THE Psychozoic Press - Erowid · tionhatsilocybian’s t p spores and mycelial cultures arepparently a not covered by law, while the mush-roomsre. a Advertisements appeared in High

THE

Psychozoic PressErowid Editions

The Psychozoic Press was a subscription-based quarterly “informational advisory and commu-nication exchange paper” on psychedelics, edited by Elvin D. Smith. Ten issues were produced between fall 1982 and summer 1985. In issue #9, which came out in autumn of 1984, Thomas Lyttle—a regular contributor to the publication—came on board as a second editor. Following issue #10, the editors continued publishing under the new name, Psychedelic Monographs and Essays (PM&E). Originally envisioned as a bi-annual publication, six issues of PM&E were re-leased between 1985 and 1993, with Lyttle taking the editorial lead, and Smith providing assis-tance until his death in 1988. Lyttle remained active in the psychedelic community until his death in 2008.

The Psychozoic Press was banged out on a typewriter during a time before computer-based desk-top publishing was commonplace. Presumably each issue had a modest production run; respond-ing to a request for back issues from Oscar Janiger that appeared in the final issue, the editors mentioned that many of the original issues of the Psychozoic Press were out of print, noting that “good clean xerox copies might be provided to the truly interested.” Unfortunately, Erowid has never borne witness to any “good clean” photocopies of this publication. Instead, there has been limited distribution in the years since then of horribly muddy photocopies, in some cases with sections of the text cut off entirely.

In order to preserve and disseminate this interesting window into psychedelic culture of the early 1980s, Erowid is creating newly typeset digital copies of the Psychozoic Press. Whenever possible, illustrations presented in the issues will be scanned from original copies of the publica-tion. All contact addresses and advertisements contained in these issues should be considered out-of-date. Although Erowid strives to remain true to the original content, minor edits—corrections of typos and misspellings, in addition to formatting improvements—have been made. Not all information contained within these issues is factually correct, and content corrections have largely not been attempted; these texts should be supplemented with readings from contemporary sources of information on psychoactives.

http://www.erowid.org/library/periodicals/journals/journals_pp.shtml

THE

Psychozoic PressWinter, 1982 • Issue No. 2

An informational advisory and communication exchange paper on psychedelics.

Copyright, 1982by

E.D. SmithErowid Edition © 2011

The Psychozoic Press is printed quarterly at 2121 Braley Road, Coos Bay, Oregon, 97420.Year subscription, $6.00; Single issue, $3.50.

THE

Psychozoic PressWinter, 1982 • Issue No. 2

Psilocybians: A Historical Review…………………………………………………………………2 Opponents have attempted to suppress the use of magic mushrooms for centuries. With the adventofspaceexploration,thetranscendentalexperienceisbeingsoughtaftermorethanever before.

How Much Should I Use?……………………………………………………………………………5 Considertheelementsofsetandsettingcarefullybeforedecidinghowmuchtouse.

When Nothing is Better than Something………………………………………………………13 Avoidthepitfallsofimpulsiveindulgence.

A Conversation with Jim Weaver…………………………………………………………………15 Ourlocalcongressmanissympathetictowardpsychedelics—butonlyforresearch.

An Interview with Jerome Beck……………………………………………………………………17 UniversityofOregon’sDrugInformationspecialistdiscussesbothpositiveandnegativeaspects ofpsychedelicuse.

Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Seeds……………………………………………………………………21 Themostpotentofallcommonlyusedpsychedelicsisnotonelikelytobemisused.

Invitation for Contributions to PP………………………………………………………………23 Writeinandbecomepublished.Weappreciatefeedback.

Drug Analysis Labs…………………………………………………………………………………23

2 Psychozoic Press — Number 2 / Winter 1982 • Erowid Edition © 2011

Psilocybians*: A Historical ReviewIn the highlands of centralGuatemalawerefound numerous carvings of stone; short,totem-likefigureswhichallhadauniqueaspectincommon.Eachhadbeencarvedwithadis-tinctumbrella-shapedcapoverthefigure’stop.Theoverallappearanceisthatofamushroom.The age of these mushroom stones has beenvariously estimated at 300–1000 b.c. by R.G.Wassonandotherauthors. It is commonlybelieved that thesecarvingsweremadeby theMayansinhonoroftheirmushroomgods.

Inanycase, theuseofmagicmushroomswaswell established by the time the Spanish con-quistadores arrived. Several ancient writingsofpriestsanddoctorsdescribethenatives’useofmushroomsduringthe16thcentury.Magicmushroomswereusedduringthecoronationofthe Aztec high ruler, Montezuma. There weresome rather bloody religious ceremonies car-riedout,muchtothedisgustof theSpaniardsobservingsuchrites.

FernandoHernandez,aSpanishphysician,de-scribed three types of mushrooms being wor-shipedby thenatives,andmadesomedistinc-tionbetweenthevariouseffectsofeachofthem.But the Spanish generally held the mushroomvisionstobeasortofconsortingwithdemonsandsatanicpowers.Hernandezwrotethat“theyintoxicatelikewineandprovoketolust…”.TheconqueringSpaniardstriedtoabolishtheuseofthemushrooms,punishingandexilingthosena-tiveswhousedthem.Inviewofsuchoppressivedomination, themushroomcultswere eventu-allydrivenunderground.

Andtheyremainedundergroundforcenturies.Then in1915,WilliamSaffordtriedto identi-fy the teonánacatl of the Aztecs, but was not

successful infindingthemagicmushrooms,orany who would admit knowledge concerningthem.Hisconclusion,whichwasgenerallyas-sumed as correct by the academic communityfor the next thirty years or so, was that themushroomsreferred toby theancientSpanishwritingswerenotmushroomsatall,butinstead,dried peyote which the Spanish had mistakenformushrooms.

In1940,aHarvardbotanist,RichardSchultes,publishedapaperinananthropologyjournal**inwhichhe identified the teonánacatlusedbythe Aztecs as a species of mushroom belong-ingtothegenusPanaeoluswhichwasbasedonhis study of mushrooms in Mazatec country.Natives also supplied him with informationon the hallucinogenic properties of two othergenera,PsilocybeandStropharia.

In 1953, R. Gordon Wasson, a New Yorkbanker, andhiswife,whohadbeendoing re-searchonmushroomsforseveralyears,learnedofSchultes’writingsandthemushroomstones.TheythendecidedtogotoOaxacatosearchforthemagicmushroomsthemselves.By1955,theWassonshadnotonly found themagicmush-rooms,buthadactuallypartakeninaceremo-nyunderthedirectionofaMazateccurandera (folkhealer)namedMaríaSabina.

Roger Heim, a French mycologist, identifiedthemushroomsWassonhadeatenasPsilocybe mexicana.HeimcamepersonallytoMexicothenext year and identified over a dozen speciesbelonging togeneraPsilocybe,Conocybe, andStropharia.Heimgave someofhis laboratorycultures toAlbertHofmann,who in1958ex-tractedtwopsychoactiveprinciplesfromthemand named these psilocybin and psilocin inrespecttothegenusPsilocybe.

*“Psilocybian”isarecentlycoinedwordreferringtoanymushroomwhichcontainspsilocybin and/orpsilocin.

**American Anthropologist,Vol.42.

Psychozoic Press — Number 2 / Winter 1982 • Erowid Edition © 2011 3

R.GordonWasson,bynowawell-recognizedethnomycologist, suggested that perhaps themagic mushrooms were responsible for earlyman’sformulationoftheconceptofdeity.Sucha hypothesis does have some logical appeal,sinceprimitivemancouldnothelpnoticingthesmall, suddenly appearing mushroom, whichstandsoutconspicuously fromtheother typesofvegetation.Suchaplantwouldinevitablybetriedasafoodsource.

In1960,TimothyLearyatesomemagicmush-rooms while vacationing in Mexico. Later, hewrote that the experience was “…the deepestreligiousexperienceofmylife…Icamebackachangedman.”

This motivated Leary to attempt to use themushroom experience for social benefit. He,alongwithRichardAlpert andothers, experi-mentedwithagroupofprisonersinwhichpsi-locybin was administered in conjunction withpsychiatrictherapy.*Thepsilocybingrouphadlessrecurrentarrestsandparoleviolationsthandidthecontrolgroup,butthispieceofresearchwas not widely accepted among the scientificcommunity.Themaincriticismwasthatthetestgrouphadspecialstatusinprison,andhadre-ceivedassistanceinfindinghousingandemploy-mentthatwasnotgiventothecontrolgroup.**

Towardtheendofthe’60s,thedemandforpsilo-cybinbegantoincrease,sincethechromosomescaremadealotofpsychedelicusersparanoidaboutthesafetyofLSD.Manyfast-buckdeal-ersofthelate’60sandearly’70scutLSDwithPCP, belladonna, or tranquilizers, then passeditoffas“organicpsilocybin”, since theywerefinding a decline in the demand forLSD, anda lot of people thought that psilocybin was a“safe”psychedelic.

