The Psychology of Chessplayers ocr

8/17/2019 The Psychology of Chessplayers ocr

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he sychology of thehess layer

(formely tied: Pschoanati Obevaoon Che a e Me)

by Reuben Fine

Wh Nw Adx Tw L y

Eest Jons

Dvr Publicai I.

Nw Yrk


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opyright © 5 by te National Psycholol

siation or Psyhoanalyss, In.opyrght © by Reuen FineAll rights eserved under Pan Ameran and n·

tationa Copyright Conventions

Published in Canada by Geneal Publihing Company Ltd 0 smill oad Don Mls Toronto

OntarioPublshed in he Unied Kingdom by onstabeand opany td 0 ange Steet London

is Doer editon pubished in is annabridgd reublication of the work ogialy pubised i 5 as Volue o Pchoanalysi, theJournal o Psyhoanytic Psyhology It is eprintedby erissio of soaa and the Po·ana)t Rvew.

his ediion also ontains a revied selecton oportraits and new ppedix onssting o twoletrs by Ees ones

Sadard Book Numbr: 486-2151Lba of Cg aaog ard 9

anuactud in the nited tat o meraDoer Publiatns n.

0 Varic StretNe Yor N Y


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CONTE N S

REVEW F E LIEAUE . Page

GENERA REMAKS N HE .. Page 6

HE WRD AMPNS Page 26

4. PY E AMN ES PAYERS Page

SUMMY: EY CESS··-·· Pag

APPENX W EE BY ENEJNE . . . .. .. Page 7

APHY

Pg


7/87

Reuben Fine

Howard Staunon

Adolf Andes

Wilhelm iz

ILLUSTRATION

Fotfacing pg

30

Pau Mpy

30

30

3

31

Emae Laske

Js al Capalaca

Aeane Aein .....

Max Eue

Mial Bovini


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I

REVIEW OF THE LITEAUR

JN PYOAL iterature, the csica paper on cheis the one by est Jones entited "The Problem of Pau

Morphy ( 23) fist read to the British syhoanayia So

iety n 1930 and pubished in 1931

Most of th profound paper is devoted to a pathogaphy

of au Morphy who wi be dcued ater. With regad tothe ore genera question of the pyhoogy of hs Jones

as he foowing poin: Quite obviousy he s a ay

subitute for the art of war he uncosious otive atuating

the payer not the ere ove of pugnacity charactertic of

a copetive ga but the ger one of fathe-urder

he athematica uty of the ge gives he a ecuiar

anasadistic quaty The sense of overhemng mastery on the

one side athes that of inesapabe hepsnes on the oher

It s ths na-sadtc feature that akes the ge we

adapted to gatify at the sae ie boh he hoosxua and

the tagonstic aspects of the faheron contt

Other pape by Karpan 4) Coria 8), Menninger

( 31 ) and Feming 17 do not add substatiay to ones' hess A agree that a obnation of hoosxua and hte

ipuses are submated in chs

his kd of approach focu on the ibidina confits

Whie iuinates eran feaures of he gae it eav any


9/87

Th sh f h Ch

ohes untouched. After a, the hotie-ende conict wth the

athe s pa of evey encounte between two men Because

of the ubqty o the undelying idna conicts mode ychoanays has ecay in the past thty years concen

tated more and more on the ego It s the ppoe of this

pape to appoac the ueston of wha i eentate the chess

payer from other men from the point of view of the ego as

we a fom that o the d

he psychooca teatue contan evera inteestng studies which can be biefy summazed hee

A the internatioa chs tournament at Mocow n 1925,

thee pofessos of psychooy, Djakow Petowski and Rd

gave tweve o the partcpants a e of psychoogica test

incuding the oschach They do not state why ony tweve

wee chosen no ae the ubjects idented he eut wee

pubhed and a Gema trasaton i avalabe (1).

he t gven wee varos psychometic devices deged

to meaure the foowng:

1 Memo

a Memory and grap (Auahmvm) of

the chs boadb) Abity to emember postions of che piece

c) Memory numbe

d) Memory f geometic designs

2 Attenton

e Scope of attenon

) Abiity to cocentate attenion on the chs

boad

g tributon of attention abiity to note

evea dieent thin simutaneouy

h Dynmc of attention (abity to ay atten

ion to succsive impon)


10/87

Review f the Leture

3) Combinatoy and itllctual nctons

) Svn Qns on th ch board1

j) Nmber sri (logical qncs)

k Spd of ntlcta procs abstract

stmls)

I ) Spd o ntlctal proc concrt

tmls)

4 5 Imagation and psychoogcal ty (th Ro

chach tst)

On th psychomtic tsts, t chs mast wr vastly

pior to t control (not thr crid) n al taks

lating to th chss board and pc ch as mmbng

postion. Bt in th oth tts oty wa ond in only

wo tak: th ability to pay attntio to sval dirnt things

smltanoy (Aufmeksameteelung and in abstract

thinkng mbr srs) Th ida that chs playr in gn

ral ar o mch highr intignc, hav a bttr mmoy

concntrat btr, was not bstantatd h tt d wr

howv, o cd by prnt-day standard and th mthodo

ogy o poor that littl val can b attachd to th conclion

Rorschach yldd th ollowng man lt nm

br o rpo rangd rom -88 whol rspon -30 wlabov avrag) nanimat obct 160%, color rpon 07

(6 subct with no coor), movmnt rpon 1-4 (9 sbc

wth no movmn)

h pychogram o th orhach wa not hr intr

ptd by th Rssian pycholoit n spt o th absnc o

mor data, it clar at h modal ponality po is thato a contrctin Roschach' tminoloyoartatd ind

Ths is a pblem in wc one s rqued t l ev Quensn hess ard sh a way ha nne a cpu fhe ohs.

3


11/87

h h th Ch

vidual (no coor, no moement). Rochach's comment on this

pe heps to epain some of he Rssia findng e say

(34:

The cotated type and i igficant meae

ao the coatative types2 ae chaacteized by he

etem emphais o those tendencies which can be

heightened by the appication o conscios attention

he coarated and the coatative is in the fit paceone who is ogcay dscipined h s atained how

eve by an extensive atophy of the intoeive nd

extaesive tendencies: by a scifice of capaciy

fo epeence

Rochach's commen expan the two iffeence which

did appea: shapened attention to seve diffeent simtaneos ee, and abtact nmeica thking At the same

tme since this is acheved at the pene of ohe facets of the

peonaty it cannot be said whethe he ow sco on othe

meses ae due to a ack of innate abity, ack of movation

o aophy emotiona distbance

When Sme Reshevsky, now champion of the westewod was boy wonde of nine (he eached mste stength

by he age of ive he sbmitted to a sei of psychometc

tes y the ws ychoogst Fana Bamgaten () H

ea itegece was beow aveage, and his gene deveop

ment was not p to hat of a five-yea od boy in ei In

ony oe test wa he ottanding: a memoy test with nume

e concsion is thus sima to that of the Rian ychoogists Again howeve he methodoog w faty, and d no

aow fo the fact tht the boy had een so absobed in ch

2 ( v s ne in hh ee m c e mem n.-R F

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eew o e ieratue

for years tha he had neve atteed school regularly. Reshevsky

laer fiished colege i he United Sates, showg at any

rae above-average inteligence

A study by Butenweer 5) atempted to evaluate hedegree to which che skll deeriorates wih age in he chs

maer He foud ha here no o of sill beore fify, afer

fifty relatively litle and that o the whole the strnger he

paye the he lo A wll be seen beow psychos alo

does ot affec ches abity materially It would appear ha

oce the ski reaches a ceta level i can remain therendefiely

n 1938 the Duch psycholog A de Gro (10) who

is ao a ch maer aalyzed the hought poces of a num

ber o che masers and some amates Perhaps his most

seful findng is he cofrmaon ha he che payer in aalyz

ig a posiio go through muh the sme kind of prces hat

the reseach worer goe thogh i solvig a problem The

ce payer a state of conual tension ad uncerainty

until he ids the righ move ad in many s cano be

sure wha he ght move is

t would be easy enogh for conemprry yhologi

with their mstery of psychomer technques ad fator aal

s to gve a baery of tess to chs expet and faco ou hoeabies which correlae w wih chess skil In the absene

of such a study the above fdgs ca only be onsidere to

be of suggestve value


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2

GENAL RMARKS ON CHESS

CHES IS the oldt games in wester civiizaion Htorias usualy date it rom about 600 or 700 D ad

place i origin in India ( 2 It was inoduced ito urope inthe 13th centuy

However, it is only in approximately the past hundred yearshat ch ha become a uveally popular game The firt

iternaiona touamen was held in odon in 18 Since

that time international cotests have bee regular featur B'

cause the game is played in sutanialy the same form i aciviied countries, it has become a truly cosopotan medium

of communicatio

he teratue o chs, conssting o collectons o gampayed by the masters and intructional books teaching how

a playe may improve h ge ha by now grown to such

proportos that it is aid to be large tha the lterature o

al other gam combined

At the prent ime chs has acheved i greatt pu

larity in the Soiet Unon where it is vitualy a naoal spo

For many chess players the game come to eert a pcuar

fascinatio uig the pay evethig else may be orgotten:

wie, riends family busin he becom a world o i

own Ges can be continued or hours, at time eve

days with l thought of the otide world put to one ide


14/87

r mr o

In any css clus r a as on an wo as gn

u ring ls in lf for gaa an wo a inks

and ss c Sois is a rofssional and ks ou

a ag ling a ; o ofn no, u always a an

wi fanaical doion

So nicing s is osc of aandoning ·wold fo

cs a any n alisically cogniz dang fosak

ga nily and co ack o i only wn o

concns a ou of way

An unknown cclsiasic of 7 cnuy a nnda id dsciion of kind of aal a css H

cal E of Css ( 20) :

I I is a ga i-was How any cious

ous (wic can n calld a I o

fusly sn in is ga!

