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The Psychology of Prejudice The Psychology of Prejudice and Discriminationand Discrimination
From Prejudice to Discrimination
Chapter 10
What is Discrimination?
• Discrimination consist of behaving differently towards people based solely or primarily on their membership in a social group
• Prejudice is an attitude—deals with how people think and feel about members of other groups.
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
What is Discrimination?
• Discrimination –– Can manifest itself in may ways and in
many settings
• Verbally• Behaviorally
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Socially Approved and Disapproved Prejudices
Approved % Disapproved %
• Rapists 98• Child abusers 98• Child molesters 97• Wife beaters 97• Terrorists 95• Racists 92• Members: Ku Klux Klan 91• Drunk Drivers 91• Members of the American Nazi Party 90• Pregnant women who drink alcohol 89• Men who refuse to pay Child support 89• Negligent parents 86• People who cheat on their spouses 82
• Mentally retarded people 3• Native Americans 6• Black Americans 6• Jews 6• Catholics 6• Whites 7• Hispanics 7• Asian Americans 7• Canadians 7• Ugly people 10• Interracial couples 11• People with AIDS 11• Fat people 11
Groups for which prejudice and discrimination had the highest and lowest approval ratings
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Forms of Discrimination
Denokraitis and Feagin (1995) developed system to classify forms of discrimination and to show how they related to one another.
Three forms of discrimination—– Blatant– Subtle– Covert
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Forms of Discrimination
Blatant Discrimination– Unequal and harmful treatment– Typically intentional– Quite visible– Easily documented
Also occurs in everyday contexts
Some forms against groups are illegal and generally condomned
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Forms of Discrimination
Subtle Discrimination– Unequal and harmful treatment– Typically less visible and obvious than blatant
discrimination– Often not noticed because people have
internalized subtle discriminatory behaviors as “NORMAL”, “NATURAL”, or “CUSTOMARY”
– Harder to document– Often unintentional– Can be manifested in everyday speech
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Forms of Discrimination
The Language of Prejudice
Some of the most common examples of subtle prejudice can be found in everyday speech.
– Hostile humor– Patronizing– Vanishing– Abnormalization– Linguistic devices
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Forms of Discrimination
Covert Discrimination
Consist of unequal and harmful treatment that is
• Hidden• Purposeful • Often maliciously motivated
Behavior that consciously attempts to ensure failure
Very difficult to document
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Forms of Discrimination
Covert Discrimination
Employment context—
Tokenism—hiring one or a few members of group as evident that organization does not discriminate
Containment—restricting members of group to limited number of job categories
Sabotage—arranging for members of a group to fail; assigning them low volume territories but setting sales quotas very high
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Levels of Discrimination
Interpersonal discrimination—behaviors individuals direct at other individuals
– Passive behavior
ignoring behavior– Active
Hostile stares
demeaning remarks and commands
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Levels of Discrimination
Institutional discrimination— norms, policies, and practices associated with a social institution such as the family, religious institution, the educational system, and the criminal justice system, result in different outcomes for members of difference groups.
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Levels of Discrimination
Organizational discrimination— is the manifestation of institutional discrimination in the context of a particular organization.
• Work organizations• SES neighborhoods
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Levels of DiscriminationCultural discrimination— consist of
“discrimination and inequality, built into our • literature, • art, • music, • language, • morals, • customs, • beliefs, • practices, and • ideology...
Define a generally agreed-upon way of life
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Interpersonal Discrimination
Relation between Prejudice and Discrimination
• Personal stereotypes• Attitudes-Behavior correspondence• Perceived social support
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Interpersonal Discrimination
Motivation to Control Prejudice
• Motivation to control prejudice reaction
– Concern with Acting Prejudiced– Restraint to Avoid Dispute– Internal Motivation– External Motivation
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Interpersonal Discrimination
Motivation to Control Prejudice
• Motivation to respond without prejudice
– Social Norms– The development of motivation to conrol
prejudice– The Normative Context and Motivation to
Control Prejudice
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Interpersonal Discrimination
Regressive Prejudice– Regressive racism– Control over behavior– Cognitive demands– Disinhibitors– Priming as a releaser of regressive
prejudice
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Interpersonal Discrimination
Regressive Prejudice– Regressive racism– Control over behavior– Cognitive demands– Disinhibitors– Priming as a releaser of regressive
prejudice
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
Interpersonal Discrimination
Reactions to having acted in a Prejudice Manner
– Differences between people– High and low implicit prejudice– Guilt– Those who point out behavior that is
prejudice
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
From Prejudice to DiscriminationStudy Questions
• Which of the following is not an example of blatant prejudice?
– threatening Muslims outside their mosque– refusing service to a Jewish person– denying housing to a lesbian– using baby talk when speaking to an older
person
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
From Prejudice to DiscriminationStudy Questions
• Which of the following is not an example of blatant prejudice?
– threatening Muslims outside their mosque– refusing service to a Jewish person– denying housing to a lesbian– using baby talk when speaking to an
older person (p. 398)
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
From Prejudice to DiscriminationStudy Questions
• Sukja tells her friends that gay men’s behavior is out of step with what men should be like. Which linguistic device describes her action?
– abnormalization– vanishing– patronizing speech– hostile humor
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
From Prejudice to DiscriminationStudy Questions
• Sukja tells her friends that gay men’s behavior is out of step with what men should be like. Which linguistic device describes her action?
– Abnormalization (p. 399)– vanishing– patronizing speech– hostile humor
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
From Prejudice to DiscriminationStudy Questions
• If a person who is high in external but low in internal motivation to control prejudice acts in a prejudiced manner, he or she is likely to
– feel guilty.– experience lower blood pressure.– criticize others.– feel threatened.
Nov 2006 Prepared by S.Saterfield for Whitly & Kite, 2006
From Prejudice to DiscriminationStudy Questions
• If a person who is high in external but low in internal motivation to control prejudice acts in a prejudiced manner, he or she is likely to
– feel guilty.– experience lower blood pressure.– criticize others.– feel threatened. (p. 407