Meanwhile, a few knowledgeable mycologistswerediggingintotheuniversitytextsongrowingmushrooms, and by 1975, procedures for culti-vatingmagicmushroomswererefinedandmagicmushroomsbegantoappearonthemarket.Stro-pharia cubensisisoneofthemosteasilycultivatedvarietiesofmagicmushrooms;beforelong,com-mercialentrepreneurstookadvantageofthesitua-tionthatpsilocybian’ssporesandmycelialculturesareapparentlynotcoveredbylaw,whilethemush-roomsare.AdvertisementsappearedinHigh Timesandundergroundnewspapersformushroomkits,spores,andinstructiontexts.Thecubensismush-roomiscommonlyseenontheblackmarketthesedays,anditsuseisspreadingrapidly.

One of the earliest texts on mushroom cultiva-tionwaswrittenbyO.T.OssandO.N.Oeric.Straightforwardandsimplywritten, thisbook isprobablylargelyresponsiblefortheavailabilityofgenuinemagicmushroomsonthemarkettoday.

Oss and Oeric advanced the novel suggestionthatthemushroomsporescamefromextrater-restrial sources. Such an idea is probably un-provable but possible, since the mushroomsreproduceverydifferentlyfromothermembersof the plant kingdom, and the spores couldconceivably survive the cold vacuum of inter-stellarspace.Butmostotherfamiliesofmush-roomsalsoreproducesimilarly,sotheargumentwouldbeequallyvalidforthemalso.Ifmush-room spores did come from space, the initialeventmusthaveoccurredmillionsofyearsagoto produce the proliferation of the numerousgenera in the evolutionary tree we see today.Nevertheless,itisathought-provokingconcept.

The achievementof a transcendent experiencewith psychedelic mushrooms is focused uponquitevividlyintheirintroduction:

*TimothyLeary,etal.“ANewBehaviorChangeProgramUsingPsilocybin.”Psychotherapy: Theory,Research, and Practice,Vol.2,1965.

**SidneyCohen.The Beyond Within: The LSD Story.Atheneum,NewYork,1972.


Theurgetowardthetranscendent—andthedynamictensionthatexistsbetweenthedrivetotranscendandthemundanenecessities which impose themselves ontheprimary factofbiologicalbeing—isin a sensewhat all history, all religion,art,philosophy,discovery,andscience—inshort,allofhumanthoughtandcivi-lization—is about. The urge to reachbeyondtheknowntowhatisunknownand unplumbed is irredeemably wovenintothefabricofhumanhistory.Itisthisurge which built the pyramids, Stone-henge,andtheGothiccathedrals.…

Today,westand…attheedgeofhistory,readytoaccelerateourhumanexperienceout into thevast chasmofnightwhichengulfsourplanet,thelessonsofourhis-toricalcareerstillechoingdownthecor-ridorsoftime.Weareabouttoembarkon the greatest adventurewehave everknown, one that will change our verynotionofwhatitistobehuman;yetweshouldnotforgetthatbetweenourselvesas we ascend the ramp of the starshipand our mushroom munching ancestorgazing into his Paleolithic fire lie onlysecondsofcosmictime.*

It is more than coincidence that humanity ison the thresholdofbothouter space explora-tion and inner mind discovery. The externallyobjective is a manifestation of the internallysubjective.Ifwearetophysicallytranscendtheboundaries of our planet, we should be pre-pared for such experiences by being familiarwithtranscendingthecerebralboundariesofin-nerconsciousness.Andifpsychedelicsprovetobesignificantinbringingaboutsuchawareness,thecontributionsofworkerslikeOssandOer-ic,Leary,R.G.Wasson,Hofmann,andSchulteswilltaketheirplacesinthehistoricalannalsofthefutureforcenturiestocome.

Meanwhile, back on earth and reality, magicmushroomsarenowknowntogrowthrough-out much of the United States and southernCanada. Due to their increasing popularity, anumberofexcellentmushroomfieldguidesandculturing books have appeared on the marketsince 1975. A brief bibliography of some oftheseislistedbelow.

Adam Gottlieb. The Psilocybin Producer’s Guide.KistonePress,1976;availablefrom20thCenturyAlchemist,ManhattanBeach,Califor-nia.Discusseslargequantitymycelialculturing,butnotproducingmushrooms.

BobHarris.Growing Wild Mushrooms.Wing-bowPress,Berkeley,California,1976.Theau-thor describes sterile culture techniques andcompostgrowing.Inadequateasafieldguide.

Richard and Karen Haard. Poisonous and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms.CloudburstPress,Seattle,Washington,1975.AfieldguidetomostofthepsilocybiansintheU.S.andhowtodif-ferentiatethemfrompoisonousspecies.Illustra-tionsandcolorphotographs.

Gary Menser. Hallucinogenic and Poisonous Mushroom Field Guide. And/Or Press, Berke-ley, California, 1977. No photos, but illustra-tionsarefarsuperiortoothertexts.

O. T. Oss and O. N. Oeric. Psilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower’s Guide.And/OrPress,Berke-ley, California, 1976. Step-by-step photographyaccompaniestextforsterileculturingandgrowingonryegrain.Beautifulcolorphotographs.

PaulStamets.Psilocybe Mushrooms and Their Allies.HomesteadBookCo.,Seattle,1978.Themost comprehensive survey of the Psilocybegenus and others. Excellent illustrations andphotos.Electronmicrographsaccompanyanin-depthexplanationofthemushroomlifecycle.

*Copyright©1976byO.T.OssandO.N.Oeric.ReprintedbypermissionfromPsilocybin: Magic Mushroom Grower’s Guide.And/OrPress,Inc.,Berkeley.


Transcendental Trivia

Noonecandoeverything;Everyonecandosomething.

Usewhatyouknowtoknowwhenyoudon’t know. You’ll not be held respon-sible fornotattemptingwhatyoucan’tachieve.

SpeakLittle;SayMuch.

How Much Should I Use?Thisquestionisdifficulttoanswer,sincenooneanswer can be considered equally applicabletoallusers.Evenforanindividual,theappro-priateamount tousevariesconsiderably fromtimetotime.Inconsideringthesetandsetting,fourelementscanbedefinedwhichareusefulinenabling theuser todecide the correctdosageinpreparationforthepsychedelicvoyage:set-ting,whichisasingleelementitself,andset,whichcanbeconsideredasbeingcomprisedofthree important sub-elements—personalobjec-tives,priorexperience,andtheuniquerangeofthedruginquestion.Onecanbeabletomoreintelligentlymaketheproperdecisionifhehassomeperspectiveontheseelements,fortheyareall closely linked with the potential effects ofpsychedelics.

Setting.TimothyLearywas,intheopinionofthiswriter,ablunderingintellectualwithregardtomanystatementshemadeaboutLSDinthe’60s,buthedidcorrectlystresstheimportanceofsettingwhenoneispreparingforatrip.Theimportanceof settingapplies toall psychedel-ics, not just to LSD, as those with experiencein other psychedelics can attest. Setting is theenvironmental exo-self circumstances and ex-isting situation in which one takes psychedel-ics.Itisuniqueforyourself(nooneelsecansee

fromyoureyes,hearfromyourears,etc.),butitisverysimilarforothersimmediatelyaroundyou.Oneshouldcarefullyconsidersettingwhenpreparing for a trip, as psychedelics have a(sometimes notorious) reputation for amplify-ingsensoryinputtothebrain.

Amostcrucialaspectofsettingisthattheusershouldbe free fromall typesof extraordinaryinterference for severalhours.Don’t takepsy-chedelics if you expect your Uncle Jake, hiswife, seven kids, and three dogs to arrive lat-er the sameday.Don’t take them if youhaveimportant appointments, work obligations, orotherpeoplecountingonyouforsomedemand-ing action. Plan your trip so that you will beuninterrupted for the duration of it. Finally,having taken these simpleprecautions, alwayskeepinmindthatyoushouldnottakesomuchpsychedelicthatyoucannotdealwithminoral-terationsinthesettingiftheyshouldarise.Youshould be able to open the door for an Avonsalespersonoranswerthetelephoneandcarryonnormallywithoutthembecomingalarmedor yourself loading up on paranoid anxiety.Avoidtrippinginaplacewheretherearealotofstrangersaroundoranatmosphereofexcite-ment.Suchsettingscanoftenleadtounantici-pated developments, a bum trip, or at best, asessionwastedwithextraneousinterference.

Perhapsthemostcommonlyusedtypeofsettingthesedaysisthatofnaturalenhancement,oftenin a recreational context. The user takes psy-chedelicsinhishomeorbackyard,orperhapsinafavoritepicnicareawithoneortwoclosefriends.Suchasettingisbestutilizedwithlowdosagessothattheindividualcanstillmaintainafairlyhighdegreeofcommunicationwiththeexternalworld.Peoplewhousesuchsettingsof-tenreportbeingabletoperceivethelifeessenceofplants,seetheharmonyofthenaturalworld,or,inthehouse,feelfortunatelyendowedwiththeprivilegeofseeingsuchgrandiosevisionsintheirownhome.Sucha setting seldomworkswellwithlargedoses,butsmallerdosescanaddimmeasurably to one’s insight into the basic


aspectsofhis lifeand the livesof thoseabouthim.Itisthenaturalenhancementtypeofset-ting which is most appropriate for those whoare still learningabout thepsychedelic experi-ence,andthemost likelytobeapositivetrip,assumingthedoseisnotexcessive.