II I a ad wi a ascinaing oy ;

I a n wicd y i wn I a gun

I a no ad ow o gi o

III I a no don wi wn I a don

wi i I a followd ino y sudy, ino y

uli; wn I a n aying o acing, I a

(in y hougs) n laying a css; an I aad, as i w a css-oad fo ys

IV I a causd o ak any son

soluons ; nay ows and oiss Sois I a

oligd yslf, in os soln ann o lay

u so any as a a i o wi any on son

and anon I a okn s oligaions and

oss

V I a woundd y conscinc and okn

y ac I a ad sad flcions uon i wn

I a n os sious I fid if I w now o di,


15/87

Th h f h Ch

the remembrance of game would geatly touleme and tae me in the fae. I have read in the life

of the famous Joh Hu, how he w gratly troubledfor h uing of thi game, a tte before h dea

V My using of it ha ocsioned muh i

pason trfe idle (if not ying) word, in myl

and my antagonist or both hath aued the neglectof many dutie both to God and men .

n marked ontrat to the fnation which the game haf the devotee is the atitde of the uinteted ouider e

is apt to loo upon it a old dull oig highy ntelletual

a ind of high-la ssword puzzle d will be ompletely

nable to empathze with the tom of emotion hat it do

aroue

Ches played prmarily by men While no exat tai

are available, the ratio of men to women player i probay

in the neghbohood of one hundred to one Even in Ruia,

where hes i a naiona pime, women how much s in

trt in it han men Only one woman Vera Menhi h

ever progreed to the point whee she ould ompete mong

men in mter touamens n ridge he tuation quite

the oppte Here women feuenly pay and reah theature of mster life mter ad member of word hampionhip team

A tain degee of inteetual deveopment is needed to

play he It is dificult for a child younger han about eightto acuire ufiient ill to enjoy the game nd uually it i

not fore ten that boy realy tae it.

The ommon imprion prevai that i at he ui

a high order of inteligence Wile i not orne out y

the Ruian tudie or he t done on hevy it would not

e jutiable to give up h ommonene obeaon wth

out a more arel inuiy De Groot' 10 hitoa uey


16/87

Gn Rem n Ce

point to a reat deal of ahevemen by he exper oher

felds we.

. Intert i he s requenly concentraed ean peods

o he ndvdual's e he irs wave com sly n he

pre-pbety peod, abou e o welve years o age Then

aga n eay adolesence s common to fd boys ve

devoed o he game For example hgh shoo the he

lb s o ten the lagt or one o he larges whle oleg

s muh le mpotan nally men pst mdde age

many aes come back o che ate a lae o may yearAl oever agree hat from the payer's pont o v

he belongs o he "paonae gmes Many boys and men

who ake t p reat it thogh t wee one o les major

conerns hey sudy, by book play day and gh om

mnae with other he playes by m or eve ado At

h me he grea go s to mpove and beat he ohe felow,

an al eos ae bent n ha dreon he trll dered

rm pag a ompettor i oen s eat s ha nvolved

geng a hgh mark in shoo o a ob pomoon long

as he poe onnes, he player emais aorbed Soone

o late howeve he eahes a platea and or one reon o

another is nable to go he A hs po many men e

nees nd ehe c down the time devoed to or ive p alogeher Oy a ll gop emans coiteny atahed

o o an ene eme

n the poplar mnd, he ocp a speca oe among

games s eered o s he oyal ge, the gme o

kings' the kng o gaes. s he ony game whh may

legaly be layed on he pe o he Hose o Paament

in Great Britan Some w h ad that h i too dfi

o be a ge and oo eas o be a scence he enjoyment

deved rom hes goe n a beond that oter pasties

Ch om need, mch closer o and siee

9


17/87

Te Pycoy y

Ch is a contet between two men n whch thee i n

deable ego-involvement In ome way it etanly ouche

pon te conc sondng aggeion, homoseality ma

tration and nam whch become patiay pominent

in the anapallc phaes of development. Fom the tandpont

of d phology Jon' oberaon an theefoe be con

e, even enlaged pon. Genetall h moe often than

not taght to the boy b hs fathe, o a athe-titte, and

th become a mean o woking ot he on-athe valThe symbolism of hess len itelf to th val in a mot

nsal way Cental to i s the fge of the Kng3 The Kng

ocpie a cca ole n the game n all p t is the

pee whh gve the game its name; fo, h is deved fom

the Pesan sa meanng King and i moe o s he ame

in all ngage n fact the hee nveal wods in he

ae che check and Kng, all o whih deve fom . All

othe pee have vang dgnaions n diffeent langag.

hs, Qeen in Rsan i F ez, whh has ntng do wth

woman Bishop Fou o jete n Fench e o nne

in Geman.

Exept fo the Kng i a imple ogcal contution

on the bod Thee i one pee whch mov along diagoal(the hop) one whih move aong ank and ils (the Roo)

one piece whih move on fowad (he awn, and when

i no longe move owad t into anothe piece whih

allows t mobit (pomotion) one piee whih move any

nmbe of sqaes in y staight-le diecion (the Qeen)

one piece whch moves one sqae n deton (the Kng)

and a piee whih combne the vetal-diagonal movement

wth the powe to mp ove ohe pie (the Knight t

wold be posble to dev new pe o to divde the powe,

3 n hs au e ms f he, nd I h ee h e

0


18/87

General Rmaks on Ches

and thi has been done from tme to me; fo eample a iece combinng he movement of Knght d Queen hs een sug

gested. Or one coud have two kinds of ooks, simiar to the two kind of Bishops, one that mov aong ranks and nother that moves aong iles. A of these alteations would be diect tensions o the �es we now have they woud not ate the bc chaacte of the game

Board games essentay cont of pacng te piec on

a board in such a way that one can capture the enemy's men s in checkes o get ones men to a prdetemined posion as in chine checke Once ti is accompihed the ge is won. Here the unque f ea tu re of chess com in: the goa s to checkmae the King A competey new set of uls is dawn up govg the mann in which ths checkmate may or may not be efected nd the ules e the on that give ch

is dsnctive cast Of course, the catue of the enemys men is s thee ut unike other games one can capture amost al the enemys men and stl os

he ng is thus ind pensabe nd a-important It is aso irepaceabe heoreticay it is poibe to have nine Queens ten ooks ten Knghts or ten Bisho, as a rut of Pawn pomotion but ony one King

these quaities of indspnsabity, a-imporance and irrepaceabiity make one think of the supee uers of heOrient Here howver, entes a vita difference: the King s a piece weak powes ae geaty imited Appoimate equivaens can be set up for he other piecs fo exampe theePawns are woth a piece, two pieces are woth a ook and

a Pawn, etc Becaus of the natue of the King it has no rea equivaen oughy howev, he Kng is a tte stonge than a Pawn ut not as strong ny of he piec a

4 Stt ak, he Kng o odd a "e a a Inth nca en a of h is (aj nd )nd he Kn.

11


19/87

The Psychlgy f th Chss ayr

rut th King must de (csting) dug most of te game.

He can ay fort only whn many excngs have takn

pac, particary whn he Quns ar gon Dpit the fact

that e i -mportant, h otr piec av to protect him

not e the other

ar s I hav bn abl to asceain, 26 no othr

boad game has a pic whch radcay at it tir

natur n cck, for xample, th King is mpy an e

tnsion of th power of the mn, and ca be capturd justk h othrs It s the Kng wic mak che teray uque

Cosquenty King bcoms th cntra g in he

smbosm of the game To recapiuate brefy: the Kng s

indspensabe, aimpotant epaceabe yt weak and r

qung protecon These quait ad to he overdetmna

tion o its symboc maning Frst of a it stand or the

boy's pnis in he phac tage and hence re-arous the cs

tration aety charactrt of that perod Second it desribes

cran eenal charactrscs of a se-mage ad hnc woudappea to tos men who hav a pictur o themseves as in

ipnsabe, a-important and irpacable n tis way it afor an addtiona opptuny for the ayer to wor out con

icts centering around narciism hrd, it h ah pulddown to the boys siz Unconsciousy it gives te boy achance to say to he ather To the outde word you may b

big and strong but whn w get ight down to it youre just

wa am nd you need protction jst s mch s do

Games inherenty invove a evigo procs; on te

track on te baba diamond on te cheboard a mn are

equa n he however tere is an addiional actor which

dffeentaes t rom oer games: there is a pic which is

diernt n vau rom a th ot and around whch t

gam revov he etnce o the King aows an idntfica

tion proce which goes far beyond tat permitted in othr

12


20/87

Rmks Ch

gam.5 n th way chs alw r a strong ssetn f

ndvdualty

Rk, Bihp, Knght and Pawn requenty ymbolzethe pens n addtn they may have ther meanng ne

player the hp wa lbdned a a upereg fgure-the

name w taen lteraly The Knght may ymble a hrse,

whch t al mem caed

he Pawns ymblze chdren partclarly lttle by

hey can grw up (prmte) when they reach the eghthran but t agan gncant that they may nt becme

"ng Symblcally, rtrct n Pawn prmtn mean

that the dtrucve pect the rvalry wth the ather

mphed whle the cntructve de whch wld llw

he by t bcme le te aher s dcuraged We wud

therere antcpate n the ne hand a very ctcal atttude

twards authty in the chess player, and n the ther an nably r unwllngne t lw n the ame dectn a h

ather6 he cntt between the mghty Kng and he lwly

Pawn aga cm t mblze the mbvalence nherent n

the ch player' elmage, an ambvalence whch s al ap

parent n the gre the ing mel

he Qeen wll a mght be expected tnd hewman r the mtergre It ws nt nl the ntrductn

chess nt Erpe n the thrteenth centur that the Quen

became the pwer gure he s tday s evdently a

drect relecn the erng atttude tward wmen n

eat ad wst Jn cmmens hat pychanaly wll nt be

5 Dr Theoo Re a o ou ha he ond e ng ae y a o an o he a aboo ondnge eas. Se seo he aboo o Re n oS Fed T Tb

6 I a e obseao ha e fw exe hae onho a ao ong he ae; nonouly fahr doe no ee cao o ae ae

3


21/87

T s f C ar

surpsed to la that in he attac on he Kg (fathr), th

most owrfu suppot rovdd by the Queen.

