mae

coe!e students of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity "ut the study aso

found out that "ody ima!e distur"ance has a -ea si!nificant

reationship on the eatin! ha"its amon! femae coe!e students

of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity+

4+ Respondents -ith hi!h e%e of "ody ima!e distur"ance can

attained !reater e%es of eatin! ha"its than those -hose e%e of

"ody ima!e distur"ance is o-+ The more a respondent#s e%e of


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"ody ima!e distur"ance increases the e%e of eatin! ha"its aso

increases -hich denotes a positi%e correation "et-een the t-o+

5. As a resut, the researchers concuded that decreasin! the e%e

of "ody ima!e distur"ance can hep impro%e eatin! ha"its

amon! mae and femae students of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity

-hich is the main o"5ecti%e of the study +

Recommendations

)ased on the findin!s of the studies, the researchers recommend

the foo-in!*

1+ Respondents -ho fet that they are -orried a"out their "ody shape

shoud mae efforts in participatin! throu!h schoo acti%ities+ The

P+: Department of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity can impement

pro!rams that encoura!e students to practice proper eercise and

promote heathy food practices+

2+ The


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47

enroment of the semester and e%auated "y the schoo#s Physica

:ducation Department+

&n the interest of future studies, the researchers -oud ie to

recommend the foo-in!*

1+ A simiar study can "e made utiiin! a different research

instrument to measure "ody ima!e distur"ance that is not ony

focused on the Ndiscomfort "rou!ht "y the feein! of "ein! fatO

eperience+

2+ A comparati%e study on the e%e of eatin! ha"its amon! aduts in

%aryin! socioGeconomic status+

;+ A simiar study can "e conducted usin! "ody ima!e, "ody shape

in reationship -ith sefGesteem and sefGcompassion+

4+ A (uaitati%e study can "e conducted to determine the eadin!

factors of "ody ima!e distur"ance+

+ A descripti%e study on "ody ima!e distur"ance that taes into

consideration of eposure to socia media+

6+ A simiar study -hich -i utiie :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire to

further add up eistin! no-ed!e on .rthoreia >er%osa+


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48

Re0e$e"es

Amissah, C+M+, >yaro, +,


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49

)oreo-si, D++asir, M+ 2009+ :atin! "eha%iors amon! femae


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50

adoescents in uantan District, Pahan! Maaysia+ Pa+istan

Journal of utrition & , 42G4;2+ Retrie%ed Au!ust 2/, 201, from

http*QQsciaert+netQfutetQLdoiHp5n+2009+42+4;2+

Cmaeta+ 2012, Banuary 2+ :atin! ha"its+ermPaper .arehouse/ he

Research Paper 0actor1* Retrie%ed .cto"er 1, 201, from

http*QQ---+termpaper-arehouse+comQessayGonQ:atin!G

=a"itsQ4/61

Conte,


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%eopmentXisXfocusedXonXtheXimportanceXofXpu"ertyXandXmatur

ationaXtimin!KsourceH"KotsH"m71


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Au!ust 2, 201, from

https*QQ---+research!ate+netQpu"icationQ262/;8/0_)ody_&ma!e_

and_Chid_eG)ein!

ra-cy, R+ 201;+ 3edia that objectif1 2omen/ he influence on the

indiiduals: bod1 ima)e and perception of others Dissertation+

$ni%ersity of 'orida, $+7+A+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 12, 201, from

http*QQschoarcommons+usf+eduQc!iQ%ie-content+c!iL

articeH90/KcontetHetd

%aa%i, :+, ien, >+, Te,


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Morris, 7++ 2011+ )ody ima!e and its effect on predicted ife outcomes in

the adut mae popuations Master#s thesis+ Marietta Coe!e,

.hio, $7A+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 1, 201, from

https*QQetd+ohioin+eduQr-s_etdQdocumentQ!etQmarietta1;0;2;84;/Q

inine

Ricciardei, +A+, McCa"e, M+P+, Ma%oa, =+, 'otu, +,


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55

on bod1 ima)e Master#s thesis* $ni%ersity of inconsinG7tout,

$+7+A+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 12, 201, from

http*QQ---2+u-stout+eduQcontentQi"QthesisQ200;Q200;sparha-5+pdf

7tice, :+ K hitenton, + 2002+ Ris factors for "ody ima!e

dissatisfaction in adoescent !irs* A on!itudina in%esti!ation+

Deelopmental Ps1cholo)1, & , 669G68/+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 1,