One type of setting which is becoming morepopularamongexperiencedusersthesedaysisthatofsensoryreduction.Thebasicideaisthatbyreducingthesensoryinputtothebrain,itistherebypossibletobecomemoreawareofthesubtlespiritualphenomenawhicharesooftenmanifestedbypsychedelics.JohnLillydidsomeexperimentswithpsychedelicsinasensoryde-privation tankandmade somevery vivid andinterestingstatementsabouthisobservations.*Mostofusthoughcannotaffordsuchelaborateandexpensiveequipmentwithwhichtomanip-ulatethesetting,sowehavetosettleforusingtheelementsavailabletousatthetime.Simplylyingonacomfortablecouchorbedinaquietroom in the dark frees the brain from havingtoprocessa lotofsensoryinformation,whichitwouldifonewaslisteningtotheradiointhesameroomduringtheday,forexample.Somepeoplehaveutilizedsleepmasksandearplugstoblockoutextraneousinput,orevenstaredintoaclearsky.Suchtechniquescanbringoutmoreclearly the subtle activities and variations instatesofconsciousness,whichwouldotherwisebe masked by the multitude of environmentalinputelements.

The trip which is enhanced by sensory reduc-tioncanoftenbemoremeaningful than if thesameamountof thedrugwere taken inmoreordinarycircumstances.Butitcanalsobemoreterrifying; the amplification effect can as wellbe negative or self-analytical as ecstatic andbeautiful.Itisdefinitelynotanexperimentforthose who are still learning about psychedel-ics,orforthosewhoareatalluncertainabouttheirabilitytoflowwithandcontroltheirtrip.

Althoughmostof theearly researchersaccept-ed the general consensus that users of psyche-delicsare inamorehazardousposition if theytake psychedelics alone and without a guide,therearethosewhoinsistthatsuchaguide—topreventthetripperfromharminghimselfordo-ingsomethingirrational—ispointlessforthem.Suchwell-experienceduserssometimesprefertotaketheirtripsalone,tobefreefrominteractionwith and interruption fromall outside sourcessoastomaintainanunbrokencontinuumwiththementalandspiritualflowofthetrip.Thesepeople have typically had extensive experiencewithpsychedelics:goodtrips,badtrips,andverylikelyafewO.D.situations,too.Theywillnotbecome upset if the travels of their mind takethem into theburning tormentsofhellor intotheecstaticlucidityofgalacticconsciousness.

Anappropriateanalogycomparingrecreation-alistsandadvancedusersisthatofdriver’sper-mitsand licenses.Without thepermit stage inwhich a driver is required to spend a year ortwowithalicenseddriverathisside(theguide),therewouldbealotmoreaccidents(badtrips)thanotherwise.On theotherhand, ifonede-cidesthatlearningtodriveisadvantageous,hemust realize that he should be able to do hisdrivingwhetherhehasaguideornot—butnottoosoon.

Tobesure,though,therecreationalpsychedelicuserwillprobablyneverwanttodelveintosuchhigherstatesofconsciousness;hemaybeentire-lysatisfiedwithasmallamountofpsychedeliconceortwiceayear,andthosewhodohaveex-periencewithhigherstatesandsensoryreduc-tion shouldnotbe too enthusiastic about try-ingtopushothersintoatime-spacetheymightnotevenbeinterestedin.Toeachhisown,butberespectfulofoneanother.Don’tprojectyourpersonalconceptions,attitudes,andpreferencesintoothers to theextent thatyouwant to tellthem,“Whatyoureallyneedis…”.

*The Scientist: A Novel AutobiographybyJohnLilly.LippincottPublishingCo.,Philadelphia,1978.


Differentpersonalitiesofpeoplehavetheirownindividual preferences for different settings.Someliketripping inthemountainsordesert,some like tripping with their spouse or lovedoneinthelateeveningwithmellowmusic,stillothersliketoputthemselvesintoasettingcon-ducivetomeditationandintrospection.But inanysetting,oneofthemostimportantelementsto consider is the degree of interaction withotherpeople.Eventhosewhoutilizesensoryre-ductiontechniquesenjoyhavingsomeonewithwhomtheycansharetheirstateofmindduringthe waning hours of the trip. And a bummeristwiceabummerwhenoneneedssomeonetotalktoandthereisnoonethere.Itisfarpref-erableduringatriptohaveoneortwopeoplewithwhomyoucancommunicateintimately—whoknowyourstateofmind,bothstonedandalso straight—than to be at a concert or par-tywhere therearea lotofpeoplearoundbutthecommunication isvery superficial.Agoodcommunicativestructure,framedinthepropertime-space,hasamelodyofitsown—aspiritualharmony as delicate, powerful, and beautiful,asafinesymphony.

Objective. One’s objective in taking psyche-delicsshouldalsobeconsideredasafunction-alvariable indecidingdosage. Is theobjectiverecreational,forpersonalanalysis,spiritualin-sight,orareyouinterestedinaprofoundcosmicrevelation?NativeCentralandSouthAmericanIndiansalsooftenapplythepsychedelicexperi-enceforpurposesofdivination,findinglostarti-cles,ordeterminingthecausebehindanillness.However,theselatterobjectivesareinfusedwithsorcery,magic,andsuperstition;theyaredeeplygroundedinculturalandethnologicaltraitsandarenotlikelytobeeasilyassimilatedbyaverageusersinAmerica.

Witharecreationalobjectiveitisbesttoholdtothemoreminimaldoses.Embarkingonatripwitharecreationaldispositionwithhigh-erdosesmayleadthetripperintofeelingthathedoesn’thavenearly thedegreeofcontroloverthetriphewouldliketohave.Suchlow-

dosage recreational use will give the usera bearing on whether he wants (or is able)to pursue his exploration into the morecomplex realms of the experience. If oneis not comfortable with small recreation-al doses, it would be advisable to abandonthe use of psychedelics all together ratherthan try for the dissolution of ego, out-of-body experiences, and other phenomenanormallyaccessibletousersofhigherdoses.

Medium or optimum doses are used by themoreexperiencedtripperandcanresultingreatpersonalinsight,perceivingoneselfasbeingatone with, or as a continuum of, the universe,theworld,orhumanity.Realizationsofout-of-body experiences, clairvoyance, and telepathymay be gained, not only related to one’s ownpsycho-constituency,butalsotosocialgroups,races, even humanity as a whole. Animals,plants,materialchemicalandmolecularforcescanbeexploredifoneissoinclinedtosuchin-terests.Thelistisaslongandvariedinsubjectmatter as is themental makeupof thosewhotakepsychedelics.

At such an intermediate level of dosage it be-comesnecessarytoknowhowtooverrideper-sonalemotions,preferences,andimpulses.Oneyoungladyinthisstate,whodidnothaveaware-nessofthesenecessaryelementsofcontrol,rannude through Sunday morning service to thealter,callingonGodtobecomehereternallov-er.Similarly,thisisthelevelofusageatwhichmany users decided to become “missionary”proponentsofLSDinthe’60sand’70s.Otherscommittedcrimes,convincedtheiractionswereinthebestinterestofhumanity.Stillotherswerecertainthatfaithintheiractionswasenoughtomakethemhappen;attemptedflying,stoppingtraffic,orcommandingadeadplanttolife,aresomeexamples.Thesepeopletendedtogetintotroublewithstraightsociety;undoubtedlytheyhadnotcompletedadequategroundworkwithlowerdoses to learn thedegreeof self-controlnecessaryforsuchintermediatedoses.


Themiddle level can alsobe very frightening,orevenbring the tripper to thehospital inananxietyreactionwhenthetripturnsintosome-thingverymuchdifferentfromwhatheexpect-ed. This is what alarmed the medical people,and they were very influential in bringing thehazardousaspectsofpsychedelicusetotheat-tentionof legislators.But thosewhodogo tothehospitalratherthanoutinthestreetareatleaston theright track in that theyareawarethat their actions shouldn’t disrupt others. Insuchcasestheuserprobablyhassomeconcep-tionofthepotentialvalueoftheexperience,buthasmadethetransitiontointermediatedosagetooquickly tobe really awareofwhat to ex-pect.SuchadoseforLSDisinthe150–200mi-crogramrangeandiswhatmostpeoplepreferoncetheyhavepassedthroughanappropriatenumberofexperiencesintherecreationalrange.

The profound level encountered by well-experiencedusersofhigherdoses invariably isdescribedas“cosmicconsciousness”,“onenesswiththeuniverse”,“transcendental”,andwithsimilar terms. To be sure, a transcendent ex-periencecanbeachievedwithdosesofLSDat150–200mcg,buttheperceptionofsuchastateusuallyoccursatthepeakoftheexperienceandthetrippersoondropsbelowittomorereality-likelevelsofconsciousness.

Suchhighlevelsofuseabove200mcgarealsothemostfrequentcauseoffreak-outs(asdistin-guishedfrombadtrips),againbythosenotade-quatelyprepared.Thisisunfortunate,forthosewhodofreakoutwillprobablybethoroughlyconvinced they should never try psychedelicsagain.Yetthosewho,bygoodluckorskill,ac-quiredtheabilitytoenterthehigherstatesandstillmaintaincontroloftheirpsychehavebeenabletorealizetremendousbenefitsandinsights,whichcanbeappliedintheirliveslongaftertheexperienceisover.

