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08/11/2019 1 Normal aging and brain atrophy Meike Vernooij, MD PhD Professor of Population Imaging Radiology & Nuclear Medicine; Epidemiology Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2 Example of report Request: 77yr old male, subjective memory complaints. Q: pathology? Phrase from brain MRI report: “There is loss of brain volume normal for age” 3 What is ‘normal for age’? The Radiologist’s perspective We are used to assess abnormality, not normality. Agerelated changes are nonacute… and thus not of interest. Usually no clinical question addressing ageing. Lack of proper frame of reference. Aging is a dynamic process. “ atrophy unremarkable for age” “ nonspecific leukoaraiosis” 1 2 3 4

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Page 1: The Radiologist’s perspective

08/11/2019

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Normal aging and brain atrophy

Meike Vernooij, MD PhD

Professor of Population ImagingRadiology & Nuclear Medicine; Epidemiology

Erasmus University Medical Center

Rotterdam, The Netherlands

2

Example of report

Request: 77‐yr old male, subjective memory complaints. Q: pathology? 

Phrase from brain MRI report:

“There is loss of brain volume normal for age”

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What is ‘normal for age’?

The Radiologist’s perspective

• We are used to assess abnormality, not normality.

• Age‐related changes are non‐acute…

…and thus not of interest.

• Usually no clinical question addressing ageing.

• Lack of proper frame of reference.

• Aging is a dynamic process.

“ atrophy unremarkable for age”

“ nonspecific leukoaraiosis”

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Page 2: The Radiologist’s perspective

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The Epidemiologist’s perspective

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• Populations are ageing, so is age‐related brain pathology!

The Neuroscientist’s perspective

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• Characteristic changes of brain aging are also strongly linked to neurodegeneration.

• ‘Normal ageing’ may form a spectrum with neurodegeneration.

• Succesful versus less successful ageing likely influenced by genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors.

What happens in the brain in aging? MICROSCOPY

• amyloid plaques• neurofibrillary tangles• Lewy bodies• neuronal loss• ependymal loss• iron deposition• subependymal gliosis• myelin loss• axonal degeneration• microvascular pathology• …..

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NEURODEGENERATION

CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

NORMAL PATHOLOGICAL

Age‐related brain changesIMAGING

• atrophy

• white matter disease

• cerebral microbleeds

• silent brain infarcts

• enlarged perivascular spaces

• iron deposition

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Page 3: The Radiologist’s perspective

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Brain atrophy: normal?

• Loss of brain tissue occurs after age of 30: 0.2%/year.

• Acceleration after age 70: 0.5%/year.

• At age 75: 10% loss of brain tissue compared to age 30.

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Vinke et al.; Neurobiology of Aging 2018based on >4,000 Rotterdam Study subjects 

What is abnormal?

o > 1‐2% tissue loss/ yr

o Regional atrophy/asymmetry

Atrophy: clinical assessment

• symmetric > asymmetric• generalized > focal• severity: visual assessment: global cortical atrophy (GCA)

GCA 0(none)

GCA 1(mild)

GCA 2(moderate)

GCA 3(severe)

no atrophy          widening sulci       volume loss gyri        ‘knife‐blade’

Atrophy: clinical assessment

• symmetric > asymmetric• generalized > focal• severity: visual assessment: global cortical atrophy (GCA)

GCA 0(none)

GCA 1(mild)

GCA 2(moderate)

GCA 3(severe)

no atrophy          widening sulci       volume loss gyri        ‘knife‐blade’

always abnormal

abnormal < 75 yr

Pasquier F, Eur Neurol 1997

no atrophy 

widening choroid fissure 

widening temporal horn

↓ hippocampal volume

↓↓  hippocampal volume 

Severity

0 1 2 3 4

Scheltens et al. 1992

Hippocampus: what is normal?

Medial temporal atrophy (MTA) scale

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Page 4: The Radiologist’s perspective

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no atrophy 

widening choroid fissure 

widening temporal horn

↓ hippocampal volume

↓↓  hippocampal volume 

Severity

0 1 2 3 4

Scheltens et al. 1992

Hippocampus: what is normal?

What is abnormal?

o Up to 75 yr: MTA ≥ 2 on one side

o Over 75 yr: MTA ≥ 2 on both sides

Atrophy: change over time?

2009 20112010

11%124 ml

10%111 ml

9%100 ml

What is normal?

References values derived from normal aging population

Ikram et al., Neurobiol of Aging 2008 Vrooman et al., NeuroImage 2006

What is normal ?

Brain volume (% IC

V)

60

90

70

80

50 60 70 80 90 100

Age

95%

75%

50%

25%

5%

t=0

t=5

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Page 5: The Radiologist’s perspective

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40

30

20

10

50

%

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

45 ‐ 59 y60 ‐ 74 y74 ‐ 97 y

white matter lesion severity (categories)

De Leeuw et al., JNNP 2001

White matter hyperintensities

Wardlaw Lancet Neurology 2013

White matter disease: terminology

“WMH OF PRESUMED VASCULAR ORIGIN”

White matter lesions and cognition

de Groot et al., Annals of Neurology 2002 Prins et al., Archives of Neurology 2004

dementia risk

cognitive decline

Fazekas 1

Fazekas 2

Fazekas 3

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Page 6: The Radiologist’s perspective

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Fazekas 1

Fazekas 2

Fazekas 3

What is abnormal?

o Diffuse confluent lesions (Fazekas 3)

o Rapid progression

I II III

Wattjes, Radiology 2009

WMH: MRI versus CT

FA De Groot et al.; Stroke 2013MD

2005 2008 2005 2008

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Page 7: The Radiologist’s perspective

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Normal ageing?