201, from http*QQ---+ori+or!QfiesQ7taticF20Pa!e

F20'iesQ7ticehitenton02+pdf

Thompson, +B+ K =ein"er!, +B+ 1999+ The media]s infuence on "ody

ima!e distur"ance and eatin! disorders* e]%e re%ied them, no-

can -e reha"iitate themL Journal of Social Issues, 2, ;;9G;;+

Retrie%ed .cto"er 12, 201, from

http*QQ5thompson+my-e"+usf+eduQarticesQTheF20Media]s

F20&nfuenceF20onF20)odyF20&ma!eF20Distur"ance+pdf

?arini, P+ 200+ 0actors affectin) unhealth1 eatin) habits amon) 1outh in

>anchanaburi Proince, hailand Master#s thesis+ Mahido

$ni%ersity, Thaiand+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 1, 201, from

https*QQ---+research!ate+netQpu"icationQ242628//9_'ACT.R7_A

'':CT&>=:AT=3_:AT&>

_A>C=A>A)$R&_PR.?&>C:_T=A&A>D

?erstraeten, R+, ?an Royen, +, .choaGA%ies, A+, Penafie, D+, =ods-orth

, M+, Donoso, 7+, Z K osteren, P+ 2014+ A conceptua frame-pr

for heathy eatin! "eha%ior in :cuadorian adoscents* A (uaitati%e


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study+ P'oS ?ne, 91, e/81/;+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 1, 201, from

http*QQ5ournas+pos+or!QposoneQarticeL

idH10+1;81Q5ourna+pone+00/81/;

asyi-, +, Macinnon, A++ K Macean, A+M+ 2012+ :porin! the in

"et-een sefGcompassion and "ody ima!e in uni%ersity -omen+

6od1 Ima)e, 9, 2;6G24+ Retrie%ed .cto"er 12, 201, from

http*QQsefGcompassion+or!Q-pG

contentQupoadsQpu"icationsQsefcompassion_"odyima!e+pdf

.hat is bod1 ima)e@ n+d++ Retrie%ed .cto"er 2, 201, from

https*QQ---+nationaeatin!disorders+or!Q-hatG"odyGima!e

3an!, :++, ?as(ue, :+ K oeppe, + 201, March 20+ Man]s standards

of "eauty around the -ord+ 6u==0eed Aideos* Retrie%ed Apri 1/,

2016, from http*Q---+"ufeed+comQeu!eneyan!QmensGstandardsG

ofG"eautyGaroundGtheG-ord+cs9)>8a(


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APP:>D&Y AG1

TRA>7M&TTA :TT:R


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APP:>D&Y AG2

TRA>7M&TTA :TT:R


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APP:>D&Y AG;

TRA>7M&TTA :TT:R


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APP:>D&Y A @ 4

TRA>7M&TTA :TT:R


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Appendi )

&>'.RM:D C.>7:>T '.RM


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I.D. N)+%e$: ======== C')$se: ==========Da#e:============

Ge(e$: ===== Ae:==========

T!#le '0 #2e Resea$"2 S#)(y: The Reationship of )ody &ma!e

Distur"ance on the :atin! =a"its of Mae and 'emae 7tudents of Ce"u

Doctors#$ni%ersity

I6es#!a#'$: Carence Michae Aa"an and esey Da-n A+ Cedro,

Coe!e of Arts and 7cience@ Department of Psychoo!y, Ce"u Doctors#

$ni%ersity, MandaueCity 0;2 2;/G ;///

P)$3'se a( Ba">$')( '0 #2e S#)(y: This is a study desi!ned to

determine the reationship of )ody &ma!e Distur"ance on the :atin!