Thesepeopleare few innumber,and it is justaswellthatthisisso.Wecertainlydon’tneedaworldfullofpsychedelicpriestsanymorethanweneedtheMidastouch.Aspsychedelicsaretotheindividual’slife,soarethelivesofindividualusers to society as a whole. Psychedelics willnevercometobeusedbyanymorethanasmallfractionofthewholepopulation;anyoneuserwillhavenomorethanasmallfractionofhislifeoccupiedwiththepsychedelicexperience.

Yetthepsychedelicexperiencedoeshaveinflu-ence far beyond just the individuals who usethem, and far beyond the sensory alterationswhichareexperiencedduringthetrip.Theus-er’sattitudeand/orbehaviortowardothersmaybemodified,whichcanbebeneficial (ordetri-mental,inthecaseofmisuse)inadjustinghim-selftosociety.Creativepeoplehavehadmuchinfluenceontheothersaboutthemasaresultoftheir experiencewithpsychedelics.*All in all,thosewhodousepsychedelicsshouldbeabletoapplytheexperienceconstructively,notonlyintheirpersonalviewoftheworld,butalsoinawaywhichotherscanrecognizeasbeingabet-terapproach(oratleastareasonableapproach)toexistingrealitysituations.Itmakeslittledif-ferencewhetherwecangetothersinitiatedintothepsychedelic experience,but it is importanttorecognizeourobligationofmakingtheworldabetterplace,andshowingothersthattheycandothesame.

Prior experiencewithpsychedelicsisanotherelementofsetwhichhasbearingonhowmuchapersonshoulduse.Thosewhohavehadmanyyears’experience,andhaveknowntherangeoftripsfromtheveryenlighteningtothehorriblyfrightening,probablyalreadyknowprettywellwhattheyarecapableoftaking,andthereforehavemuchmoreoptionindecidinghowmuchthey want to use at a given time and setting.Thosewhoarenotsoextensivelyexperienced,

*SeeThe Electric Kool-Aid Acid TestbyTomWolfe.Also,KenKeseywrotemuchofhisnovel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nestasaresultof,andduring,hisexperienceswithLSD.


orwhotakepsychedelicsonlyinfrequently,maystillbeapprehensiveabouttheoutcomeofatripwhen they do take some. It is good to be so,forpsychedelicsaresopowerfullyinfluentialonthemindthatitisbettertobefrugallycautiousthan foolishly reckless. Do not assume that ifyou had a good time on one hit of LSD thatthenext tripwill be the same.And theworstblunderofall is: ifonehitisgood,twooughttobegreat.Thelatterattitudeoftenleadstotheemergencyroomratherthannirvana.

The variability of street drugs is particularlyhazardous for the novice, though experiencedusers tendtoeventually locatereliablesourcesandexcludefly-by-nightdealers.Oftenanovicewillobserve thegood timesofamore experi-enceduserandassumeheshouldbeabletohavethesamekindoftripifhegoesoutandbuysthesameitemonthestreet.Notnecessarilyso,foranexperienceduserhasundoubtedlylearnedtorecognize(anddiscriminateagainst)adulterantsandpoorquality.IfabeginnergoesoutonthestreettobuyahitofmescalinewhichhappenstobeloadedwithPCPorbelladonna,forexam-ple,hemaythinkthatmescalineisalousytripwheninfacttheexperienceissobadlycloudedwithadulterantsthatitbearslittleresemblancetotherealthing.Avalidalternativewouldbetosendasampletoananalysislab,butthisisrath-erexpensiveforthosewhoarebuyingonlysmallquantities.Ifonecan’taffordlabanalysis,thenextbestalternativeistosticktothelegalhallucinogensforthebasicexperiencesinpsychedelics.

Thosewhoarebeginnersshouldfirstdetermineiftheyhaveahypersensitivitytothedrugtheywant to try.Probablyabout ten tofifteenper-

centofallwhousepsychedelicsarehypersensi-tivetosomedegree,andoneshouldnotassumethatjustbecauseafriendatefivegramsofmagicmushrooms,orsevenpeyotebuttons,andhadanicetimethatheshouldtakethesameamount.First try a very minimal dose, perhaps one-fourthorone-thirdofaregulardose,whichisbelowthethresholdofgettingofffortheaver-ageperson.Ifyoudogetoffwhenothershavehadtotakealotmore,thenit’sverylikelyyouare hypersensitive to psychedelics and shouldgaugeyourfutureuseaccordingly.Ifyoudidn’tgetoff,thenyouareofaveragesensitivity,butwaitfive tosevendaysbefore tryingaregulardose,as thebodybuildsupa tolerance factoragainst too frequentauseofpsychedelics.* Ifyoudon’twaitthat“clearingperiod,”youmayfindyourselftryingahighdoseandgettingoffonlymoderately;ifyouthentrythatsamedosethreemonthslater,itcouldprovetobealittlemorethanyouexpected.

Donotconsideryourselfexperiencedwithpsy-chedelicsunlessyouhavehadsomeroughtimes.Trytotalktopeoplewhohavehadmoreexperi-encethanyouandaskthemwhatbadtripstheyhavehad.Thosewhohaveneverhadabumtrip,orwhohavehadonlythreeorfourtripsshouldstillproceedcautiously,especiallywhenchangingfromonetypeofpsychedelictoanother.

Range.Therangeofeach typeofpsychedelicdrugisanotheraspectwhichshouldbeconsid-eredwhenpreparingforatrip.Rangeisdefinedin thiscontextasa three-part ratio;minimumto optimum to maximum, expressed numeri-callyasmultiplesoftheminimumdose.Obvi-ously,ifthedoseistoosmall,theeffectwillbe

*Mostofthepublishedliteraturestatesthatonlyathree-dayperiodisnecessarytoeliminatethe tolerancefactor,butthisisageneralization.Fractionaltolerancecandevelopeventhoughaweek haselapsedbetweentrips.Forexample,a300-mcgtriponLSDmayhavetheintensityofonly 250mcgifitisrepeatedaweeklater.Butfractionaltoleranceisnotlikelytoshowupsomuch withthehypersensitivityexperiment,sofivetosevendaysshouldbeanadequatewaitingperiod withsuchasmalldose.


negligible; if it is too large, the tripwillbe sooverwhelming that it will cause anxiety or befrightening.Even though theconceptof rangeholds for all drugs, there is surprisingly littlediscussionaboutrangeassuchinthepublishedliteratureonpsychedelics.

Intalkingtoexperiencedusersaboutthequan-titytheyprefer,distinctpatternsemerge,thoughmostusersarequicktopointoutthesignificanceof setting, objectives, andprior experience, aswementionedearlier.Buttheconceptofrangeisalsoimportantindecidingdosagebecauseitisapplicable toanyobjectiveand setting.Theideaofrangeisalsousefultorelatetheexperi-entialintensityofdifferenttypesofpsychedelicexperiences to each other, such as psilocybinandmescaline,forexample.

The minimum dose is the smallest quantitywhichproduces a transitorypsychedelic effecton consciousness. Experienced users say thattheminimumdoseforLSDisabout50mcg,theoptimumisabout200mcg,andthemaximumisabout350mcg.(Higherdosesarenotuncom-mon,buttheseareusuallyassociatedwithatol-erancefactor,takeninadvertently,oronlyrarelyusedbytheexceptionallyexperienced.)Forav-eragecircumstancesthen,thisthree-partratiois

50:200:350,

whichmeansthattherangeforLSDis

1:4:7.

Usersshouldbear inmindthatrangesvarycon-siderablyfordifferenttypesofpsychedelics.Magicmushroom eaters commonly report a minimumdoseofabouttwoandone-half,optimumataboutfive,andmaximumataboutsevenorsevenandone-halfgramsofagedanddriedP. cubensis.Thus,

21/2:5:71/2

correspondstoarangeof

1:2:3.

ThereforeLSD,whichhasafactorofsevenbe-tween minimum and maximum doses, couldbeconsideredabroad-rangepsychedelic,whilemushrooms, having only a factor of three,wouldbecalledanarrow-rangepsychedelic.

Therefore,inpassinginformationtooneanoth-eraboutdosage,itisusefultogivetwobitsofinformation:theminimumdoseandtherange.Theusercanthendecideinadvancetheinten-sityofexperiencehewishestohavebychoosingadoseoneithersideoftheoptimumfactor,andavoidinggoingbeyondthemaximumfactor.

Forexample, in theprevious illustrationcom-paring LSD and magic mushrooms, one whohas experience with both may tell his friend,whohasnever tried the shroomsbut is famil-iar with LSD that, “For magic mushrooms,theminimumdoseis21/2gramsandtherangeis1 :2 :3.”His friend,nothaving taken theshroomsbefore,butstillwantingtogetagoodperspectiveontheireffectmaychooseashisini-tial dose a conservative quantity of, say, 3 1/2grams.Thisislessthantheoptimumbutmorethantheminimum.Healsoknowsthat5gramswouldberoughlyequalinintensityto200mcgofLSDandthat71/2gramswouldcorrespondto350mcgofLSD.Ontheotherhand,ifhehassomedegreeofhypersensitivitytopsychedelics,hecouldstillmakeappropriateadjustmentsinchoosingadose,sincehewouldknowhisownrangeandminimumdoseforLSDislowerthanaverage.