T2 FLAIR T2* GRE

male, 72 years

Microbleeds

amyloid angiopathy (CAA) hypertension

Greenberg et al., Lancet Neurology  2009Vernooij et al.; Neurology 2008

Microbleeds: what is normal?

• prevalence > 20% in general population > 60 yrs.

• single microbleed in person considered not relevant.

• caveat: strong dependency on technology.

GRE SWI

Yamada; J Stroke 2015.

1.5 T 3.0 T

Microbleeds: what is normal?

• Boston criteria: ≥ 2 lobar (micro)bleeds = probable CAA1.

• multiple: relate to worse cognitive function.

• multiple: increased risk of stroke and dementia.1Knudsen; Stroke 2001.

Akoudad; Circulation 2015.

2013 2014

o Multiple CMBs: suggestSVD.

o Lobar: CAA.

o Deep: hypertension.

o Note imaging techniqueused. 

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Page 8: The Radiologist’s perspective

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Silent brain infarcts

lacunes

Vermeer; Stroke 2002

• prevalence up to 30%

• size 3‐15 mm

• rim of gliosis

Silent?

o Lacune: suggest small vesseldisease

o Doubles risk of stroke anddementia

Newly recognized subtypes

corticalmicroinfarcts(6%)

small cerebellarinfarcts (11%)

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Ischemic lacune?

2011 2012

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Page 9: The Radiologist’s perspective

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Enlarged perivascular spaces Enlarged perivascular spaces• Typical locations:

– Mesencephalon

– Lenticulostriatal

– Subinsular

– CSO

• Relate to markers of small vessel disease.

• Worse cognition.

• Correlations with parenchymal amyloid deposition.

Zhu; Stroke 2010.Adams; Stroke 2013.Maclullich; JNP 2004.

Charimidou; Stroke 2015.

Enlarged perivascular spaces

hypertension

blockage

inflammation

atrophy

Charimidou; Stroke 2015. Roher; Mol Med 2003.

Zhu; Stroke 2010. Satizabal; JAD 2012. Kress; Ann. Neurol. 2014.

Zlokovic; Neuron 2008.

Weller; Brain path. 2008.

Patankar AJNR 2005.

État criblé

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Iron deposition in brain ageing

• essential element (ATP synthesis, myelin)

• accumulation in aging (> 20‐30 yrs): homeostaticdisturbance

• risk factors: age, smoking, hypertension, obesity

• accumulation oxidation, inflammationneurodegeneration

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• normal: globuspallidus, dentatenucleus

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• abnormal: excessivehypointensity, abnormal locations(pulvinar)  

VARIABILITY: 

* TECHNIQUE (FIELD STRENGTH)

* INTER‐INDIVIDUAL

QUANTIFICATION NEEDED

T2 FSE T2*

SWI-magnitude SWI-phase SWI-mIP

Iron versus calcification Checklist for normal brain aging

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• Brain atrophy: report MTA, GCA, lobar pattern, asymmetries. • GCA: score of 3 (‘knife‐blading’) always abnormal.• GCA: score of 2 abnormal in persons < 75 years.• MTA: score of 2 or higher on one side is abnormal in < 75 yrs• MTA: score of 2 or higher on both sides is abnormal in ≥ 75 yrs• WMH: report Fazekas scale, normal up to 1.  • Fazekas: score of 2 or 3 suggests underlying small vessel disease.• Report presence of lacunar infarcts, cortical (micro)infarct, small 

cerebellar infarcts.• Report enlarged perivascular spaces (basal ganglia, centrum 

semiovale, mesencephalon, subinsular region). • Etat criblé is always abnormal.• Microbleeds: number and location (lobar versus deep). Mention 

field strength and pulse sequence.

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Page 11: The Radiologist’s perspective

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Example of report

77‐yr old male, subjective memory complaints. Abnormal patterns of atrophy or vascular lesions?

Interpretation:• Mild generalised brain volume loss (GCA 1) in accordance with patient’s 

age, no lobar preference, no asymmetry.• Mild hippocampal atrophy, MTA 1 on right, MTA 2 on left side, normal 

for age.• Punctate WMH in periventricular and subcortical locations, Fazekas 1.• No lacunar or cortical infarcts. Single small cerebellar infarct on left

side.• Single lobar microbleed in right frontal lobe.

Conclusion:Mild degenerative and vascular brain changes, consistent with normal brain aging, no evidence for a neurodegenerative disorder.

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Take home points

• Age‐related brain changes can no longer be ignored.

• Understand that aging is a dynamic process.

• Use of reference values will become increasingly important for clinical interpretation.

• Many visible changes are only tip of the iceberg.

• Use checklist for reading and reporting brain scans in aging.

Today’s radiologist is prepared for tomorrow’s patients

[email protected]

Thank you for your attention

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