The Quantum UniverseThe Quantum Universe

PersisPersis S. S. DrellDrellSLACSLAC

AlbertEinstein1879-1955

JacobBronowski1908-1974

FOURFORCES

E&MStrong Weak

Gravity

What Happened to the Antimatter?What Happened to the Antimatter?

Special Relativity +QMSpecial Relativity +QMAntimatter (Antimatter (DiracDirac 1931)1931)

What Happened to the Antimatter?What Happened to the Antimatter?

Special Relativity +QMSpecial Relativity +QMAntimatter (Antimatter (DiracDirac 1931)1931)Experimentally Experimentally discovered (1932)discovered (1932)Equal amounts of matter Equal amounts of matter and antimatter were and antimatter were produced in the Big Bangproduced in the Big BangWhere is the antimatter Where is the antimatter now?now?

““I want to know I want to know how God created how God created this world. I am this world. I am not interested in not interested in this or that this or that phenomenon,phenomenon,……I I want to know His want to know His thoughts; the thoughts; the rest are details.rest are details.””

Accelerators

Accelerator BasicsAccelerator BasicsMake a beam of Make a beam of particlesparticles

Typically beams of 10Typically beams of 101212

particles and particles and antiparticles in bunches antiparticles in bunches of mm dimensionsof mm dimensionsAccelerate beams Accelerate beams with electric fieldswith electric fieldsCollide beams head Collide beams head onon

up to 10,000,000 up to 10,000,000 collisions/seccollisions/sec

From pure energy of From pure energy of collision, new collision, new particles are bornparticles are born

E=mcE=mc22

SLAC Linac

Particle detector Particle detector surrounds collision surrounds collision pointpoint

Captures debris from Captures debris from collisioncollisionReconstructs short lived Reconstructs short lived particles from fragmentsparticles from fragments

Up to 500K active Up to 500K active detection elements to detection elements to record complex eventsrecord complex eventscompare to human eye:compare to human eye:

120 million rods120 million rods66--7 million cones7 million conescpucpu: human brain: human brain

BaBar Detector

Detector BasicsDetector Basics

Observing the UniverseObserving the UniverseWe observe the relics of the big bangWe observe the relics of the big bang

We do archaeologyWe do archaeologyObserve the Universe as it exists today Observe the Universe as it exists today Look back in time and observe the Universe as it existed Look back in time and observe the Universe as it existed over over 14 14 Billion years agoBillion years ago

Tools:Tools:Observatories in space and on the groundObservatories in space and on the ground

SpaceSpaceFree of atmosphereFree of atmosphere

Ground basedGround basedLonger collecting timesLonger collecting timesLarger instrumentsLarger instruments

•A Universe of Galaxies•10,000 here •50 billiion over the entire sky

Hubble Ultra Deep FieldHubble Ultra Deep Field

WMAPWMAPThe Universe at 300,000 yearsThe Universe at 300,000 years

Observatories

NicholausCopernicus1473-1543

Albert Einstein as a teenager

Theoretical SpeculationTheoretical Speculation

The Universe may be bigger than we The Universe may be bigger than we realizerealize

New Quantum Dimensions?New Quantum Dimensions?New Spatial Dimensions?New Spatial Dimensions?

New Quantum DimensionsNew Quantum DimensionsSpecial Relativity + QM Special Relativity + QM

AntimatterAntimatterNew Symmetry New Symmetry ((SupersymmetrySupersymmetry) ) ““SuperparticlesSuperparticles””

Another doubling of Another doubling of particle spectrumparticle spectrum

Small Extra Spatial DimensionsSmall Extra Spatial Dimensions

Large Extra Spatial DimensionsLarge Extra Spatial Dimensions

3 Mysteries Confronting Us3 Mysteries Confronting Us

What is the Dark Matter in the Universe?What is the Dark Matter in the Universe?Where did the antimatter created in the Where did the antimatter created in the Big Bang go?Big Bang go?What is Dark Energy?What is Dark Energy?

The Dark Matter ProblemThe Dark Matter ProblemObservations of galaxies:Observations of galaxies:

Use Doppler shift of light from Use Doppler shift of light from star in spiral galaxy to give star in spiral galaxy to give velocity (red shift)velocity (red shift)

Expect velocity to fall off Expect velocity to fall off with distance from centerwith distance from center

……but it doesnbut it doesn’’tt…….!.!