Finally,indiscussingtherangeforvariouspsy-chedelics, one should keep in mind that theageandconditionsunderwhichthematerialisstoredoftenhaveinfluenceonthepotency,andthereforeontherangeasexpressedintermsofdosage.Psychedelics ingeneralhaveacompo-sitionof rather complexand fragilemolecules(mescaline excepted), and exposure to heat,light, and humidity tend to break them downintomorestable,butlesspsychoactivefractions.LSDstoredatroomtemperaturewilldeclineinpotencylessthanafourthduringthefirstyear.


Psilocybe cubensis,thoughclaimedbysometoretain their potency for years, will lose aboutone-half to two-thirdsof theirpotencyafterayear.MorninggloryseedsandHawaiianbabywoodrose seeds will reduce by about a thirdduringayear.*

Usefreshmaterialswheneverpossible;ifthisisnot possible, experimental increases in dosageshouldnotbeattemptedmoreoftenthanonceaweek.

To briefly recapitulate, the question of howmuch one should use is contingent on eachuser’sevaluationoftheseaspects:

1.Setting 2.Objectives 3.Priorexperience 4.Range

Thelatterthreeofthesearewhatcouldbecon-sideredcollectivelyasset,butsetissuchacom-plexelementofthepsychedelicexperiencethatwehavetreatedsomeof itsprincipleelementsindividuallytogiveabetterinsightintofactorswhich influence the decision on how much touse.Thematerialpresentedhere isverybasic;therearemanyotherwaysofdevelopingadis-cussionon setandsettingwithothercontextsinmind.Buthowmuchtouseisprobablythesingle most important and easily controllableaspecttoconsiderwhenoneispreparingforameaningfulexcursionintotheinnertime-spaceofthemind.

Onpage12arelistedsomeminimumdosesandrangesforsomeofthemajorpsychedelics.Theoptimum and maximum doses can be deter-

minedfromtherangeasexplainedabove,butwehave includedall threefigures in this tabletoillustratehowtheconceptofrangerelatestothem.Keepinmindthatthesearegeneralaver-agesanddonottakeintoaccountfactorssuchashypersensitivity,tolerance,anddifferencesinbodyweight.Thetableisbasedondosagesforapersonofaverageweight,140to160pounds.

Onset,peak,andendtimesforthevariousexpe-riencesarealsogiven;thesetendtobevariabledependingon the initialquantity ingestedandamountoffoodinthedigestivesystem.Inreal-ity,thereisnoexactendpointassuchforapsy-chedelicexperience;one tends tophaseoutoftheexperiencebyalternatingrealityperceptionswithpsychiceffectsinincreasingfrequencybutdecreasingintensityuntilfinallythetrip“ends”whenthedifferencebetweenpsychiceffectsandordinary consciousness becomes so small andfrequent as to be interchangeable with eachother.

Measuring. Accurate measurement is prereq-uisitetoaseriousstudyofpsychedelics.Mesca-lineandpsilocybinarethemostfrequentlyadul-teratedandtotallymisrepresentedblack-marketpsychedelics, and these hazards augment theargumentagainststreetdrugs.Withthelegals,however,youknowwhatyouhave,andyoucanmeasurethedoseyourselfinsteadofdependingonsomelabfreak.

The best method of measuring is the labora-torybalancewithatleasta1/10-gramaccuracy.Ohaussellsanumberofmodels,andtheyarealsoavailablefromscientificsupplycompaniessuchasEdmundandMerrill.Butagoodbal-anceisaboutahundreddollarsormore,which

*Information on potency reduction in the published literature is very scanty. The factors of reductionstatedherearebasedonevidencethisauthorhascollectedovertheyearsfromknow- ledgeableusersandshouldnotbeconstruedasscientificallyaccurate.Muchresearchisneeded in thisarea,and informationonpotencyreductionforotherpsychedelicswouldbewelcome contributionsfromanyreaderswhoareknowledgeable.


intheserecessionarytimesmaybeoutofreachformanypeople.

There is a poor man’s alternative: the gelatincapsule.Emptycapscanusuallybepurchasedatapharmacyorheadshop.Whenfillingthem,trytostuffthemastightlyaspractical,sincetheuniform size of the caps will correspond to auniformweightofmaterial.

Even without caps, it is still possible to get afairlyaccuratemeasurementbyusinganysmallcontainerwhichcontainsonlyafraction(about1/10orless)ofthetotaldose.Smallerisbetter,but more time consuming. One could simplydrillasmallholeinablockofaluminum,counthowmanytimesitisfilledtomakeadose,andthenusethisasareferenceforfuturemeasure-ments. Small variations in filling will averageout;evenso,itisbettertobeginwithminimaldoses.

Psychedelicssuchasdriedmushrooms,groundmorninggloryseeds,andHawaiianbabywood-rose seeds, are easily stuffed into caps.Peyoteand San Pedro cacti should be weighed, since

thesevaryagreatdealinsize,dependingontheage of the plant. If possible try to select speci-mensofaboutthesamesize.Anotheralternativewouldbetocutthepreparedcactiintopiecessmallenoughtopresscompactlyintoasmallmeasuringcontainersuchasaquarter-cupmeasuringcup.

Whatever method of measuring is used, it isimportant to use it consistently the same wayeachtime,andtokeeparecordofthemethodusedandhowmuchwasconsumed.Thenifyouwanttomodifythedoselater,youwillhaveafairly uniform reference from which to makethechange.It’salsousefultohaveaconsistentmethodofmeasuringwhenreferringyourexpe-riencestosomeoneelse,shouldtheywanttotrythesamematerial.

Suchcrude,simplemethodsofmeasuringshouldnotbethecauseofapersonfeelinghisrecordsabout the trip are meaningless or invalid. Aslongasa record iskept, thequantities canbecheckedonalabbalancewithinafairdegreeofaccuracyanytimelater.Doyourbestwiththeresourcesyouhave;you’llprobablyfindthatitturnsouttobemoreaccuratethanyouthought.

Name Min. Opt. Max. Range Onset Peak End (hours) (hours) (hours)

HBWseeds 4 8 16 1:2:4 1/2–1 11/2–21/2 5–6 MGseeds 100 300 450 1:3:41/2 3/4–3 4–5 6–10LSDmcg 50 200 350 1:4:71/2 1/3–3/4 11/3 5–12PSunits 12 25 50 1:2:4 1/3–1 11/4–11/2 3–6PCgrams 2.5 5 7.5 1:2:3 1/3–1 11/4–11/2 3–6PEYunits 2 4 6 1:2:3 1–13/4 21/2–3 5–8SPinches 3 6 9 1:2:3 1–13/4 21/2–3 5–8


Key to Psychedelics Table

hbw: HawaiianBabyWoodrose Argyreia nervosa

mg: MorningGlory Ipomoea violacea

lsd: LysergicAcidDiethylamide

pc: MagicMushrooms Psilocybe cubensis

ps: LibertyCaps Psilocybe semilanceata

pey: Peyote Lophophora williamsii

sp: SanPedro Trichocereus pachanoi

When Nothing is Better Than SomethingHaving discussed some of the elements oneshouldconsiderindecidinghowmuchisanap-propriatedose,weshouldnotlosesightofthefactthattherearesituationsinwhichitisbettertoleavepsychedelicsalonealtogether.Thesearenegativeset situations, i.e., contraindicative topsychedelicuse,andtendto leadtocomplica-tionsandpersonalproblems in the event theyareusedanyway.

The cop-out set. Psychedelics should never beusedinlieuofcarryingoutone’sobligations.Acollegestudent,beingunpreparedfortheexam,decidestogotothebeachandtakepsychedelics,puttingofftheexamforthenextday.Orajobseekerwhodoubtsifhecangetthejobanyway,takes a small hit at his friend’s house insteadof going down for the interview. Chances aretheywill feelbadlyabout it later,andbeevenlesswellpreparedtotakecareoftheirobliga-tionsthantheywereinthebeginning.Feelingsofguiltanddespondencycanarisewhenoneiscomingdownfromthetripinsuchasetwhenthey realize they are still faced with the sameobligationsasbeforethetrip.

Theabuseset.Perhapstheusercouldnotscoreanycokeorgrassorwhatever,buthedidhap-pen to run into somepsychedelics.He thinks,“Well,anyhighisbetterthannone.”Evenifhehashadpriorexperiencewithpsychedelics,sucha set is abit recklessand thereforemorehaz-ardous.Oneshouldalwaystrytorealizesomevaluefromtheexperience,eventhosewhouseitinarecreationalcontext.Butgettinghighforitsownsakeisatypeofpsychologicaladdiction.