Put togthr, the h bord s a who may radiymboiz he famiy situaon his woud xpin th f ana-

tion o th gam Lost in hought, the paye can work out in

ftsy what he ha nver been ab to do in eit

f w tu now to the ego of the ches layer, we note

to bgn with that he uses mry tetu defss. n

chess, hought rac aon

conasted wih othr sortssuh boxing, there no hyc ontat whaovr Thr

is not ven the intrmdiate form of contact fnd in tens

or andb, n which both men hit th same objet The h

aye is rmitted to touh his opponent's piec oy for

puposes of a catur, when, aoding to the ues, the iee

mut be emoved fm the oad

the ay beom more xr, the taboo on touh-ing bcom even strongr n mster che h ru o "touh

move s oberved f a payer ouch a piece he mst move

t f he tohs it by adent he must say adob, wich

means I adjust in Fench hose who ay by th u ar

quird to say thi in renh

n one fom of th game known as corresondene h,the distane btwn the two mn ared even further, in

that the oponens nve see one another h entire gm is

payed by mai Her it rmiib to touh the pies but

of couse th ayes nev meet

In view of the prof ue phai symboism of the gme

the taboo on touching has unonciosy two meanin or, t

anohr way, th go wds of two heat One is msturba-

tion do not touch your nis; do not touh your pes, and

yo do have us ready he other treat is homo-

seuaity, o body cotact betwen th two men, ay

mu mstrbation

4


22/87

General Rma n Che

In addtion o purely defeve characer, nellea-

zaon n h ha many oher menng. To e onlooker,

nderence o he osde world s he ouandng eare ofhe he player A sere of croon one chs club depc

wo playe who begn a game when hey re boy and end

up as graybeards

The players hemelves are aware of he endeny o be

come lo n hogh h s uch a grea dnger ha n ourna

men play h been ound neesary o s tme lm onmov Snce abou 880 all oamen have been payed

wh h lo A humorous ncden s relaed of a game

beween Paulen and Morphy played before he day of clock

They a a he board or eleven hos whou sayng a word

o ng a move A he end of ha me Morphy who wa

herocally pae looed p a h opponen raher qualy

aulsn hen sad "Oh my move?

Whe he player may hn for hou a a me, f he

h he moe wh lghnng rapdy "peed or "rapd

rans ournamens, frequenly een, are payed wh a me

lm of en econd per move ae omem even play

b hs n whch hey are obged o move nane

ouly n lss han one eond Wh hese me m poble o play doens, occonally hundres, of games n one

evenng The lowe game n he world become he fase

Sch mared conra are que characerc of he entre

hng proce n hes In ournamen he ual me l

s 40 moves n 2Y hor Ths means ha he player may

budge h me any way he peas, o ong a he ompe

he 0 mov whn he prescrbed 2Y hours I ofen happens

ha he ae wo hou and 28 mnu ay, or 5 move

He s hen reqred o mae he remang 15 mov n wo

mnus h nown a me prsure. Under h exreme

pressure, he player who wa prevuly nable o bdge wll


23/87

h syhl f th hss y

often mae the nece$ary moves with time to spare, and with

emarkabe acuracy. What one mght we k was he thinking

about befor? If it s poible to fnd a good move n ten

seod why te hf an hour?

The nwer to ths quton ies n the ontinua uncer

tainty which bets the che payer he positions reached dur

ing a game are most often quite ompe In many ca it

easy to fnd the rght move but in the majoty is not

so Hou of arefu anaysis someim days may be takento ehaust a te posbities and dede on the best move

In ove-the-boad pay few peope c eve be sure that they

have found the ght souo ; most rey on "positon jdg

ment o "intuiton The ayman's dea that the chs master

can ook ahead moves is argey a myth, athough the

expert can of couse cacuate the future much more acuratey

than the novie

In ths situaton the payer goes aong constnty unure

o hsef compeed to do so he ca ut the Gordian knot

and try something; if not he prefers to tst and sift his ideas

ut he h come as nea s poibe to he right answer

De Groot ikens this prOC$ to rearch in whih various

hypothes are expored by eperimenta methods here is,however this fndamenta diference he ch pay can

ony test hs hypothese in his magination once he arriv at

a decsion he mst stake everything on it He thus under

much greater tension than a eseacher in hemstry for e

ampe who can pick one hunch and if that ty another

When t is not hs tu to move the payer often hs

much te at hs dposaive ten miut somemes hf

an hour or even a hour urng th perod one ight epect

him to study the posion That happens rarey. Most o the

tie he daydrem, and his daydreams foow the usua cours

whih have nothing to do with che At the same me the

6


24/87

Ga Rmak ss

tesion pesit becau he neve knows when he will be caled back to make a move.

There thus again a maked contast-fevesh ncetainty and intese seaching when move-idle daydeaming when it is not Thoughout, a state of connual tension pesists Smal wonde that so many playes complanthat the game ma them "neous �nd my gie it up because they find he stain unbeaabe o not woh the

effotWith egad to converaton the a paadox

While as a le o most playes thee is no talng a ciouseception is ond amng some who in offhand games go tothe opposit exteme and neve stop talkng Some ecte vefom Lewis Caoll Some bild p a special nd of noeselangage which hs no meaning even o the peson himselfOne man would say wheneve he gave check: Shinkuskrachs typhus mit plakes schm schum Anothe wouday et u go to Vea uz with fo aitch he onething that is neve found s odina langage It is as tosay any ind of physical activity that is pemied mt bekept at an infanle level f coue the disociation of wods

fom thei oignal meanng is chaactestic of oeonathinking

hse vao polaties help to claify the thinking poceThe ego s ntellectua means and fantai to hande teconlict But t does not aow this prcs to go too a Becaus of the natue of the gam the playe is always boght bac to eaity hoght eplaces action but action aso inteupts he unimpeded low of thought n epc the chplaye dfes say fom the daydeame o schizd who unde no extenal compulsion to gve up h evei

he thinking pocs ief alteates beween one whichmak dands of a very high ode compaabe in me ways

17


25/87

yhpy f Ch yr

to problem n cienfc rearch, and one which smpy an

expreon of obve ambvalence. The hft from acton tothought can hen ether be an oulet for the ntellectual abl

of an nvdual, or a deeive maneuver to wd of the

varou anxete aroued by action, or an termediate com

bation

Che mut tre certan apect of ntellgence more tha

othe What are they? he Ruan tudy done n 1925 at

tempted to anwer th quetion, but the metodolog wa toocrude, by preent-day tandard We can only tentately put

ort cetan dea

Four apect of ntelligence eem to redominate n che:

memory vulzaton, organation and imagnation7

o play che well t necear to remember hunded

probably thouan, of prevou poton he memo o theche epert becom o hghly pecaled ad o adept that

he often peform feat wch em ncredble to the layman

A mater can play ffty or y board multaneouy; he go

from one board o another makng a move at each f the

poton on any board i altered n the ot ivil manner uch

a moving a Pawn up one quare he wll recoe the change

mmedately lthough he not concou of t, clearly hecarr around ome memor trace, hghly accurate of al ty

board

Viualation enial becaue the player not per

mted to move the pece around ecept for an actual move

It nteretng o note tat Hadma ( 19) n tud of

mathemaical creaiity found that viualaton lay a minor7 D n th Wh B (9) n

1952 nt vn r O th th t t h : ztn gn nng n nt n Th h h t pt ngn n g nn Htmnn' n1 ).

