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The Reformatio
n:At a
Glance
Roots of Change• Rise of middle
class
• Printing press
• Humanism of the Renaissance
Print Revolution• Did not cause reform, but
helped it progress
• Johannes Gutenberg – published Bibles 1450s Mainz, Germany
• Books usually religious or classical (Cicero)
• Standardized language
Christian Humanism• Christian Humanism –
applied techniques of Italian humanists to study authorities and texts of the Church
• Program of reform and NOT a philosophy
• Education is the key to reforming Christianity Sir Thomas More
Hans Holbein the Younger1527
Christian Humanism & Education• Goal: make Christians better• Problem: Church had always
overseen education; rote memorization of bible passages and Church teachings
• 16th Century: Scholasticism - texts studied through commentaries; leads to debate – Who is right?
• Education for those not destined to become clergy
The Polyglot Bible, 1522
Father of Christian Humanism: Desiderius Erasmus
Desiderius ErasmusHans Holbein the Younger
1523
In Praise of Folly (1509) – satire of abuses in Church
Devoted life to restoring direct connection between individual and Christ/God
22 rules on how to lead a Christian life
Catholic Church CorruptionIndulgences
Nepotism
giving church offices to relatives
Simony
selling Church offices
Moral Abuses
Tithe
Demand for ReformOverall, people wanted greater spiritual fulfillment
So, it’s natural that they would expect more from those who were supposed to provide that
fulfillment
Expectations powered demand for reform
Martin Luther (1483-1546)German
1505 – religious awakening
Monk and teacher
Frustrated with faith
Romans 1:17 – “The just shall live by faith”
IndulgencesThe moment the money tinkles in the collecting box, a
soul flies out of purgatory• Confession isn’t easy so
indulgences are a good subsitute
• Frederick III “The Wise” of Saxony
– 17,000 relics would keep him out of purgatory for 250,000 years
• Pope offers indulgences to finance building projects
• Protests indulgences
• Pope Leo X instructs John Tetzel to sell indulgences for Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome
– “When a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs”
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Spread of Luther’s Ideas• October 31, 1517: 95
Theses posted on door of Castle Church in Wittenberg
• Someone quickly copied his words and took them to the printer!
Luther’s Beliefs• Sola Fide: “Salvation by faith alone”
• Sola Scriptura: Religious authority resides in the Bible and is open to interpretation by individuals
• Equality before God - education for women; no one is more spiritual than another
Luther’s Beliefs• Only two sacraments: baptism and
communion
• Religious services in vernacular language (not Latin)
• Clergy should be allowed to marry
Response to Luther by Leaders
• 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther for heresy
• 1521 Diet of Worms (meeting led by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) – Luther refuses
to take back his beliefs
Edict of Worms – Charles V forbids Luther from preaching and declares him a heretic
Frederick III (German prince) protects Luther
Response to Luther by People• 1524-1525 Peasants’ Revolt - Germans
against landowners
Luther refuses to support
• 1540’s Charles V wages war against Protestant Princes
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg ends war and allows princes to choose
(Lutheranism or Catholicism)
The Reformation brought about the establishment of several new
“Protestant” churches and literally shattered the religious unity of
Western Europe
Protestant Reformation
Overview of Other Protestant Faiths
John Calvin (1509-1564)
Calvinists: predestination
“Elect” chosen in advance by God
These people lead the church and go to heaven.
Calvinism
Despite predestination, followers are still commanded to live in a God-pleasing way.
Constant labor for personal salvation
Calvinism: Protestant Work Ethic
Northeastern German states
Adult Baptism - being “born again” into a life of Christ
Anabaptists
Preview: English Reformation•Henry VIII lacks male heir
•Seeks annulment from Pope so he can remarry
•Pope denies annulment
•Act of Supremacy (1534)
•Henry is head of the Church of England (Anglican Church)