Avariationontheabusesetisusingpsychedel-icsincombinationwithotherdrugs.Theuseofalcoholorvaliumpriortotakingpsychedelics,forexample,cansoaffectone’sjudgmentthathemaynotbenearlyaspreparedforthetripashe thoughthewaswhen thedowner starts towear off and the psychedelic effect is still go-ing strong.Theeffectsofpsychedelicsmaybedulled, leading to inadvertent overdosing insomelatertrip,orsoover-amplifiedastotriggeraparanoidpsychosisreaction.(SpeedandLSDareabadcombinationinthelatterrespect.)Apossible exception to this might be marijuanainmoderation,asusersoftensayithelpsthemrelaxduring thefinalphasesof the trip ifoneis feeling some mental tension. On the wholethough, the uncontaminated experience is farsuperiortoany“combination”effectonecouldachieve by adding secondary drugs, not tomentionthehazardofimproperlypreparedoradulteratedstreetdrugs.

Finally, the ill-temperament set is anotheronenot likely to lead to a meaningful experience,and in fact, someof thesehavebeenquitedi-sastrous,impulsingtheusertoactsofviolence,aggression,orcrime.Itisnotwisetotakepsy-chedelicsduringtimesofemotionalflare-upsorstress,whetheritresultsfromadomesticsitua-tion,angeratyourjob,ortheestablishmentingeneral.

Likewise,ifoneisdownonhimself,feelingtheblues, guilty over past mistakes or whatever,don’tthinkapsychedelicwillremovethesefeel-ings—itcanhavetheoppositeeffect.Thereare


casesonrecordofpeoplecommittingsuicideorself-mutilation during an apparently inescap-able“loopofdepression”trip.Thesearerela-tivelyfewinnumber,yettheyaretheonesmostoftenbroughttotheattentionofmedicalpeopleandotherswhoaresociallyinfluential.

Thesethreenegativesets,thecopout,theabuse,theill-temperament,areallsituationsinwhichpsychedelicsare takenmoreor less impulsive-ly—averyriskywaytodealwithsuchpowerfulmind-altering drugs. To use psychedelics con-structively,oneshouldbeintheoppositestatesofmind.Beatharmonywithyourself;besat-isfiedwith your best efforts and achievementseventhoughyouknowyou’renotperfect,andyouwillnotbe likely tousepsychedelicsasacopout.Beatpeacewithyourselfandyourfam-ily, your friends and people in the street, andyou will not have to worry about the aggres-sion–depressionreaction.Andlast,besatisfiedwith your state of mind whether you are onpsychedelicsornot;ifyoucandothisyouwillnotbelikelytogetontheabusebinge.•


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SeekstheWay,Finds Who it. FindstheWay,Knows


A Conversation with Jim Weaver, CongressmanItwasabeautiful sunnyday foraLaborDaypicnic, especially one sponsored by AFL-CIOandIWA3-261atwhichallthebeer,food,andsoftdrinkswerefree.WhoisJimWeaver?Heis a congressman from a small but importantarea of Oregon, the fourth congressional dis-trict,whichhasthelargestshippingportonthecoastofOregon.Awell-knowndemocrat,JimWeaverhasafirmlyestablishedsympathyforla-borunionsandfortheworkingmaningeneral.Hehasseveraltimesbeenrecommendedbyourlocalatelectiontimesbecauseofhissupportofvariouslabor-concernedissues.

In an interview with a KCBY-TV reporter(which was televised later the same day), Mr.Weaverspokeout loudandclearagainstRea-gan’sMilitarism,specificallycriticizinganesca-latingmilitarybudgetbeingfinancedbymonieswhichcouldbebetterusedinprogramsforde-velopingthehousingindustryandjobsfortheunemployed.JimWeaverseemstohaveagoodmeasureofempathyforhumanisticvaluesandanunselfishinterestinmakingthingsbetterforhisfellowman.Inmyopinion,he’soneofourbetterlegislators.

IdidnotknowMr.Weaverwasgoingtobeatthepicnic,andIhadn’tplannedaninterviewassuchwithhim.WhenIsawhimthere,however,Icouldn’tresisttakingadvantageoftheoppor-tunitytomakeacommunicationwithapoliti-callyinfluentialperson,thoughIneitherexpect-ed, nor asked for any special favors. It was abrief communicational venture, nothingmore.Nomatterhowdifferingourviews,nomatterwhat sectors of society we come from, com-municationisprecursorytoanysignificantandpurposeful changes. Mr. Weaver didn’t knowme,buthewaswillingtolistenforafewmin-utes,andtorespondtothebestofhisability.

IintroducedmyselfaseditorofthePsychozoic Press,andbrieflyexplainedthefunctionofthepaperas“…aninformationalandcommunica-

tion exchangepaper.Wouldyou care to com-mentbrieflyon the stateor federal legislationagainstpsychedelics?”

Jimseemedunsureofwhattypesofpsychedel-icsIwastalkingabout.“Psychedelics?Doyoumeanlikepotor…”

“I’m referring to those considered strongerthanmarijuana,suchasLSD,mescaline,magicmushrooms,andsuch.MagicmushroomsgrowhereinOregon,youknow.”

“I’ve heard about magic mushrooms growingaroundhere,buttobetruthfulwithyou,Idon’treallyknowthatmuchaboutpsychedelics,”hereplied.“ThisistheonlydrugIknowabout,”headded,liftinghisbeerglassalittle.

“Yes, I understand,” I answered. “Well, areyouawarethataftertheLSDscareofthe’60sand ’70s, that legislation has even prohibitedresearchbyuniversitiesandsuch?”

Jimwas thoughtful for a fewmoments. I hadthe feeling Ihadmadeagoodpointaboutanareaof legislationwithwhichhewasnot toofamiliar,oronetowhichhehadn’tgivenmuchthought. He spoke a little more carefully thistime.“Itdoesn’tseemlikeweshouldhaveab-soluterestrictionsagainstresearchbyscientistsandpeoplelikethatwhoarequalifiedtodoit.But Idon’t thinkweshouldhaveanuncondi-tionallegalizationofpsychedelics…”

By this time other people were approachinghim(therewereseveralthousandpeoplethere),andIcouldseethatmyturntalkingtohimwasaboutover.“Well,I’msurepsychedelicswouldnot be appropriate for everybody, but thenneitherisanyotherdrug,”Isaid.

Atthispointwewereinterruptedbyotherswhowantedtotalkwithhim.Hementionedthatithadbeeninterestingtalkingtome,andwishedmegoodluckwiththepaper.


ThebrevityandspontaneityofthelittledialogIhadwithhimnaturallyprecludedanyin-depthdiscussion on psychedelics. Furthermore, it isonlynormalthatapersoninhispositionwouldhave to be a bit conservative and cautious inmakingremarksaboutsuchacontroversialsub-ject. Nevertheless, he did acceptmy questionsseriously, and he seemed genuinely sincere inhisresponses.Iwasparticularlyimpressedwithhispositiveattitudetowardhavingqualifiedre-searchdoneonpsychedelics,thoughweshouldrecognize that the federal government is notsoonlikelytorescinditsposition,especiallynotunderthebudgetchoppingaxofReaganomics.

There are a lot of people, of all political par-ties,whoareopposedtotheuseofpsychedel-ics, and they far outnumber thosewho are infavor,evenifweincludethosewhoonlyfavorresearch.GrinspoonandBakalar*citearecentstudy which indicates that a growing number

ofpsychologistsandsocialscientistswouldliketoseeresearchprogramsonpsychedelicsrein-stated.Ifthereistobeanysignificantchangeinlawsregardingpsychedelics,itwillcertainlybefirstprecededbyresearchprograms.AndRea-ganwillnotbeinofficeindefinitely;hemaynotevenbeinofficeaslongasJimWeaver.

Mr.Weaverisverypopularforhisstrongoppo-sition to theproliferationofnuclearweapons,andthisisimportanttothosewhoareknowl-edgeableinthepsychedelicexperience.Afterall,theexperiencespeaksstronglyaboutthesanc-tityof life,andmanyofthosewhostudypsy-chedelics seriously are becoming increasinglyinvolvedinanti-nuclearefforts,especiallythosedirected against military applications. It givesme reassurance to know that there are politi-calworkerswhoare“onourside,”andinthislight, thequestionofwhethersome individualusespsychedelicsornotbecomesirrelevant.•

*L.GrinspoonandJ.Bakalar,Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered.BasicBooks,Inc.,NewYork,1981.


BeHereNowBefore

GoingThereThen.

—Alpert&Smith


An Interview with Jerome BeckJerry Beck is an information specialist at theUniversityofOregon’sDrugInformationCen-ter. He has worked at the Center about sixyears,andchancesare,anydrugyoucanname,Jerry knows something about it. He is also aco-author with Dale Gorden of a very well-written article, “Psilocybian Mushrooms,”whichappearedearlierthisyearinthePharm-Chem Newsletter. That Jerry would do somewritingonpsilocybiansisnotsurprising,sincetheycommonlyappear in the fallaround thatarea,andtheyareoneofthepsychedelicsmostcommonly inquired about at the InformationCenter.JerryisalsoaninstructorinthehealthdepartmentattheUniversity.

I recently interviewed Jerry on several aspectsofpsychedelics.Itwouldhavebeeneasytogetmuchmoredetailedinformationandspendmoretime exploring avenues of interacting thoughtandopinion,but Iwanted to cover aswidearangeofmaterial as practical forour readers,withoutbecomingtoosuperficial.Iwouldhavelikedtohavespentacouplemorehoursontheinterview,butthatwouldhavemadethewrittentranscriptfartoolong.Forwhatitis,readandenjoy.