=a"its of Mae and 'emae 7tudents of Ce"u Doctors# $ni%ersity+

P$'"e()$es: &f & a!ree to participate, the foo-in! thin!s -i happen*

1+ & -i ans-er )ody 7hape Euestionnaire -hich is desi!ned to measure

concerns a"out "ody shape+ This -i tae a"out G/ minutes+

2+ & -i ans-er :atin! =a"its Euestionnaire -hich is desi!ned to measure

pathoo!ica fiation on heathy eatin!+ This -i tae a"out G/ minutes+

Bee0!#s: &f & -ish to no- my test resuts, & may contact the researcher

re!ardin! the matter+ My test resuts -i ao- me to no- my e%e of

"ody ima!e distur"ance and e%e of eatin! ha"its (uestionnaire+

R!s>s: & understand that this study -i not pose any direct riss to-ards

me+

Re!+%)$se+e#: & am a-are that & -i not recei%e any form of


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compensation for my participation in this study+

C'0!(e#!al!#y: A information and resuts to this study -i "e ept

confidentia and used ony for research purpose+ .nce research has "een

appro%ed after the ora defense, the resuts -i "e shredded+

?)es#!'s: A of this information has "een pro%ided "y the research

in%esti!ators Carence Michae Aa"an and esey Da-n A+ Cedro and &

can contact them %ia emai, eseycedro^yahoo+com or tet at

09;24/;989+

R!2# #' Re0)se '$ W!#2($a@* My participation in this study is entirey

%ountary, and & ha%e the ri!ht to refuse if & -ish+

C'se#: & ha%e read the entire consent form and & a!ree to participate in

the study+

7i!nature* ______________________ Date* ___________

&n%esti!ators 7i!nature* __________________


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Appendi CG&

R:7:ARC= &>7TR$M:>T

BODY SHAPE ?UESTIONNAIRE

P+B Cooper, M+B Tayor, V,Cooper, and C+


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65

1;+

=as thinin! a"out your shape interfered -ith your a"iity toconcentrate e+!+ -hie -atchin! tee%ision, readin!,istenin! to con%ersationsL 1 2 ; 4

14+ =as "ein! naed, such as -hen tain! a "ath, made youfee fatL

1 2 ; 4

1+

=a%e you a%oided -earin! cothes -hich mae youparticuary a-are of the shape of your "odyL 1 2 ; 4

16+

=a%e you ima!ined cuttin! off feshy areas of your "odyL 1 2 ; 4

18+

=as eatin! s-eets, caes, or other hi!h caorie food madeyou fee fatL

1 2 ; 4

1/+

=a%e you not !one out to socia occasions e+!+ parties"ecause you ha%e fet "ad a"out your shapeL 1 2 ; 4

19+

=a%e you fet ecessi%ey ar!e and roundedL 1 2 ; 4

20+

=a%e you fet ashamed of your "odyL 1 2 ; 4

21+

=as -orry a"out your shape made you dietL 1 2 ; 4

22+

=a%e you fet happiest a"out your shape -hen your stomach has "een empty e+!+ in the mornin!L 1 2 ; 4

2;+

=a%e you thou!ht that you are in the shape you are"ecause you ac sefGcontroL 1 2 ; 4

24+

=a%e you -orried a"out other peope seein! ros of fataround your -aist or stomachL 1 2 ; 4

2

+

=a%e you fet that it is not fair that other peope are thinner

than youL+

1 2 ; 4

26+

=a%e you %omited in order to fee thinnerL 1 2 ; 4

28+

hen in company ha%e your -orried a"out tain! up toomuch room e+!+ sittin! on a sofa, or a "us seatL 1 2 ; 4


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66

2/+

=a%e you -orried a"out your fesh "ein! dimpyL 1 2 ; 4

29+

=as seein! your refection e+!+ in a mirror or shop -indo-made you fee "ad a"out your shapeL 1 2 ; 4