8


26/87

General Remarks o Chess

role; the mathematician tends to thin more aractly. Ths

may be one detemining factor in the choice of mathemacs

or chs

The ntinual visuiation develops the chs mster's

ability to lay without sght of the board or pieces ("blnd

ld) Every chs master can play one game blindfold with

out too much dfficulty and mny can pay far more he

word's record today, held by Najdorf, is forty-ve simulte

ously To handle such a number the single player mst be ableto ca in hi mnd fortyfve connualy varying picturs of

the chss boar must be able to aoiate the correct pictre

with its nmber nd mst be able to vualie eve pictre

accuratly and at will wih lighning calculato 4 ths

capacity i largely conned to blindfd che bu that doe

not exclde the poibility hat if te individal had erler

bult up an eqal bacgound in sme othr fied that he

capaity or visal retention could not have been developed

there Memory plays a maor role here too; a ule after

a blindfol ehibition the single payer s able repeat ver

batim the correct moves, in the proper order of eve game

played

Organzation which is one spect of general reoing iao eential The che player mst be able to coordinate nd

unfy the actions of the pieces in such a way that they acuiremamum effectivne In thi sene ch srategy is simiar

to militay stratey and miltary schools like Wet Point have

accordngly traditonally made ches a reured subject

Te imagiation ed in chs is rlated to viuliation,

bt i to some etent independnt of it Ch itself is ai

ficial creation Lie msic and terature it can become a

wold of i own divorced fom practical conces and devoid

of any application to veday afairs. t is particlarly the

oportunity or imanative expreion which link che with


27/87

T yco h ayr

the wld f art. The opportunity for dencatn (wth e

Kng an other pece) provdes anothr nk.

o put these ntellectual ablti to ue and t be able

t nd the ibdina eneres n th way te ego must poes

a consderae dee of trent Unke the ompotence

the amler or the card-player, the defe f the chess player

come frm a relatvely late stage of pernalty deveopment

hus wle at first siht the replacement of acton by thought

seem t be a simple nstance f te we-own obsenalmansm to apply ths to che a whole a gos over

mpfication 8 Unlike the true obsesona the ches payer

nterupts s fantase by actn he cm ut f h fantsy

world and he ues real abtes whch requre a hgh deree

of eo development or ther deplyment

For the averae ch player the tellectual appeal f te

ame s que cnscous an s n fact ts majr et n

eys f aked why he plays he says t s a game of skl n

whch bran matche against bran

By cntrat te aggn s deeply repreed mot

t comes as a surprs to lean that ch s n utlet for hstle

feelns A the natre f the game serves t cnceal t

ncreiny ben wth n blows real or smulated areatualy truck he usual al of caturn an enemy's men

as we have mentone turns nto the mre ubte ne of check

mate All he che ieces may be cature except te ng

he Kng must be checkmated: that meas that t mut be

under attack and have no egal move It nt uffcent to re

duce t to a state where t has no egal move that wd be

talemate and te ame woud e drawn t mt be under

attackwhch o any other pece wld be the lt step bore

a capturand yet may not be captured

Such a compcated sate f affa whch as we have sad

dstnuhes ce rm l other am must e ful f un

0


28/87

Geneal Rmak on C

conscous connoatios. If we apply he hree symbolc mean

gs of he Kng, checkmae would sfy rs casraon sec

ond, he exposure of he conceale weakns and hrd herucon of he faher All hree o hese mus be kep om

conscousns; hence he chess player canno am o hs an

agonstc wshes

Even he waere-down blow of checkmae eced urher

no he backgoun as he playes become more exper Soon

a sae of skll s reached whee he aye ge up or resg

long before here s he remoes pobly of a checkmae;

hey subm o oewhelmng maeral frce Among mases a

game wll end n a checkmae only as a esul of a freak acc

en; do no happe more han once n a housand mes

Afer only a le eperence wh he game he aeage

man soon fnds ha hs greaes delghs come fom a rec

aack upon he Kng he becoms moe eper e begnso apprecae he sue nuance such as poson play Pawn

maneueng ope sraeg ec Once agan rec aggreson

fa more an more8

Whle on he one han he chess payer's ego reprses

an neecuazes h aggesson on he oher podes some

gacaon r he game elf Consequenly one woul

no expec e ches player o be a compleely psse-epeden

persn. Rahe he woul be capable of fnng numerous

avenue for s aggreson and hese aenu would agn be

along scally accepabe ln. From h cou be cpaed

ha chs epes co also show many acheem n oher

fes an, n fac such s he case

In h connecon a remark made b Dr Mlon Guz( 1 ) s mos penen He saes ha hs experence as a

8 Mny he crt eve gt ove th av mphass o the etattak, d urttl i th hes tate wt the ot ludcroomts. Pr of the reon ut e n th unconsco w t heth h t o the Od d f tem.

21


29/87

h syhogy o h hss ay

prson ychologit thoe prsones who learned che dung

ter ncceraon were let lkey to be recdss. They evove

better ways of handlg ther aggreon The ego trenghneeded to pay che must alo lay a roe here

In a situaton where two men are voluntaly together for

hour a a time wth no women rent the homual ml

catons mut necealy be condere Obvaon ndcats

that oer homoxualty almost unnown mong ch

paye Among te che mte of the present centuy I haveheard of only one cae. all the more striking in thatat, wt whom ch masters le to comare themlv

are o fequently homosexual

he rofue phallc ymbolm of chs rovide some fan

ty gafcaton of the homoeual wh culaly the de

re for mutual maturbation Ths s of core comletely re

reed Checmate may be sen as renderng the ther motent again art of the homea comle

In many reect he ego of the ove homoual s da

mercally opposte that o he ches plaer Bychowk ( 6)

a number o charactetc defee employed n homo

sel actng out: arcully the wea ego stcture based

on the narcsistc nd pre-narctc ioton the vulnerabty o the ego to the mact of lbdinal mulaton the im

siblty o renuncaton of rte gratfcaton wth orgnal

oject d the overwhelmng of the mental aaratus by n

stnctual charge All of thee are drecty antthetcal to what

we nd n the ch layer : there the ego trong: t capabe

o toleratng a geat del of lbdin stmulaon t can re

nounce prmitve gratcaton wth ognal objects nd t canneutralze the dve energe to a hgh degee

The anxey accompanying the gme i mot often ute

cocou Ch playes comlan tha they are "nervous or

tene hat the gme does not let them slee the ecs dce

22


30/87

Gral Remak n Ch

aroud in their head a defeat is a serious bow, and o.

We have metioned that the teio dug a game may be

geat, and yet outlet or it releae uch aggrive actions,or phyca cotact are blocked

The oigi of the aniety is readly apparent The aggrs

sio ad homexuaiy wle deepy repred, are sti beng

brought out dsgsd fom ; hce the constant far of pu

ishmet Since there ot the remott eemet of chace

a vctoy i the prodct of oe' own effors a os is he rut

of oe' ow mistake o win thereore to beat the father

to loe is to be beate by e father, or to ubmt to m

a reult the od conficts involved i e strugge with the

father are costanty presnt, ad the heat of thr becoming

actual lead to the all-pervading iety

Dpite a he axiety, in the at aays the payer a

ways ows hat it i a sham bate he severty of the blowi softeed by the act that it i ony a game after a he

rule ad practce surroudig heckmate ao eve to migate

much of the aniety At he same time o maer how much

it is contaned by he actua game for a geat may me co

iderable anxiety remns, d tensionanety tats could be

epcted to be one of the mt commo o a euroc yp

tos amog che payer

From the vatage point of the ego, a good deal of stng

must be pret to aow the player to toeate so much anxie

for such eteded periods I th rpect agn ere i a co

trat with the weak ego of the overt homexua, who fle

rom the ghtest niety into acting out his mpuses

Narcim is brought out by sever featur of the gameChs is a idvidua bate e fgre o he Kig lends ief

to he ready identificaton which we have desbed above

Hece a may brig out he gradioe eements of the sf

imag�, while a o may epoe the feeig of wea he

23


31/87

The Pschogy of th Ch Py

narcsm which s brought out here s prmarly that of the

phac stage, no the pma tpe characterstc of the ora

stage However the strength of the phac nacssm woudn tun be nfuenced b the degree of ora fixaton

he Kng aso bngs out another chaacterstc trat of

the chss paer he wohp Set apart fom a the others

the Kng can read smboze the hero of gend Whatever

fed s n the che paer w customar manage to fnd

some man whom he admres nordnate and w t to

pattern hmsef after hm Ths s of cour a dpacement from

the father e the abt to effect such a dspacement s on

te whoe a poste sset n a man's make-up. Agan by con

trst the ovet homosexua wi usua be unabe to ether

dentf wth hs father no fnd ome substute whom he

can ue to bid a macune ego-dea

Hanns Sachs ( 35) ws the frst o pont to the ransfeof narcim fom the f to the object as one factor n arttc

creativty Here s another n between chs and the word

of art

n xce of narcsm ma eas charactere the che

paer H becoms t mmeed n hmf and n hs o

achevment o thse of hs hero. The capact to acheve

true object eatons partuar to empathe wth women s

nderdeveoped Frequent he gets aong ute we wth men

ecaus of the repreon of both aggron and homoseuat

but fnds women a rea stumbng boc. eder feeng for

women ma be especa hard to ache a dffcut whch

may be ratonaed b coninng hs ocaton to men

On the other hand narcsm ao a heath aspect n that t heps the man to see through the convtona

and artfca and to produce somethng new and vauabe

eden 14 hs ponted out that heath nacm often

found n he creave ndvdua nne Roe ) n h ud

24


32/87

Geal Rma Ch

of nent scentts aso debes them as narct1c nd

vduas, who ae on the whole rather tarded in heir ycho

sexua deveopment.