PP:OnetheoryabouttheactionofpsychedelicssuchasLSDandpsilocybinisthattheyinterferewiththeneurotransmitterserotonin,whichaf-fectsthebrain’sprocessingofsensoryinforma-tioninsuchawaythatmuchoftheinputdatawhichisordinarilyscreenedoutisinsteadtrans-mitted to conscious awareness. Do you thinktherewouldbeanyfoundationintheargumentthat the illusions generated from psychedelicusearenotillusionsatall,butinsteadasortofhyper-realityexperiencedonlywhenthescreen-ingmechanismisinhibited?

Beck: Yes, I think there is a real good argu-mentforthat.That’sarealpointofcontroversyamong people—whether what individuals ex-periencewithpsilocybinorotherhallucinogenshassignificanceornot.

PP: Significance in relation to reality, in otherwords.

Beck:Yes,Iwouldthinkso.It’sdefinitelysomethingthatcouldbesignificant.It’ssomethingthat…

PP:Wouldbesignificantbutunprovableeitherway?Itwouldbeatopicforalotofdiscussion,Isuppose.

Beck: Yes. There is no way to prove it eitherway,andinthatsenseit’sgoingtobeanargu-mentformanyyearstocomeasithasbeenformanyyears in thepast.There’sprobablybeenthe same basic argument for a long time be-tweenpeoplesayingthat it’s illusionsandhal-lucinations and others saying, “Well, this hassomebasis in reality.”Or…O.K., there’s twobasicargumentsontherealityaspect:

1)Thisexperiencecanhelpmewithmyevery- dayreality.Or,evenmoreradical,

2)Thisexperience showsmeother realities, whichsomepeoplesayarejustasvalid.

PP: Yes, that latter statement reminds me ofCastaneda’swritingsalittlebit.

Beck:Exactly.Andit’sbeendiscussedwithnon-drugstatesofconsciousnessaswell.Thewholeconcept of altered states of consciousness im-pliesthattherearerealitiesotherthanourev-eryday common reality. Dreams, for instance,areanotherreality,andalsoguidedmeditation.

PP:Well,doyou think thatpsychedelicshavepotential for making people more creative, orthatcreativitycouldonlybebroughtaboutifitwaslatentinthepersontobeginwith?

Beck:Bookshavebeenwrittenonthat,andit’sstillup in theair; it’s stillacontroversial sub-ject. There are definitely two factions on thatissue.Itappearstogeneratesomecreativity,orat least somenew thought.Whether itactual-lycomesoffasaprocessofpeopleproducing


betterartworks,orwhatever,ishardtosay.Butinternallyitdoesseemtoinducesomecreativitywithinthemind.

PP:Haveyouheardofthosemushroomstonesthat have been found in Guatemala? Couldthosebeconsideredaformofcreativeartthatstemmeddirectly from theuseof ahallucino-genicsubstance?

Beck:Certainlyitappearsfromwhatweknowof that culture that the mushrooms were ex-tremelyvaluedamongthosepeople,butwhethertheydidthoseworksundertheinfluenceofthemushroomsornotishardtosay.Thefactisthathallucinogens have been highly prized amongmany people throughout history and have nodoubthadculturalinfluences.Probablysignifi-cant happenings within cultures and changescouldbetracedtotheuseofhallucinogens.

PP: How about the phenomenon of synesthe-siathen?Seeingmusic,forexample;couldthatbringuserstodevelopmoremusicalawareness?

Beck:Iwouldn’tthinkso.Appreciationmaybe.Butonceagain thisgetsback to thecreativityissue.Ifanything,hallucinogensmayhelppeo-ple appreciate creativity, intuitiveness, and thearts more, though I don’t think they actuallyincrease people’s abilities or their talents. Butasfarasincreasingappreciationinthoseareas,that’sdefinitelyapossibility.

PP: How about legislation? How effective doyou think legislation is inmaintaining controlofpsychedelics?

Beck:Verypoor.Likemostdrugs,thefactthattheyareillegaldoesnotseemtodetermanyus-ers,andthisbearsoutinsurveysaswell.Usu-allywhenpeoplechoosenottodoadrug,itisnotbecauseofthelegalramifications;it’smostlikely because they are worried about healthconsequences, or because they do not reallyenjoythedrug’seffect.

PP:Howabout the illicitproducers?Are theyinhibitedabitbystringentlegislation?

Beck:They’re inhibited,butnotgreatly.We’reseeing a definite increase in the cultivation ofthePsilocybemushroomalloverthecountry,sothatanyareaoftheUnitedStateshasaccesstomushrooms,notjustareaslikeourownwherethey grownaturally.There’s also an increasedawarenessamongpeopleofnaturalhallucino-gens. Once again, people are discovering thathallucinogenicmushroomsdonotgrowonlyinthe southeast United States or in western Or-egon,buttheyarebeingfoundmoreandmorefrequently in other areas such as Michigan,NewEngland; in fact,most areasof theU.S.,except perhaps the extreme deserts,mayhavesomeformofmushroom.

PP:Ifwewantedtogetaclassificationsystemsowecouldtalkaboutdifferenttypesofusers,howwouldwebreakagroupdown?

Beck:Ithinkitcomesbacktowhypeopleusehallucinogens.Thereisacertainpercentageofrecreationalusers;theytreatLSDorpsilocybinliketheytreatmarijuanaoralcohol—somethingto get high on. And then there are groups ofpeoplewhoaregoingtousethemforritualisticpurposes.Ithinkthat’sprobablythetwomajorgroups,but I reallycouldn’tgiveyoupercent-ages.

Atoneextreme,peopleareusingthesedrugsrec-reationally.Thisworriesmealotbecausethesepeople are using very powerful drugs such aspsilocybinorLSDinsituationslikepartiesandrockconcerts,andthisiswhereweusuallyseenegativeexperiencesresultinginpeoplewhoareusingthedrugsinenvironmentswheretheyaretryingtogethighandexperiencealteredstatesofconsciousnesssimilartomarijuana,andthesedrugsaredramaticallydifferentandmuchmorepowerful.

Attheotherextreme,therearepeoplewhousethemforritualisticpurposes.Thebestexample


ofthesepeopleisusuallywithinthenativepop-ulations.Populationslike,forinstance,theNa-tiveAmericanChurch,withtheiruseofpeyote.Now there is a dramatic example of using adrug for ritualisticpurposesbyhavingawell-definedprocedurebehindit.Andbydoingthat,they have very few negative experiences. Alsoit’sbeenshowntobeverypositiveingeneralfortheirsocietyinproblems,say,withalcoholism,thathavecomeupwithothertribes.ThisdoesnothappenwiththeNativeAmericanChurch.

PP: Yes, I’ve heard about that. In other words,thereareafewpeoplewhoareactuallyusingthemforabeneficialpurpose,andthere’sanothergroupthatisusingthemmoreorlessrecklessly.

Beck:Yes.Andthenofcoursethegreatmajorityareinbetween.Mostpeopleweseerighthereusethemsomewhatritualistically,somewhatforpartying.

Buttherearetwoextremeshereandoftentimes,especially with kids, it really concerns me be-cause a lotof themareusingpsychedelics forrecreational purposes and for partying, andtheygetsurprised,andIthinkthat’swhereoftenalotofnegativeexperiencescomeabout.Theyare surprised how powerful the drug is. Theyweren’treallyintolookingintotheirconscious-ness,theirmind,whichissomethingthesedrugsmakesomeoneinevitablydo.

PP: In other words they were just using themmoreorlessforanescapefromordinaryreality?

Beck:Hallucinogenicdrugsarerarelyanescape.A person is confronted with a lot of very in-tenseexperiencesandtheyalmosthavetoreflectonthose.It’shardtoavoid,soIwouldsaythehallucinogensarenotconducivetoescaping.

PP:I’dliketocollectsomeinformationonthepotencyreductionofdifferenttypesofpsyche-delicswhicharestoredforperiodsoftime.

Beck:Oh,youmeanlikewhentheyaredriedorsomething?

PP:O.K.,saythemushroomshavebeendriedforsometime,orapersonhassomeLSDthathasbeenlyingaroundforayearortwo.Whatdegree of potency reduction will be broughtaboutasafunctionoftime?

Beck:Well,that’sagoodquestionandithasn’tbeen adequately answered. With LSD, if it isexposedtosunlightthepotencydecreasesdra-matically.If it’skeptinacool,darkplace,thepotency decreases, but probably very slowly;takenout a yearor two later itwill probablyhavealmostfullpotency.Withmushrooms,it’shardtosay,onceagain;butiftheyarekeptoutofsunlightanddriedwell,mostofthemretainquiteabitoftheirpotency.Itappearsthatafterdrying, some mushrooms retain their potencymorethanothers.Themushroomsthatcontainagreateramountoralmostallpsilocybinretaintheirpotencybetterthanmushroomsthathavelargeamountsofpsilocin.