The Dark Matter ProblemThe Dark Matter ProblemWhat Dark Matter IsnWhat Dark Matter Isn’’tt

Not small dim stars or Jupiter Not small dim stars or Jupiter sized objectssized objects

Ruled out by direct search for Ruled out by direct search for MachoMacho’’s (Jupiters (Jupiter--like objects) in like objects) in galaxygalaxy

Not normal Not normal ‘‘baryonicbaryonic’’ mattermatterRuled out by Big Bang Ruled out by Big Bang nucleosynthesisnucleosynthesis modelsmodelsTight constraints from cosmological Tight constraints from cosmological measurements such as MAP measurements such as MAP

Observations of cosmic microwave Observations of cosmic microwave backgroundbackground

Current favorite ideaCurrent favorite idea‘‘WIMPWIMP’’ss’’: Weakly Interacting : Weakly Interacting Massive ParticlesMassive Particles

Strategies to Detect Dark MatterStrategies to Detect Dark Matter

Detect the relic dark matter from early Universe Detect the relic dark matter from early Universe that is all around usthat is all around us

Direct DetectionDirect DetectionWill produce signals in sensitive underground detectorsWill produce signals in sensitive underground detectorsCan verify Can verify ‘‘particle natureparticle nature’’ of dark matterof dark matter

Indirect DetectionIndirect DetectionDetect annihilation radiation from galactic dark matter with Detect annihilation radiation from galactic dark matter with gamma ray telescopesgamma ray telescopes

Produce Dark Matter particles at acceleratorsProduce Dark Matter particles at acceleratorsStudy quantum properties (mass, spin)Study quantum properties (mass, spin)Learn enough about dark matter particles and their Learn enough about dark matter particles and their interactions that we see how they fit into coherent pictureinteractions that we see how they fit into coherent picture

Present generation of Present generation of direct detection direct detection experiments use experiments use SiSiand and GeGe detectorsdetectors

Phonon signals induced Phonon signals induced from WIMPS traversing from WIMPS traversing detectordetector

Some conflicting Some conflicting experimental resultsexperimental results

Starting to challenge Starting to challenge SUSY predictionsSUSY predictions

CD

MS

Det

ecto

rs

Strategies to Detect Dark MatterStrategies to Detect Dark Matter

CDMS II 04+05CDMS II 04

Edelweiss

DAMA

Annihilation of Annihilation of TeVTeV--scale dark scale dark matter XX matter XX , , ZZ

possibility of possibility of observing gammaobserving gamma--ray "lines" above ray "lines" above 30 30 GeVGeV with with GLASTGLAST

INFN building the INFN building the key subsystem key subsystem (tracker) of the (tracker) of the instrument instrument Launch Aug 2007Launch Aug 2007

1 Photon - 5 year Integrated Glast Sensitivity Limit

Strategies to Detect Dark MatterStrategies to Detect Dark Matter

GLAST

LHC Turn on in 2007LHC Turn on in 2007Power of LHC is its enormous Power of LHC is its enormous mass reach relative to current mass reach relative to current facilities (x 7).facilities (x 7).Dark matter particles can be Dark matter particles can be produced and studiesproduced and studiesThe LHC should be able to The LHC should be able to establish the existence of SUSY, establish the existence of SUSY, if if m(SUSYm(SUSY) is less than a few ) is less than a few TeVTeV,,in first year of operationsin first year of operations

Tomorrow: International Linear Tomorrow: International Linear ColliderCollider

Full exploration of SUSY requires the CERN LHC together with a high-energy e+e- linear collider.Experiments at the LHC are likely to discover Dark Matter particlesBut a linear collider answers crucial questions:

What is the spin state of the candidate?Does it have the coupling consistent with Dark Matter particles?Is it produced in a manner consistent with production of relics in the early Universe?

For dark matter, we think we are very close to the answer…

The Antimatter ProblemThe Antimatter ProblemBig Bang started with Big Bang started with equal parts matter and equal parts matter and antimatterantimatter

10,000,000,001 10,000,000,000

Matter Anti-matter

Early Universe

The Antimatter ProblemThe Antimatter ProblemBig Bang started with Big Bang started with equal parts matter and equal parts matter and antimatterantimatterNow there is only Now there is only matter? Where did the matter? Where did the imbalance come from?imbalance come from?