Finay a wod must be ad about the voyeusm-e

hitom It s competey unconscious, and gratfied in

a two-man tuation. As a resut he che payer apt to ee

uney i crow ad s ooked upon as a raher withdrawn

type of dvdua Because of the added narcistc factor he

key to be ndifferent to oranzed roupsefore on on to a dscuson of actua pesonati I

woud ike to brefy recapituate the man pos of ths secton

The lbdna confct ratfed in chs center around thoe

common to a men at the aphac eve of deveopment

particuay aggion, narcism ad the attitude towards the

peis of the are ready symbozed i the ame; cena

to the ymboism is the fure of the Kn, whch is ovr-de

teined ad ha three dffrent mean : he boy's penis in

he phac stage the sef-mae of a ma who fees irrepace

abe indispsabe a-importat and yet weak d the father

cut dow to the boys se In he hsoca deveopment of

the payer chss pat of the ons stge to equa ad

surpas te faherThe eo shows cetan we-defned featu It s one

which pefe to u inteectua defense Yet whe tere

a reeat to fantasy the payer doe no oe hmef n it he

coms ot of the fanasy word we There s much axey

bu t can be toerated wel e dve enegie can b neu

trazed to aow r much achevement On the whoe he

eo shows coiderabe sengh especy in he ab to mae

use of nteectua ae and to dure dffcut stuaons e

eo weakns pimay a artc fxaton, which

makes t had for the man to emerge from the hoea to

the heterexa eve o deveopment.


33/87

3

E WORLD CAMPIONS

THE FOREGOING AALv1 rher gener nd heorelone Now would e o exmne he onle o ome

l h ler n more del o ee how he ndng

omre wh wh h been d hree quon n be

rohed w F, is here ome ore eonl on

eon ommon o le Seond wh role doe

he l e !e o n rur ndvdul? And hrd

wh onneon, n here beween eronly nd h

le

For he ue o eon I rooe o revew he lv

o e world hmon o he enu od o oue

be objeed ee men re no rerenve o he vergehe ler o ern exen h objeon m be vd

A be be onl ll vld wh ree o ern

r, bu no or l We would exe h mn o he

erene beween hmon nd n ordn ler le n

nve , nd h he eonl ure n mn re

e he me h hold rue or retve n oher

eld, o h ud o emnen ne uh eonrdo

vn Gogh, or o would ed muh gh on he her

rure o her eebred ollegu. Th here is lw

onneon beween le nd eronl regrdle o en

or rnng n mon mde or he jeve ehn

26


34/87

or po

o somha mo han a cny, oghly, h ch

old has bn scnly oganzd o spak o a old cham

pon ; h l sl has bn n s snc 1 870, hn Snzclamd on h bass o hs many sccs Bo Snz

h champons , nocally, Sanon ( 844-1 85 ) , An

dn ( 1 85 1 - 1858 and agan 1859- 866 ) nd Mophy ( 858-

1 859 ) Snc Snz ( 866-1 894 h chamons ha o

cally b Lask ( 1894- 192 1 ) , Capablanca ( 92 1927 ,

lkhn ( 927-1 935 ad 937- 1946 , E ( 1 935- 1937 ) andBonnk ( 1 948-psn )

1 ) H ( 1 8 10- 1874 ) achd gans

n boh lay ccsm and chss H s spposd o ha bn

h naal son o Fdc Hoad, h Eal o Calsl ( 3 )

Hs n as n h ha, and a a b nld

as an aco h bcam an mnn Shakspaan schola, o

o h ladng ahos n Engand H cam pon h chssscn a h laly la ag o hy, n 1 840 In 1 843 h

dad h Fnchman, S Aman, and as cognzd n

oclly as h bs play n h old Bcas o hs lay

bn h bgan a magazn cad T B Mcll d

C l Cocl Sanon o a nmb o book

hs Hbook ( 37 ) h ladng gd o h gam nlSnz pblshd T Md C Iucto ( 38 )

n 851 Sanon oganzd h oamn n Londn,

h s nnaonal cons o modn ms Andssn on

h op z, ahad o Sanon, ho cod hs da h

ngnos albs n 1853 a chalng as ssd on Sann's

bhal any lay n h old, b h saks w sch

ha Andssn, owad hom was maly dcd cold

n accp Sanon hn d om ch Som ya la

whn Mophy appad o challng hm, Sanon szd

o o a chss boad ncon by bal pyochncs

As a man, Sanon was an xmly agg pson


35/87

P t P

who loved nothing better than a good argument in print There

are countle reports of the violent literary battles he got him

self into A god eample thi passage from hi journal 5

A Barrister, Temple.Calls our attention to the

ridiculous alterations of the Laws of Chs, by G

Walker, in his New Treatise on Chess and sks Is

it ssible that suh absurdities are sanctined by the

Lndon Chs Club?' The only sanction given toWalker's puerilities by the committee is to laugh at

them His bks on chess are no authority ecept

mong the lowest class of players

Aggression, organization and narcsism are the obvious

hreads which run through taunton's life The shift from act

ing to writing is part of the replacement of action by thought.Then comes the shift from wrting to chs, a switch from

hought to action Later he changes back once more

In chess his actve career virtually stopped after h de

at at London The simple explanation that he could not

stand the narcissistic blow involved in losng is undoubtedly the

correct oneHi genius was such that he attained the heights in both

chess and literary crticism H status a hakespearean

scholar eaed him a notice in the Eccoed Btc

( 3 ) which states that in lterary criticm "he showed the

qualities of acutene and caution whch made him excel in

cess

taunton's interest in hakespea f in rady enough

with che : only the King of writes could attract his pen. He

had his hero. One of his lt papers mentioned by the E-

oed, i entitled "Unsuspected Corruptons of hakespear's

Text he had to deend the King from attack.


36/87

P P

who loved nothing better than a good agument in print There

are countle reprts of the violent literary battles he got him

self into A good eample this paage from his jounal 5

A Barister, Temple.Calls our attention to the

ridiculous alterations of the Laws of Chess, by G

Walker, in his New Treate on Che, and ks, Is

it posible that suh absurdities are sanctioned by the

London Chs Club?' The only sanction gien toWalker's puerilities by the committee is to laugh at

them His books on chess are no authority except

mong the lowest class of players.

Aggression, organization and narcssism are the obious

hreads which run through taunton's le The shit from act

ing to writing is part of the replacement of action by thoughtThen comes the shift from writing to ch, a switch rom

thought to action Later he changes back once moe

In chess his active career virtually stopped ater h de

eat at London The simple explanaton that he could not

stand the narcissistic bow inoed in losing is undoubtedly the

corect oneHs genius was such that he attaned the heights in bth

chess and literary criticism His status as a hakespearean

scholar eaed him a notice in the Eccloed Bc

( 3 ) , which states that in literary criticsm "he showed the

qualities of acutene and caution which made him excel in

chess

tauntons interest in hakespeare fis in readiy enugh

with chess : only the Kng of writers coud attract his pen He

had his her One of hs last papers, mentioned by the Ec-

loed, enttled "Unsuspected Corruptions of hakespeare's

Text he had to deend the Kng from attack


37/87

o pio

Beore dscussing hs che play it is neceary to clarify

the sense n which we can speak o a chess style

n extensive psychoanalytic literature has grown up de

picting the ntimate relationshp between the works o artsts

and ther neurotic conflicts It s to be expected that similar

unconscious forces woud be involved in chess both in the way

n which the game s interwoven nto the character structure

and in the style which he player adopts

t first sight it does not seem to matter how one wins atchess ; yet experence teaches that even within the same level

of strength extensive derences in the approach to the game

are revealed by careful analyss It was Reti in hs Mes of

the Chess Bod who first pointed ths out and documented it

n consderable detail 32 ) In fact just as any rtist has a

characterstically ndvdual style which permeates his artstic

works to such an extent that an expert can recognze that

such and such a panting is a Deg or a eonardo so too the

styles of the che masters assume a highly distinctive cast and

are readly identifable by the experts One finds howevr

this important difference. For techncal reons the uniqueness

of the che master com out only n certain games not in

every one For example in mode times the term grandasterdraw has come into vgue to describe the quick draws agreed

to by grandmasters of who the Intenational Che Federa

ton recognizes some 20 or 25 ) who do not wsh to rk any

thing against one another in an important contest qually if

a tremendous dsparity in strength exsts the anner of win

nng becmes too routnzed

With these quaificatons in mind there is first o all a

rough divsion of chess styles into attacking and defensive

Chess s sometmes sad to have a romantic attack and clas

scal defense school Besides ths crude dvson many more

subtle elements come out on closer eamination ome playe


38/87

P t P

like Botvinnik, can attack and defend equally we Other ike

Aekhne can ttck but defend poorly Stil other, like Re-shevsky, can defend but attack badly Usualy mater adhere

to certin openngs which fit in with their temperaments

The outstanding features of Stunton's ce stye were it

ececticsm and its placdity No brilliant games of his have

survived he won chefly because of his ability to expoit his

opponents mistakes. He avoided the bque gambits which

were so popular at the tie This utraconservatsm contrasmarkedly with h outspoken aggrson away from the chs

board Such aparent contradictons are not at all uncommon

The mild paive man can play brilliant che, let hs aggreon

out on te ches board the aggressive man can comenate

by laying quet che

2 ) A A ( 1 8 1 8 1 879 ) w in many respects the opposite of Staunton He was born in Breslau spent

severa year as a tutor in a private family then served as in

structor in German and mathematics at a gymnasium in Br

lau for the reminder of his ife He never married, though

t said that he could gve a gallant turn" to converatons

with women

His active che career began with hs victory at the Ln

dn 185 tournament After that he played whenever and

wherever he could though he often had to refuse invitations

because of his post as a teacer But when he w not in a

tournament he played offhand gam In fact so far as one

can see apart from his teaching hs only real nterest in lfe w

che Because of hs devotion t the game, and his extraordinary chievements, Brslau Unversity awarded him an

honorary doctorate in 1 865, a unique recognition by the aca-

demic world whch has not been duplicated since

Although he lost t both of hs great rival, Morphy and

Steinitz Anderen was never othered by defeat He oved to


39/87

Wilhem Stintz

Howard Sauntn

A dof Andessn


40/87


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lay, and it seemed to matter little whether he won or lost