Agoodexamplearethelibertycaps,Psilocybe semilanceata.Thesetendtoretaintheirpoten-cyverywellwhendried,theydon’thardlyloseanypotency,whereasthePsilocybe baeocystis,whichdoesnothavethatmuchpsilocybinbuthas large amounts of psilocin and baeocystin,tends to lose a lot of its potency when dried.Butonceagainthere’sreallynotthatmuchgoodinformationhere.Wehave to relyonpeople’sreportsaboutit.

PP: One of the psychedelics with which JohnLillyexperimentedwasreferredtoas“K”inhisautobiography,lateridentifiedasketamine.Canyoutellusalittlebitaboutketamine?

Beck:Allright.Ketamineisn’tseentoomuchonthestreet.It’sstillusedbydoctorsforanesthe-sia.ItisananestheticanditisrelatedsomewhattoPCP,phencyclidine.However, fromcasere-portsittendstobemucheasiertohandle;that’swhytheystilluse itoccasionally.It is interest-ingthatdoctorsuseitmoreoftenthannotforchildren.


Itisaverysafeanesthetic,sotheyliketouseit.But theproblems are the sameasPCP. Some-times people come out of anesthesia having averynegativetimeandscarysideeffects,where-as children who come out of anesthesia comeout feeling like they’ve been in a nice dream.That’skindofaninterestingcontrast.

Theystilluseketamine,whereasPCPtheycer-tainlydon’t.ItalsotendstobemucheasiertohandlethanPCP.Itisconsideredmorepositivethan PCP. But both are what you would con-siderdissociativeanesthetics.Peoplewhoexpe-rienceketaminemanytimesreportout-of-bodyexperiences.Ithinkthat’swhatLillywastalkingaboutquiteabittoo.

PP:HowaboutPharmChemLabs?Dotheydoquantitativeanalysis?

Beck:Theycandoaquantitativeanalysis,butifit’sacontrolledsubstance,thepersonhastogetapprovalfromtheDrugEnforcementAdminis-tration.Soveryrarelydotheydothat.

Whentheydoquantitativeanalysis,itmostof-teniswhenadrugisoutonthestreetandit’sdetermined that it could be dangerous. Whenit’sdeterminedthatthedrughasaveryhighper-centageofheroin,forinstance,whichcouldsur-prisepeopleonthestreet,orifthedrughasdan-gerouschemicallikestrychnine—thenthey’lldoaquantitativetomakesure.Butotherwise,no,they’lljustdoaqualitative.

PP: The reason I was asking was, there’s beenwritingsaboutothermembersofthecactusfam-ily—suchasAriocarpus,Mammilaria,Azteckium,andothers—asbeingpsychoactive,but Ihaven’tbeenabletofindmuchinformationregardingtheirpsychoactivematerialsortheirconcentrations.

Beck:WedohavesomeinformationhereattheCenteraboutthat.It’smostlymescaline,whichhasbeenfoundinaboutfiveortenotherspe-ciesofcacti;buttheamountofmescalineisinmuchlowerconcentrationthaninpeyote.Theonly one that appears to contain a significantamountistheSanPedrocactus.•


If

Whatyousee

Iswhatyouget,

Then

Whatyouthink

Iswhatyouare.


Hawaiian Baby Woodrose SeedsOriginally this member of the ConvolvulaceafamilycamefromIndia,butnowitiscommontomuchof theareaof SoutheastAsia, and isdomesticated in the Hawaiian Islands. Some-timesreferredtoasthepeyoteofAsia,itisof-tenconsumedbythelowerclassesofpeopleinthoseareasasarecreationalhigh.Sofar,IhaveencounterednoreportsofhistoricaluseoftheArgyreia nervosaseedsinspiritualorreligiousceremonies, though theChurchof theTreeofLife(SanFrancisco)hasdeclaredthemasacra-mentalsubstance.

Normallythedriedseedpodsareusedasdeco-rativefloralarrangements;theyarequiteattrac-tive and remain well-preserved without care.The small brown pods of less-than-an-inch indiameterusuallycontainfourlargefuzz-coatedseeds, though some of the pods are occasion-allyempty,orcontainonlytwoorthreeseeds.Arelatedtypeofwoodrose,Merremia tuberosa(alsocalledA. tuberosa),isverysimilar,thoughthe concentrationofpsychoactiveprinciples issomewhatlower.

Thewhitelayeroffuzzisasurvivalmechanismevolvedby theplant toaid inwater retentionduring germination. Several years ago, it wasthoughtthatthislayeroffuzzcontainedstrych-

nine-like alkaloids, but recent investigationshaveshownittobenomoretoxicthentherestoftheseed.Whetherthecoatingisremovedornotwillmakenodifference in thepsychedeliceffectofthem.

Eating the seeds shouldbedoneon an emptystomachandisusuallyfollowedbyaperiodofnauseaandlossofappetite.Thenauseaassoci-atedwithingestionoftheseedsisofsuchinten-sitythattheyarenotgenerallyfavoredasahal-lucinogen.Someclaimtoreducethenauseabytakingtravelsicknesspillssuchasdramamine,butIcan’tvouchfortheireffectiveness.Vomit-ingiscommon,butnotinevitable.Evenifvom-itingdoesoccur,itwillnotlessenthepsychedeliceffect,sincebythattimethepsychoactiveprin-ciples(lysergicacidamideanditsisomer)havealreadybeenabsorbedintothebloodstream.*Ifvomitingisinduced,itwillmaketheremainderofthetripmuchmorepleasant.

Itwouldbeappropriatetointerjectacommentontheaspectofnauseahere,forArgyreia ner-vosaisoneofthemoreintenseplantsinthisre-spect.Althoughnauseamayseemundesirable,weshouldrealizethatitisaneffectiveinhibitoragainstmisuse.Thosewhoeattheseedstohave“somethingtogetloadedon”arenotlikelytowanttorepeattheexperience.Nooneisgoingtousetheseseedschronicallyfortheirpsyche-deliceffectunlesstheyareseriousaboutdesir-ing a meaningful higher vision, in which casethenauseawillnotseemnearlyasobjectionableasitwouldotherwise.

The seedsare fairly large,weighingabout 1/10grameach.Dosesoffourtotenseedsarecom-mon; on a weight-to-weight basis, this makesthemabouttentimesmorepotentthanmorn-ing glory seeds and the most potent of thecommonlyusednaturalpsychedelics.

*This is in contrast to morning glory seeds.If vomiting is induced within two hours afteringestionofMGseeds,thetripwillbeaborted.

Left: Merremia tuberosa.Goldenpodswithblackseeds.

Right: Argyreia nervosa.Brownpodswithbrownseeds.


TheeffectissomewhatsimilartoLSDbutwith-outsomuchintricatedetail.ItismoresimilartoLSDthanaremorninggloryseeds,whichalsocontainlysergicacidamideandiso-lysergicacidamide.Wave-formtranslationofmaterialreal-itymaybeachievedwithdosesoffourteenseedsorso,buttheresolution,theclarityofsuchvi-sions, is less than with LSD. Tripping in thedarkness or with eyes closed makes the effectmoreapparent.Theslightdifference intheef-fectofthosetwokindsofseedsisprobablydueto differences in the ratio of concentration oftheactiveprinciples.

Theseedsmustbechewedorgroundbeforeeatingas theyarequitehardandwillnotbeabsorbedintothesystemiftheyaresimplyswallowed.Onemaywishtosoftenthegroundseedsbyfirstsoak-ingtheminwaterfortenminutes,theneatingthemwithalittlehoney.Ifthetasteistoounpleasant,theycanbetakeningelatincapsules.

I once had some seeds which were over twoyearsold;theserequiredalargerdosetoachievethesameeffect.Seventeenoftheseedsproducedan effect about the same as ten seeds whentheywerefirstfresh.Thus,there’sanestimatedpotencyreductionofabout1/3peryear.

Peoplewithliverailmentsshouldavoidtheuseoflysergicacidcompounds,assomeresearchershavefoundthatsuchsubstancesareacteduponby liver enzymes before they can be excretedfromthebody.Also,theyshouldnotbetakenduring pregnancy. With regard to any specialmedicalsituations, it isalwayswisetoconsultyourdoctorbeforetakinganydrug.Largedosescanberatherunpleasantandshouldbeavoided,thoughIknowofnocaseofanyonedyingfromtheuseoftheseseeds.

One should also be aware that it is unlawfultopossess lysergicacidor theassociatedcom-pounds. Possession of the seeds is legal, butgrinding them and storing them in capsuleswouldmakethemillegal.

Theplant is ratherdifficult togrow, requiringloose, rich soil inawarm, shady location.* Itis a perennial vine and produces flowers andseedpodsinthesummer.Theflowersaresmallorange trumpets, modeled after the morningglory.The“petals”surroundingthedriedseed-podsarenottruepetals,butacalyx.IhavenothadmuchsuccessgettingaplanttoflowerhereinOregon,thoughitshoulddowellinthesunbeltofthesouthernstates.•

*Those interested in growing instructions forA. nervosa andotherhallucinogens should see Growing the HallucinogensbyHudsonGrubber,20thCenturyAlchemist,ManhattanBeach,CA.


ForhewhohasfaithNoexplanationisnecessary.

ForhewhodoubtsNoexplanationispossible.

—JimParker


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