;0+

=a%e you pinched areas of your "ody to see ho- much fatthere isL

1 2 ; 4

;1+

=a%e you a%oided situations -here peope coud see your "ody e+!+ communa chan!in! rooms or s-immin! "athsL 1 2 ; 4

;2+

=a%e you taen aati%es in order to fee thinnerL 1 2 ; 4

;;+

=a%e you "een particuary sefGconscious a"out your shape -hen in the company of other peopeL 1 2 ; 4

;4+

=as -orry a"out your shape made you fee you ou!ht toeerciseL

1 2 ; 4

Appendi CG&&


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R:7:ARC= &>7TR$M:>T

EATING HABITS ?UESTIONNAIRE

:ric Coins


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1;+ &n the past year, friend or famiymem"er ha%e tod me that mo%ery concerned -ith eatin!heathiy+

' 7T MT ?T

14+ & ha%e difficuty findin! restaurantsthat ser%e the food eat+ ' 7T MT ?T

1+ :atin! the -ay & do !i%es me asense of satisfaction+

' 7T MT ?T

16+ 'e- foods are heathy for me toeat+

' 7T MT ?T

18+ & !o out ess since & "e!an eatin!heathiy+

' 7T MT ?T

1/+ & spend more than three hours aday thinin! a"out heathy food

' 7T MT ?T

19+ & fee !reat -hen i eat heathiy+ ' 7T MT ?T

20+ & foo- a heathy foodGdiet ri!idy+ ' 7T MT ?T

21+ & prepare food in the most heathfu

-ay+

' 7T MT ?T

Appendi D

T&M:TA): .' R:7:ARC= ACT&?&T&:7

Resea$"2A"#!6!#!es

*)e4719

*)ly471

9

A)471

9

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4719

O"#471

9

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9

De"471

9

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;

Fe%471

;

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1

ResearchTite7creenin!


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ThesisProposaDe%eopment

:thica

Re%ie-ThesisProposa=earin!

DataCoection

DataProcessin!and Anaysis

'ina Reportritin!

.ra Defense

Research'orum

7u"missionofResearch'ina

Re(uirements

Appendi :

R:7:ARC= )$D


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Transportation Php ;00+00

Thesis Proposa =earin! 'ee Php ;000+00

Data Coection Php 2000+00

7pss Php 00+00

.ra Defense Php ;200+00

______________________

T.TA Php 9,900+00

APP:>D&Y '

ETHICAL REVIEW FORM


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APP:>D&Y <

DOCUMENTATION

P2ys!"al T2e$a3y1 S#)(e#s


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Psy"2'l'y5 S#)(e#s


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APP:>D&Y @ =

RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT MAP


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CURRICULUM VITAE


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Pe$s'al Ba">$')(

>ame*esey Da-n A+ Cedro

Address* )d! /, $nit 21;, $r"an Deca =omes, Tipoo,

Mandaue City

Contact >o*09;2299;6

:mai Address* eseycedro^yahoo+com

E()"a#!'al Ba">$')(

2001G2008

Primary e%e

Tanda! Piot :ementary 7choo 7P:D

Tanda! City

2008G2011

7econdary e%e

7aint Theresa Coe!e

Tanda! City

2012GPresent

Tertiary e%e



CURRICULUM VITAE


90/90

76

Pe$s'al Ba">$')(

>ame*Carence Michae Aa"an

Address* "r!y, Ma!uiay, Mandaue City

Contact >o*0928G/81G4;1

:mai Address* Aa"ancarence^yahoo+com

E()"a#!'al Ba">$')(

2001G2008

Primary e%e

inaadman :ementary 7choo &nc+

2008G2011

7econdary e%e

'eo-ship )aptist Coe!e

201;GPresent

Tertiary e%e



Mandaue City

Documents

The Relationship of Body Image Disturbance on the Eating Habits Among Male and Female Students of Cebu Doctors' University