It is clear enough what role chess layed in the lacid life

of a bchelor school teacher; it was his major lbidinal outlet

In shar antithess to Staunton he never engaged in quarrel,

and never made any enemies His only complaints frm the

London 1 85 1 tournament were about the scandalous high

prices there In his letters home some of which have been re

served, he goes into great detail as to how expensive everythng

wa He found al the ayers agreeable, the organizers courteous, the arrngements satsfactory Everhing else in life for

him was secure and wellregulated; it was only in chs that h

could really let himself go

His style accordingly the most romntic of all the cham

pions. Attac, sacrifice, with reason or without reason The

man who in re life could tolerate no change could not toler

at a quiet role in the fantasy world of chess Everything had

to be fluid, oen bold, dashing, adventurous Desairingly he

wrote of his successor that He who plays with Morphy must

abandon all hoe of catching him in a trap no matter hw

cunningly laid The poiblity of modifying his own style

did not occur to Anderssen ; psychologicaly he could not change

3 ) P M 837884) as attracted sychiatricattention because of his psychosis in later life He is the subject

of the tudy by Ernest Jones mentoned ealier 23 )

Morhy w born in New Oleans on Jun 22 837 his

father was o SpanshIrish descent, his mother of French ex

tracton When he was ten yeas old he learned che from

hs father By twelve he was abl t beat his uncle (father's

brother ) then che ing of New Orleans Until 1 857 he de

voted himself to hs studes In tat year he travelled to New

Yor where he easily gained first place in the American Cham

ionshi the first ever hed The next year he visted London

and Paris, where the worlds edng che masters were then


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concentrated, and defeated every opponent he played, nclud

ng Adof Anderen Ony Staunton reused to meet hm, nspte of all hs effort to arrange a match

He then returned to New Orleans, where he ssued a chal

lenge to pay anyone n the world at odds On recevg no

response to ths chalenge he declared h che career closed ;

t had lasted barely eghteen months, only sx of whch had

seen hm n pubc pay

After h retrement ( at te ge o twenty one ! ) he ok

up lawhs father was a udgebut was unsucceful at t

He gradually relapsed nto a state of secluson and eccentrcty

whch culmnated n unmstakable pranoa At he age of

oryseven he ded suddenly of congeston of the bran, pre

sumaby apoplexy, as had hs father before hm

About Morphys symptoms durng h later lness Jonesrepors the folowng. He magned hmself persecuted by people

who wshed t render hs le ntoerable Hs elusons centered

on the husband of hs elder ster, the admnstrator of hs

father estate, wh he beeved wa tryng to rob hm f hs

patrmony Morphy challenged hm to a duel, and then brought

a lawsut aganst hm, spendng hs tme for years n preparng

s case In court t was easy shown that hs accusatons werequte groundle He also thought that peope, partcularly hs

brothernlaw, were tryng to poson hm, and for a tme re

fused to tae ood except at the hands of hs mother or h

yonger unmarred sster Another deuson was tht hs

brothernaw and an ntmat frend, Bnder, were consprng

to destroy hs clothes, o whch he was very van, and to kllhm On one occason he caed at the atters offce and un

epectedy auted hm He was gven to stoppng and starng

a evey retty face n the street urng certan perod he

ad mana for stdng up and down the verandah declarng

th oowng words Il plantea a bannre de Castlle sur les


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murs de Madd u cr de Vlle agne, et le pett R s en

tout penaud

His mode of lfe to take a walk every day, punctually

at noon, and most scrupulously atted, afte whch h would

retire again untl the evenng when he woud set out fo th

opera never missing a sngle peformance He would see no

one except his mother, and grew angry f she ventured to n

vite even intmate frends to the houe Two years befoe

Morphys death he as approached for his permisson to nclude an account of hs lfe n a pojected bogaphcal wok

on famous Louisianans He sent an ndgnant reply, in which

he stated that hs father, Judge Alonzo Mophy, of the Hh

Court of Lusana, had left at his death the sum of

$46624 whle he hmself had folowed no professon and

had nothng to do with biography Hs talk was constantly of

hs fathes fortune, and the mere mention of chess was usually

suffcent to ·rtate hm

The queston naturally arses as to what connectn, f

any thee was between Mophys chess genius and hs psy

chosis Jones attibutes geatest signficance to Stauntons e

fusal to play Mophy Staunton was fo him the supeme fathr

mago, and Mophy ade the ovecoming of hm the test ofhis capacity to play chess and unconscously of uch ele b

sdes When Stauton nstead of eetng Mohy on the chess

boad, engaged in vcious and scurrlous attacks on hm, Mor

phys heat failed hi, and he abandone the wcked path"

of hs chess caeer It was as though the father had unmasked

hs evl ntntions and was now adoptng a smlarly hostle at

9 "H wi plant the flag of Castll o th wals of Madrd wthth cy of th cty w a the ltt Kn wll awa all abah. J6

tts that cat f th n of ths Hwv t s cll a

cr of vcto ovr th K, a rsv xpss ws f what

ul o o at Coma th cmmt cvsto

t prvou scto


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tude toward Morphy in retaliation. Che, which had appeared

to be an innocent and laudable expreion o hs personaityw now revealed to be actuated by the most chidish ad i-

noble o wishes, the unconscious impulses to commit a sexua

aault on the ather and at the same time to maim him utterly

There is however one rather serious objection to on

theory about Morphy inenious it is In 1858 the unacknow-

eded world champion was no oner Staunton, but Anderssen

Che historians woud certainly rank Anderen above Staun-ton at that time. In 866 when Steinitz won the word cham-

pionsip, he did so by datin Anderssen And Morphy had

beaten Anderen, most decisively It s thus ot cear why he

should have been so disturbed by Stauntons reusal to meet

him.

More mportance must be attached to Morphys repeateddeclaration that he was not a roeional When he retued

to ew York rom his Eropean triumphs n 858, his rece-

tion w overwhelmn It w widely elt that this ws th irst

tme in hstory in whch an Amercan had proved himsel, not

merely the equal, but the superior o any representative in hs

ield drawn rom the older countries, so that Morphy had added

a cubit to the stature o American civlzation In the presenceo a reat assembly in one University he was presented with a

testimonial consstn o a chess board with motheropearl and

ebony squares and a set o men in old and silver; h also re

ceved a old watch on which colored che pieces took the

place o the numeras

At this presentaton Clonel Mead, charman o the reception committee alluded in his speech to che as a proin

and reerred to Morphy its most brilliant exonent Morphy

took stron exception to bein characterizd as a prossiona

player, even by mplicatin, and he expresse his resentment

n such a way that Colonel Mead withdrew rom the com


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ude oward Morphy in realiaion Che which had appeared

o be an innocen and laudable exprion of his personaiy

was now revealed o be acuaed by he mos childish and i-

noble of wishes, he unconscious impulses o commi a seua

aaul on he faher and a he same ime o maim him uery

There i however one raher serious objecion o on

heory abou Morphy ineniou as i is In 1858 he unacnow-

edged world champion was no oner Saunon, bu Anderssen

Che hisorians woud cerainly n Anderen above Saunon a ha ime. In 1 866 when Seiniz won he word cham

pionsip he did so by dfain Anderssen And Morphy had

beaen Anderen, mos decisivey I is hus no cear why he

should have been so disurbed by Saunons refusa o mee

him

More imporance mus be aached o Morphys repeaeddecaraion ha he was no a profeiona. When he reued

o New or from his Eropean riumphs in 1858, his ree

ion was overwhelming I was widey fe ha h ws he fis

ime in hisory in which an American had prved hisef no

merey he equal bu he superior of any represenaive in h

field drawn from he oder counries, so ha Morphy had added

a cubi o he saure of American civilizaion In he preenceof a grea ssemby in one Universiy he was presened wih a

esimonia consising of a ches board wih moherofpear and

ebony square and a se f men in gold and silver ; he also re

ceived a gold wach, on which colored che pieces oo he

place of he numeras

A his presenaion, Colone Mead chairman of he recep-ion commiee, alluded in hi seech o che as a prof ion

and referred o Morphy as is mo brilian eponen. Morphy

ook srong excepion o being characerized as a professiona

payer, even by mplicaion and he epresse his resenmen

n such a way ha Colonel Mead wihdrew from he com


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mittee In hs speech on this occasion Morphy also made the

following remarks 23

It is not only the most delightul and scientiic

but the most moral o amusements nlike other

ga in which lucre is the end and aim of the con-

testants it recommends itself to the wise by the act

that its mimic battl are ought or no prie nor

honor It s eminently and emphaticly the philo

pher's game Let the chess board supersede th crd

table and a great improvement wi b vsible in the

morals o the community

Chess never has been and never can be aught

but a recretion It shoud not be induged in to the

detrimnt of other and more serious avocations

should not absorb or engro the thoughts of thosewho worship at its shrine but should be kept in the

background and restrained within its roper prov

inces As a mere game a relaation rom the severe

pursuits o ife it s deserving of high commendation

Now Morphy's reusal_to embrace chess as profion

was followed by hs refusal to mbrace ny profession Such

a dee refusal to take life seriously must have much deeper

root than the accident o Staunto's verba dyspepsia In act

the withdrawal rom life must have been prent very eary

and compensated by the overpowering interest in chess He

leed the game at the age o ten wa champion o Nw

Orlens at tweve champion of the S at twenty and champion of the word at twenty one These eat have in broad

outline been repeated by mny others since Morhy But they

cn only be achieved at the epense of enormous time and

efort In other words throughout hs adolescence Morphy


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mus have spen a major porion of hs ime paying che So

ar as is known, he never had any sexua experiences, or a

bes ony casua ones. Thus he usua compeivesexua ac-iviies of he adoescen boy were abandoned by Morphy, i

avor o chess. In effec, hs chess paying warded off h

pschosis

The acciden of naive genius caapued him ino a word-

famous ceebi word champion he coud no onge ake

che ighy o ook upon i as a mee game If che coudno b recreaion i os is deensive vaue, and hence a fuhe

regrsion ook pace ; he psychos previousy conceaed, broke

ou in ful force.

I woud so ike o ca aenion o one pecuiariy of

he Morphy ieraure. Some four hundred of h games are

preseed, incuding wenywo from his earier days, and more

han fif odds games. Of hese ony some fifyfive are ournamen or mach gam. Nowadays i s no cusomary for any

maser o keep recods of offhand gmes or games a odds

How s i ha so man of Morphy's games are recorded? Mos

of hem have no inrinsic vaue ; offhand games rarely do.

They mus have been preseed by Morphy ( o wih con-

sen) wih an uncocious exhbiionisic inen, o pubsh acoecion a som fuure dae. By becoming famous, is ex-

hibiionsic desie hreaened o be unasked in hs mind)

and ony a regreion coud escue him fom he danger

Aso he exisence of so many recorded offhand games

shows ha Morphy coud no ake chess ighy I was a deady

serious maer o him a he same ime a he had o go o

grea enghs o deny his repeaedy. When he became amous,his unconsciousy deemined proesaio ha che was a

mere game for him coud no onger convince ohers; here agai

a regression had o ensue

The analysis of Morphys sye is compicaed by an is


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toric accidet Morphy w active i che for a period of a

little over a yea 85 858 a period i which the develop

met of chess was most rudimetay compared to ts presetstate Because of the creased stregth of the mters, the

bod, slashig stye which was so characteristic i hs day has

teded to recede ad give way to a much more subtle, refied

coservative type of game Chess critcs have lameted thi

tedecy ad have poited to Morphy as a exampe of the

great geius of combiatve play who would have defeated a

these frigteed moders blidfolded Ths s othig more

tha the usual myth about the past ad the como compait

of the older geeatio that my day there were real he

me bal players chess players prze fighters" ad so forth

If we cofie ourseves to the fiftyfive serious games that

are cluded i the Morphy collectio, oly a few ca by ay

stetc of the imagiatio be caled brillat May are quitestodgy What Morphy had that oppoets dd ot have

was frst the ability to see combiatos cleay which is a

matter of stregt ad ot of stye ; ad secod the itutive

ealzatio of te importace of postio play, whch was al

mos etirely ukow h day

I fact, if Morphy s compared stylstically wth such

mao oppoets as Adere ad Paulse, the chief dfferece

lay i his grp of the prcpl of developmet

I sme way tis must ave bee a expresso of te

deepes roots of hs persoality Posto play is piary te

ability to orgaze the che pieces the most effective ma

er We have see how overorgazed Morphy became his

sychossthe walk at oo the afteroo wth mother theopera at ght e are also famlar wth such exteme orga

zato other obseoal ad paaoid persoalts. Mor

phys developmet of posito ply thus arose out of his at

tempt to arrage hs world a more meagfu maer Its


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articular alication throgh che can however only be at

tributed to hi native geniu.

The theoretical dicuion o the reviou ection uihea ready exlanation o Morhy' ychotic ymtom. The

rivalry with the ather wa irt acted out in che and then

handled by a regreive ychotic identiication During hi

che career Morhy wa amou or hi gentlemanly quali

tie he rereed aggreon comletely. A urther rereion

took lace in the ychoi

unctuated only by the homoexual

ault on Binder the man who allegedly tk cloth ie

unmaked him The abence o anxiety which many ob

erve noted wa rather a ign o ego weakne than o

trength he had to retend to be ree o all human emotion.

Morhy' breakdown revealed trait which had reviouly been

ublimated in che : memory regreed to a ixation on hi chid

hood environment viualization broke down into voyeurimgratied by the oera by taring at women' ace nd by

another eccentric habit o aangng women' hoe in a emi

circle in hi room. When aked why he lked to arrange the

hoe in thi way he aid like to look at them. The con

nection between organization and aranod ytematizaton ha

been mentioned The aranoia wa alo a regreve exreion

o the ear o attack which had been ublimated in che n

tead o being able to accet the maginary che wod he

lot the ability to dierentate between antay and realty he

became hi ather thrugh a ychotic identication with him

n ite all th however the ego remained uiciently n

tact to allow him to be maintained outide a hoital.

4 W SZ ( 1 8361900 wa bo in Praguein 1836 and even a youngter w known a the bet ayer

in hi native cty. n chool he dtinguihed himel mathe

matic n 1858 he went to Venna to tudy at the Polytech

niche Antalt. Not long aterward however he gave u hi


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or pio

formal schooling, and devoted the rest of hi life to che

1 862 he moved to England ( why he left Prage i not defi-

nitely known) , where he maintaned himself for some twentyyear By 1882 he had many enemi that he emigrated t

the US, where he remained with some interrpins ntil

h death

For Steinitz che was the great paion of his life Unlike

Morphy, he looked pon che as more than a game, and wa

prod of h achievements in it Bachmann, hi biographerqotes the following letter from Steinitz to him, written i

1896 whic gives a pictre of the man 1 )

Chss not for timid ls t demand a whole

man, who does not stick slavishly to what ha bee

handed down, bt attempts indepenently t probe

the depths of the game It tre that I am not easilyleased and crtical, bt sholdnt one become critica

if one so often has t ear serficial opnions abt

positions which can only be carified by a thorogh

investgation Shodnt one wry if one se how an-

tiqated methods are clng to a ependent way

merely to avoid having one's comfort distrbed

che is diffct, it emands work, seris reflection,

ony diligent investigaton can satisfy Only rthes

criticism can lead to the goal Bt for many nfor

tnately the critic is seen as an enemy rather than

as a gide to the trth Bt n one will ever draw

me away from the road to the trth

Steinitz, whose famiy is said to have wanted him to be-

cme a rabbi, became itead the archtect of mode che

Morphy was a brilliant comet; Steinitz, in the forty yars he

devoted to the game, tablihed it in its rent e


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clariied the concepts of position play, classified the openings,

established the cassica laws which are still valid today, such

as control of the center, and helped to raise the general levelof skill to a height never before seen

In sharp contrast to Morphys detachment, Steinitz was

a fighter every inch f the way So much s that, as Sergeant

remarks, Where Staunton's pen was dipped in gall Stenitz's

pen was dipped in vitriol."

Even before he took to che, Steinitz's love of argumentfor the sake of argument was quite manifest. Bachmann quotes

the following anecdote from the autobiography o Josef opper

( ) , th same opperLynkeus to whom Freud refers

One o my riends was the great chess player

Wilhelm Steinitz, who a also the greatest genius

I have ever known in my life. Up to that time this

extraordinarily sensitive young man had been an en

husiastic admirer of Mozart's, i.e., he agreed with

me, and suddenly he admiredWagner. Almost every

evening we spent many hours in arguments about

whether Wagner's music is really beautifl, whether

it is melodious, and then too whether it can stand sideby side with Mozarts. In site of al my efforts

Steinitz coud not be shaken from the opinion that

Wagner's music was particularly beautiful and Lo

hengrin especially wonderful, and that Mozart's

music was inferior.

In Steinitz again the intellectualized aggression s broughtout above all other qualities. He fought on the chess board he

fought in the chess columns, he argued endlely with hs

friends To his enemies he attributed antisemitism ( in tis there

was certainly some element of truth ) , and at one time began


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t write a bk n Jews in che, in rder as he said, t cn-

fund the antisemites

Naturally s much aggrein must be accmpanied by

great anxieties Ths in act turns ut t have been the ce

Steinitz is described as a kind f male hysterc, wh fr thity

years suffered frm recurrent nervus attacks, the ain symp

tms f which were verexcitability, nervusness and i-

na T vercme these attacks he rested t the neip

treatment, a frm f hydrtherapy which aparently invlvedcld baths ; there ws at that time a neip Sciety in New Yrk

and there were many firm believers in the ethd

The gratificatin derved fr being king f the ches

wrld gradually led t a kind f Messiah cmplex in him He

almst literally felt called upn t rescue the lst chess pay

frm the wilderness One anecdte frm early years relates that

in a Viennese chess club Steinitz used t play with a man named

Epstein, wh was then ne f the leading figures n the Vien-

nese Stck Exchange When a dispute between the tw nce

are Epste said t him Hw dar yu talk like tha? Dnt

yu knw wh I am?" T which Steinit relied Oh yes

yu are the Epstein f the Stck Exchange Here I am

Estein"As king f the chess wrld, Steint was abe t maintain

sufficent cntrl ver hs anxieti But when he lst he cham-

pinshi t Lasker in 894, and lst the return atch in Ms

cw n 896, he had a brif psychtic episde After his defeat

he was rying t write his bk n Jews in che as rapidly

10 ml to to o Rhv who h ly chvm bo won n oln n th t o r whn thGmn my occ h r. h Grmn nl n commn or th ch hnomnon (hn bot vn yr o ) to r borhm n ly wth hm. Unbh Rhvy wn o thenr n h, hr l mlhom h l chch o lywr; I ly ch


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ssib and or his purpos hird a youn Russian scrary

who was lun in boh Enish and Grman H dvlopd a

dio h h could lpho wihou wir or rcivr andh scrary on ound him waiin or n answr rom h

invisib phon H would o o h window alk and

n and xpc an aswr Th scrary rpord his o hAmrican consul, wo hn sutd ha h b conind to

h Morossow sanaorium This was on Fbrary 1 1 , 1 897 On

March 61897

h wro a Vinns physican who was a

chidhood rind ha ik a lunaics I imain ha h do-

ors ar crazir han I am" H was aso wl nouh o advis

h psychiariss Tra m lik a Jw and kick m o"

Siniz hn sixy y od Th dlusiona ida o

a wirl phon may hav bn a harmlss abrraion sinc

h was rld ar a w wks and spn our mor aciv

yars paricipain in ch ornamns In 1900, shorly bor hi dah h aain diplayd various dlusiona idas H

huh ha h old mi lcrical currns wih h hp

o which h could mov h chs pc a will On sory says

ha h clad o b in lcrica communicaion wih God

and ha h could iv God Pawn and mov H w briy

hospializd, and rlasd as harmlss A w wks lar h didWhhr or no h had a snil psychosi with som or

aic bis, h duons o hs old a may b inrprd as

wih compnsaons or hs da by askr Whn h a

rion wa no onr civ, a rrion took pac o th

arir malomanic vl

Th connction bwn Sinizs pronaliy and his ch

styl is airl simpl and airy dirc In his ouh h was abod ambi payr, who won by wild atacks and brllian

combinaions ironicaly his am rom his priod ar ypica


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f the way Morphy s supposed to have plaed but never did

t cler that he w dethroning the fther by brute force

e h was hampion he wa the fth and he hd to beatoff the attacks by the so Accordingly h style underwent radical transformation and he became an invincible defen-

sive player But just as he had pushed the attack to extrem

he ushed the defense in the same way He would get into

the most fantastically opsided positions from which only his

genis helped him to escape In one variatin which he lovedas Blac he would hold on to his awn at K4 against any

and every onslaght jst as in real life he wold stubbornly

stick to his point regarde of what others said

Defensiveness may often have a provocative quality and

teinitz cod extremey provocative One stoy says that

Blackburne an nglish master who was beaten innumerable

times by teinitz was once so angeed that he threw eminent oponent ot of the window Blackburnes main love in

ife apart from chess w the bottle and he was probably

drunk when the incident occrred but teinitz ma very ell

have helped to bring the attack down n hs head

In tentz's case we find a direct carryover from his be-

havio in real life to his behavior on the che board While

this happens ften eough it can by no means be taken as

an invariable rle5 . M K 868 94 presents still another

type of personality He was bo in Berlinchen in 868 We

are told that he learned the moves at the age of twelve from

hs brother Berthod wh became a fistcs master in his

own right though he devoted himself to hs medical professionmanuel dd not take up the game seriousy ntl he ws

fifteen He acquired the tite of Maste accordg to the Ger


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man custom, by winning the Hauptturnier at Breslau in 1889

In 1 892 he pad a long visit to ngland, and after a numberof succses there went on to America to beat teinitz in 1894.

After winning the world championship he went n to some

outstanding touament vctories at t Peteburg 18996,

Nuremberg 1896, ondon 1899 and Paris 1900, by whch te

t ws clear that he was well above any f the ther chemasters of that day

He then withdrew from active competition for a while andtook a PhD in mathematics at rlangen in 1 900 Although he

could have taught mathematics, or been a profeional che

player, he preferred to look un hmself as a philosopher, andto devote himself independently to whatever pursuits interested

h at the moment. In spite of protestatios, he continued

t play from time to time and remaned among the best until

very lte In 1924, at fiftysix, he still won irst prize at the

New York touament, ahead of all hs leading rivals including

apablanca

In 1 908 he married a German wrter and at forty became,

as he put t, husband, father and grandfather in one stroke,

since his wife, who ws several years his senior, was already

a grandmother.In 1921 asker lost the title match to Capablanca, a match

in which he really showed little interest and resgned prema-turely rather than put up the fight which he had preached in

his book Kmf 29 in 1 907 everal years later he ssueda public declaration that the organization of the chess world

was inica to any chess aster who spired to be a creativeartist, and announced his official retirement from the game

o nine years he kept aloof from the game but the advent of

the Nazi regime destroyd his personal fortune and in 1 934

financial preure forced him to return to it At Moscow in

193 he was still goo enough to win third prze at the age


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of sixtysvn a fat whih many ald a "bioloial miral

Aftr svral yars in Mosow h am to this ountry i 1 93

and did in 1941.

Laskr w primariy an idpndnt spirit and mst ofhis lif w spt a frla itlltual His itrsts wr

many and varid h tauht mathmatis wrot o philosophy

ivtd a kid of tak in World War I wrot a nylopdia

of Gams ad a book o board ams ad towards th nd

vn protd a sri of soial rforms i a work ald Thommunity of th Futur ( 30 .

As a prsoality Laskr w th dirt oposit of his prdssor tiitz. H was affabl ourtous a o th surfa

at last ompltly dvoid of any kind of hostility Thos who

knw him wr imprssd by hs rfusal to t into ay kind

of arumnt or to uttr a unkid word about aybody Hpridd himslf o his philosophial tmpramt

For svral yars i th arly 1930s Laskr was frindly

with istin ad th lattr otributd a forword to Laskrs

bioraphy Amo othr this insti rlats that th two

m had lon arumnts about th thory of rlativity Laskr

offrd th uuual obtio that it had ot b dmonstratd

that th spd of liht i a vauum is ifiit and that sinthis assmtion is a ornstn of th thory of rativity

isti w not ustifid in alyi th thory until th asmtion was ithr rovd r disrovd To this isti r

pi that on ould not wait idfinitly pialy sin no

asrtaiabl mthod of vrifiatio was availabl at th mo

mnt an add that Laskrs rsistt uwillins to rahay olusios am out of his hsslayi tmpramnt

whih di ot rqir that ayhin b sttld dfinitly saftr al it was ony a am Hr Lasrs obsssional ambial

n ot th bttr of him othrwi prhaps his fistas

mind miht hav mad som ontributio to physis

5


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What ole did he play in the fe of ths detached in-

tellectual? We would have to aume that it supplied a majouce of instinctual gatification in the only way that w a-

ceptable to him, namely the intellectual Hee and thee ase

gives us a glimpse of the pleasue he deived fom the game

a pleasue which s consciously denied Of aasch he once

wote : "He lacs the paion that whips the blood nd of

his celebated victoy ove Capablanca at St etesbug in

94, he wote 6 )

he spectatos had followed the final mov beath-lely hat Bla's position wa in uins was obvious

to the veest tyo And now Capablana tuned ove

his King om the seveal hunded spectato, thee

came suh applause I have neve exienced inall my ife as a che playe It was lie the wholly

spontaneous applause whch thundes foth in the

theate f whh he ndvdul alm unncu.1

In othe wods at times he could feel that the libidinal

gatifiation in hess wa too geat Hence he played less and

le even gave it up fo nine yeas and efused to plae thpope value on hs exploits in the che wold aticulaly

his aggession became subeed to an inceaing eaton

fomation He could neve finish many of hs othe pojects

beause to do so meant aying out an aggeive ation Ma-sochisti tends made thei appeaane and mingled with the

aggesion In the fist Wold Wa he wote a boo demon-

stating that ivilization would be uined if Gemany did not

win the wa His pematue esignation to Capablanca in the

92 math must have been mochstically detemined he

felt t "old yet in a numbe of subsequent encountes de

1 1 Italc mne.R F.

6


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pi

fated is youger oppoet, te last tie late s 1935

1925 e "felt istreated by te ess world. Te pysiia

wo tteded i i s last illess ( a prostati afflitio assaid tat if e ad subitted to treatet sooer is life igt

ave bee prologed by a uber of years. Te itelletualiza

tio wet too far; e deied is body.

Laser's style is ore diffiult to defie ta tat of ay

of te oter apios, ad tis is i a way arateristi of

i as Eistei observed, e ould ot be pied dow .

wo features stad out oe is is tatial superiority ad te

oter is is sear for larity ad order.

Tat tatial superiority sould be uique to oe a

pio igt see odd; oe would epet all to ave it.

Laser's ase, owever, it was raised to te vel of a style, i

tat, ulie te oters, e would ot oit isef to ay

dotriaire poit of view. Steiitz was ofte ore axious toprove s teories ta to wi; Capablaa was out to si

plify; Aleie to atta.

Laser ould atta or defed. Toug e usualy preferredto defed, e ould play opeig, iddle gae ad edig

wit equal virtuosity. He was a wellrouded e artista

quality wi reflets te wis expressed i is ow life to eepert i ay differet areas He refused to be ped dow ;

o te ess board tis s a asset, sie a toroug eletiis

provides te greatest uer of vitories i te log ru. But

i oter areas it was a liability. Te wis to e everytig prob

ably otriuted to is early loe for ess; is oie staout as a otrast to tat of s equally gifted broter, wo

gave up serious ess ad devoted iself to edie e aretold tat s broter taugt i te ga, ad we are well

aware o te deep ipat of siblig rivalry o persoality

foratio.

Te oter feature of Laser's style is is sear for larty


59/87

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ad rdr f book o h gam (h ly wro wo

wa ld Common Sene in Che 28 I h prfa o

hs ploophial work D Begefen e Wel h ay ( 2 )

Th book wri for al m

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The Psychology of Chessplayers ocr