1

Matter Anti-matter

Current Universe

us

Status of CP ViolationStatus of CP ViolationCP violation in K mesons CP violation in K mesons discovered in 1964discovered in 1964

A total surpriseA total surpriseQuickly realized (Quickly realized (SakharovSakharov) a ) a crucial ingredient to getting crucial ingredient to getting matter dominated universematter dominated universe

Why we are hereWhy we are hereCP violation studied in B CP violation studied in B mesons starting in 1999mesons starting in 1999

Precision measurements Precision measurements ++--7%7%CP measurement defines our CP measurement defines our understanding of quark flavor understanding of quark flavor mixing in weak interactionsmixing in weak interactionsCP violation in quarks CP violation in quarks ‘‘naturalnatural’’consequence of 3 generationsconsequence of 3 generations

The Two Ends DonThe Two Ends Don’’t Meett Meet

CP Violation in weak decays of quarks CP Violation in weak decays of quarks cancan’’t explain excess of matter over t explain excess of matter over antimatter in the Universe!antimatter in the Universe!

Something else is going onSomething else is going onCould be other sources of CP violation in quarksCould be other sources of CP violation in quarksCould be CP violation in neutrinosCould be CP violation in neutrinos

Measurement of non zero neutrino Measurement of non zero neutrino massmass windowwindow on on new physicsnew physicsNeutrino flavors can mix tooNeutrino flavors can mix too

CP violation in neutrinos CP violation in neutrinos ‘‘naturalnatural’’ consequence of consequence of three generation of leptonsthree generation of leptons

CP Violation in Quarks due to CP Violation in Quarks due to TeVTeVScale PhysicsScale Physics

Possible New Physics: Possible New Physics: SUSYSUSY

New sources of flavor New sources of flavor mixingmixingSUSY can contribute new SUSY can contribute new CP violating phasesCP violating phasessquarksquark mixingmixing——sensitive to sensitive to SUSY breakingSUSY breaking

Science target of current Science target of current and future facilitiesand future facilities

e+ee+e-- BB--factories factories hadronhadron collidercolliderexperiments: LHCexperiments: LHC--bb

0B

New physics in loops?

0Bφ

0SK

b ss

sd

d

+W

g

, ,u c t

“Internal Penguin”

φ

0SK

φ→0 0 B K

Neutrinos may offer other sources Neutrinos may offer other sources for CP Violationfor CP Violation

Neutrinos may also provide new mechanisms Neutrinos may also provide new mechanisms for answering for answering ‘‘where did the antimatter go?where did the antimatter go?’’LeptogenesisLeptogenesis: dependence of primordial : dependence of primordial matter imbalance on masses and mixing matter imbalance on masses and mixing angles of neutrinosangles of neutrinos

Many models under constructionMany models under constructionAre neutrinos their own antiparticles?Are neutrinos their own antiparticles?

progress from studies of neutrinoprogress from studies of neutrino--less double beta less double beta decay decay provides yet another way for matter and antimatter provides yet another way for matter and antimatter to transformto transform

The Dark Energy ProblemThe Dark Energy ProblemWe have discovered a We have discovered a ‘‘dark energydark energy’’ field that field that fills the universefills the universe

Only evident on Only evident on cosmological scalecosmological scale

Cosmic concordance of Cosmic concordance of observational data:observational data:

Microwave backgroundMicrowave backgroundGalaxy ClustersGalaxy ClustersSupernovaeSupernovae

Particle physics is at a Particle physics is at a loss for an explanationloss for an explanation

Current and Future Work on Dark Current and Future Work on Dark EnergyEnergy

Observatories: space and ground basedObservatories: space and ground basedSupernovaeSupernovaeGravitational Gravitational LensingLensingGalaxy ClustersGalaxy Clusters

What are the properties of the dark What are the properties of the dark energy in the Universe?energy in the Universe?

Does it change with time?Does it change with time?Is it smooth or clumpy?Is it smooth or clumpy?

Si

Simulation of Gravitational Lens

Status of Theoretical Status of Theoretical Understanding Dark EnergyUnderstanding Dark Energy

CalulationsCalulations of Dark Energy are of Dark Energy are wrongwrong by a by a factor of between factor of between 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000and and 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000!!!!!0,000,000,000,000,000,000,000!!!!!

How will we understand origins of How will we understand origins of Dark Energy field?Dark Energy field?

Huge challenge to future accelerator Huge challenge to future accelerator programsprograms

We donWe don’’t know enough to say what we will t know enough to say what we will learn from LHC and ILC on dark energylearn from LHC and ILC on dark energyIt is a good bet we will learn somethingIt is a good bet we will learn something

By 2020, we hope we know what the Dark By 2020, we hope we know what the Dark Energy question isEnergy question is…….we probably won.we probably won’’t t have the answer yet!have the answer yet!

““The eternal mystery of the The eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility.world is its comprehensibility.””

Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein