THE PROVISION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION … PROVISION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE AND FOR INCORPORATING ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS IN THE REBUILDING

THE PROVISION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING

ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE AND FOR INCORPORATING ENVIRONMENTAL

STANDARDS IN THE REBUILDING OF NAHR EL BARED PALESTINIAN CAMP, LEBANON

FIELD INVESTIGATION REPORT

Prepared by:

EARTH LINK AND ADVANCED RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L.

(ELARD)

Submitted to:

UNITED NATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Date of Submission:

August 21, 2008

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Table of Contents

Prepared by ELARD ii

ELARD LEBANON

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP-) Document Type: Background Review Report

Contract Ref: LEB/RFP/05/08

Title No. of Pages: 106 Excluding Appendices

The Provision and Development of Action Plan for Addressing Environmental Damage and for Incorporating Environmental Standards in the Rebuilding of Nahr El Bared Palestinian Camp, Lebanon

Version 1

Approved by Ramez Kayal Project Director- Senior Water Resources Specialist August 21th, 2008

Reviewed by Ricardo Khoury Assistant Project Director August 20th, 2008

Prepared by Joanna Doummar Project Manager- Water Resources Specialist August 19th, 2006

Rabih Fayad Solid Waste Specialist August 16th, 2006 Amal Othmani Environmental Expert August 17th, 2006 Nadine Aoun Environmental Expert August 17th, 2006 Carlo Bekhazi Environmental Expert August 17th, 2006

DISCLAIMER

This EIA report has been prepared by ELARD , with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. The information contained in this report is, to the best of our knowledge, correct at the time of printing. The interpretations and recommendations are based on our experience, using reasonable professional skill and judgment, and based upon the information that was available to us. This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility whatsoever to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at heir own risk.

ELARD Hojeily Center 6th Fl. Pere Yaoub Street Sin El Fil, 2708 5803 Tel: +961 (1) 512121/2 Fax: +961 1 512123


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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ iii

List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................................. v

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................. vi

List of Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................................... viii

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1-1

1.1. General .................................................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2. Objectives and structure of the Field Investigation report ............................................................. 1-1

2. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1.1. Meetings with Concerned Parties ................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1.2. Field Survey ......................................................................................................................................... 2-2

2.1.3. Questionnaires, ................................................................................................................................... 2-2

2.1.4. Sampling Campaign ......................................................................................................................... 2-3

3. Physical Description of the Area .............................................................................................................. 3-1

3.1.1. Topography ........................................................................................................................................ 3-1

3.1.2. Meteorology ....................................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1.3. Geology ............................................................................................................................................... 3-4

3.1.4. Hydrogeology ..................................................................................................................................... 3-6

4. Field Investigation: New Camp ................................................................................................................ 4-1

4.1. General .................................................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2. Population ................................................................................................................................................ 4-2

4.2.1. Pre-conflict population size .............................................................................................................. 4-2

4.2.2. Post conflict- Reconstruction population status ........................................................................... 4-3

4.2.3. Expected population growth after relief and reconstruction ................................................... 4-3

4.3. Solid waste ............................................................................................................................................... 4-4

4.3.1. Quantities ............................................................................................................................................ 4-4

4.3.2. Composition ........................................................................................................................................ 4-5

4.3.3. Current Collection & Disposal .......................................................................................................... 4-5

4.4. Demolition Debris .................................................................................................................................... 4-7

4.4.1. Definitions ............................................................................................................................................ 4-7

4.4.2. Quantities ............................................................................................................................................ 4-7

4.4.3. Composition ........................................................................................................................................ 4-7

4.4.4. Disposal ................................................................................................................................................ 4-9

4.5. Water Supply ........................................................................................................................................... 4-9

4.5.1. Water supply prior to the conflict.................................................................................................... 4-9

4.5.2. Current Water supply Status ........................................................................................................... 4-10

4.6. Waste Water .......................................................................................................................................... 4-15

4.6.1. Waste Water generation ................................................................................................................ 4-15

4.6.2. Waste Water Current Conditions .................................................................................................. 4-15


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4.6.3. Storm water network ....................................................................................................................... 4-18

4.7. Electricity ................................................................................................................................................ 4-18

4.8. Other Issues ............................................................................................................................................ 4-20

4.9. Environmental Concerns ..................................................................................................................... 4-20

5. Field Investigation: Surrounding Municipalities ...................................................................................... 5-1

5.1. General .................................................................................................................................................... 5-1

5.2. Mhammara .............................................................................................................................................. 5-3

5.2.1. Municipal Solid waste ....................................................................................................................... 5-5

5.2.2. Water supply ....................................................................................................................................... 5-6

5.2.3. Wastewater ......................................................................................................................................... 5-9

5.2.4. Electricity ........................................................................................................................................... 5-10

5.2.5. Damages related to NBC conflict ................................................................................................ 5-11

5.2.6. Environmental Concerns ................................................................................................................ 5-11

5.3. Bhannine ................................................................................................................................................ 5-12

5.3.1. Municipal Solid waste ..................................................................................................................... 5-13

5.3.2. Water supply ..................................................................................................................................... 5-13

5.3.3. Waste water ...................................................................................................................................... 5-14

5.3.4. Electricity ........................................................................................................................................... 5-15

5.3.5. Damage related to NBC conflict .................................................................................................. 5-15


5.4. Bebnine .................................................................................................................................................. 5-16

5.4.1. Municipal Solid Waste ..................................................................................................................... 5-17

5.4.2. Water supply ..................................................................................................................................... 5-20

5.4.3. Waste water ...................................................................................................................................... 5-22

5.4.4. Electricity ........................................................................................................................................... 5-23


5.5. Deir Ammar ............................................................................................................................................ 5-24

5.5.1. Municipal solid waste ...................................................................................................................... 5-24

5.5.2. Water supply ..................................................................................................................................... 5-27

5.5.3. Wastewater ....................................................................................................................................... 5-28

5.5.4. Electricity ........................................................................................................................................... 5-29

5.5.5. Relevant Industries ........................................................................................................................... 5-29


5.6. Menieh .................................................................................................................................................... 5-32


5.6.2. Water supply ..................................................................................................................................... 5-35

5.6.3. Wastewater ....................................................................................................................................... 5-37

5.6.4. Electricity ........................................................................................................................................... 5-37


5.7. Beddawi ................................................................................................................................................. 5-39



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5.7.2. Water supply ..................................................................................................................................... 5-42

5.7.3. Wastewater ....................................................................................................................................... 5-45

5.7.4. Industrial wastes ............................................................................................................................... 5-46

5.7.5. Electricity ........................................................................................................................................... 5-47

5.7.6. Environmental concerns ................................................................................................................. 5-47

6. Synopsis ......................................................................................................................................................... 6-1

Appendix A ................................................................................................................................................................ 6-1

LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 List of Stakeholders Relevant to the Project .................................................................................. 2-1 Table 2-2 Main Information Collected in the Surrounding Municipalities during Field Assessment ...... 2-2 Table 2-3 Sampling Program as performed during the 4 site visits conducted by ELARD ..................... 2-4 Table 2-4 Coordinates of the Ground Water Sampling Locations ............................................................. 2-6 Table 2-5 Collected Samples and Associated Analyzed Parameters ....................................................... 2-7 Table 3-1 Elevation Ranges and Surface Areas of the Surrounding Municipalities of Nahr El Bared Camp 3-1 Table 3-2 Dominant and Second Prevailing Wind Directions for Tripoli-Mina (Atlas Climatique Du

Liban, 1973) ......................................................................................................................................... 3-2 Table 3-3 List of wells tapping the Quaternary Aquifer mostly located in Nahr El Bared Area ............. 3-8 Table 3-4 Characteristics of the wells tapping the Miocene Aquifer in the study area ......................... 3-9 Table 4-1 Coordinates of Visited Locations (in WGS84 Geographic system) ........................................... 4-1 Table 4-2 New Camp Sector’s Division ............................................................................................................ 4-2 Table 4-3 Expected Number of Inhabitants in New Camp until 2011 as Projected by UNRWA (2008) 4-3 Table 4-4 Expected Number of Inhabitants in NBC & New Camp Considering an Average

Demographic Expansion of 3.5% .................................................................................................... 4-4 Table 4-5 Population and Solid Waste Generation in the New NBC until 2020 ........................................ 4-4 Table 4-6 Estimation of the composition of demolition debris in the new camp based on Field

Investigation ........................................................................................................................................ 4-8 Table 4-7 Water Supply Sectors (Pump, well, reservoir and transmission Characteristics) ................... 4-10 Table 4-8 Main Characteristics of the Surveyed and Visited Wells ........................................................... 4-11 Table 4-9 Conditions of the Water Towers located in the old and New Camp .................................... 4-12 Table 4-10 Current Water Supply in Nahr El Bared New Camp .............................................................. 4-14 Table 4-11 Water Demand in the New NBC until 2020 (On the basis of 80 liters per capita per day

starting 2008) ................................................................................................................................ 4-15 Table 4-12 Theoretical Waste Water Generation in NBC new camp until 2020 .................................. 4-15 Table 4-13 Current status of wastewater network and disposal in the new camp ............................ 4-17 Table 4-14 EDL Electricity Network in the New Camp after the Conflict .............................................. 4-19 Table 4-15 Distribution of the 11 UNRWA generators* in the new camp .............................................. 4-19 Table 4-16 Pre-conflict Environmental Concerns ...................................................................................... 4-20 Table 4-17 Post-Conflict Environmental Concerns ...................................................................................... 4-1 Table 5-1 Points of Environmental Concern Identified during the Field Visits ........................................... 5-1 Table 5-2 Current population status in the Mhammara municipality and Demographic Projections

(on the basis of 3.5 %) ....................................................................................................................... 5-4 Table 5-3 Population and Solid Waste Generation in Mhammara village until 2020 .............................. 5-5 Table 5-4 Synopsis of the Water Supply Sector in Mhammara .................................................................... 5-8 Table 5-5 Theoretical Water Demand in Mhammara Municipality from 2010 until 2020 ....................... 5-8 Table 5-6 Theoretical Waste Water Generation in Mhammara Municipality from 2010 until 2020 .... 5-10 Table 5-7 Issues of Environmental Concern in the Municipality of Mhammara ..................................... 5-11 Table 5-8 Projected Population till year 2020 in Bhann2ine, with Respective Densities ........................ 5-12 Table 5-9 Solid Waste Generation in Bhannine Municipality until year 2020 .......................................... 5-13 Table 5-10 Current and Projected Water Demand in Bhannine (on the basis of a theoretical daily

water consumption of 80 liters per capita) ............................................................................ 5-14 Table 5-11 Theoretical waste water generation in Bhannine Municipality until year 2020 ............... 5-15 Table 5-12 Issues of Environmental concern in the Municipality of Bhannine ..................................... 5-16 Table 5-13 Projected Population till year 2020 in Bebnine, with Respective Densities ....................... 5-17


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Table 5-14 Number of inhabitants and solid wastes generation in Bebnine village until year 2020 considering a demographic expansion of 3.5% .................................................................... 5-17

Table 5-15 Theoretical Water Demand in Bebnine village until year 2020 ........................................... 5-22 Table 5-16 Theoretical waste water generation in Bebnine village until year 2020............................ 5-23 Table 5-17 Issues of Environmental concern in the Municipality of Bebnine ....................................... 5-23 Table 5-18 Projected Population till year 2020 in Deir Ammar, with Respective Densities................. 5-24 Table 5-19 Number of inhabitants and solid wastes generation in Deir Ammar village until year 2020

considering a demographic expansion of 3.5% .................................................................... 5-25 Table 5-20 Theoretical Water Demand in Deir Ammar Municipality till 2020 ....................................... 5-28 Table 5-21 Theoretical waste water generation in Deir Ammar village until year 2020 ..................... 5-29 Table 5-22 Quarries identified in Deir Ammar Area .................................................................................. 5-30 Table 5-23 Issues of Environmental concern in the Municipality of Deir Ammar ................................. 5-31 Table 5-24 Projected Population till year 2020 in Menieh, with Respective Densities ........................ 5-32 Table 5-25 Number of inhabitants and solid wastes generation in Menieh village until year 2020

considering a demographic expansion of 3.5% .................................................................... 5-33 Table 5-26 Theoretical water demand in Menieh village until year 2020 ............................................. 5-36 Table 5-27 Theoretical waste water generation in Menieh village until year 2020 considering a

demographic expansion of 3.5% ............................................................................................. 5-37 Table 5-28 Issues of Environmental concern in the Municipality of Menieh ......................................... 5-39 Table 5-29 Projected Population till year 2020 in Beddawi, with Respective Densities ...................... 5-40 Table 5-30 Daily Solid Wastes Generation Rates in Beddawi Village until year 2020 ......................... 5-41 Table 5-31 Theoretical Water Consumption in Beddawi area till 2020 .................................................. 5-44 Table 5-32 Theoretical Waste Water Generation in Beddawi village until year 2020 ......................... 5-46 Table 5-33 Issues of Environmental concern in the Municipality of Beddawi ...................................... 5-47 Table 6-1 Synopsis of the Major Issues Identified in the Surrounding Municipalities ................................ 6-1

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 Water sample collection from a) surface water: Nahr El Bared River; Ouyoun El Samak

Dam, b) Well 3 in Nahr El Bared Camp .......................................................................................... 2-5 Figure 2-2 Water sample collection from c) Bebnine Spring, d) Well 2 in Nahr El Bared Camp ........... 2-5 Figure 2-3 Location of Water Sampling Points in the Project Area .............................................................. 2-6 Figure 3-1 Average Max & Min Temperatures at Abdeh Weather Station (Nov, 06-Oct, 07) ................ 3-2 Figure 3-2 Average Wind Rose diagram for Tripoli- Al Mina (Atlas Climatique du Liban, 1973) ............. 3-2 Figure 3-3 Maximum & Average Wind Speed Data from Tripoli Weather Station (2003) ........................ 3-3 Figure 3-4 Monthly Precipitation Rates and Total Amount of Rainy Days Recorded at Al-Abdeh

Weather Station (Nov, 06-Oct, 07) .................................................................................................. 3-3 Figure 3-5 General Geological Map of the Study Area (Dubertret, 1955)................................................. 3-5 Figure 3-6 Geological Cross Sections Passing through Nahr El Bared Area and Beddawi Area ........... 3-5 Figure 3-7 Hydrogeological map of the Project Area ................................................................................... 3-7 Figure 4-1 Visited Locations in the New Nahr El Bared Camp ...................................................................... 4-1 Figure 4-2 Temporary storage of solid waste near households .................................................................... 4-5 Figure 4-3 UNRWA workers of moving solid wastes from households to the steel containers located on

the main streets .................................................................................................................................. 4-5 Figure 4-4 Steel containers for Solid Waste Disposal found on the Main Streets of the New Camp of

Nahr El Bared ...................................................................................................................................... 4-6 Figure 4-5 Demolition Debris in the Nahr El Bared New Camp Composed Mainly of Rubble (Concrete, Metals and Aggregates) with other Minor Waste Streams (Nylon, Plastics) .................................................. 4-9 Figure 4-6 Demolition wastes dumped a) on seashore and b) on the banks of Nahr El Bared River

(Right) ................................................................................................................................................... 4-9 Figure 4-7 Schematic Water Supply Sectors in the New Camp A1, A2, A3, and A4 (Modified from

ELARD, 2005; Not to scale) ............................................................................................................. 4-10 Figure 4-8 a) Well 6 located near Nahr El Bared River rehabilitated and currently used for Sector A in

the New Camp, b) Well 8 completely buried beneath the rubble ........................................ 4-12 Figure 4-9 Water Tower least affected by the conflict serving the New Camp a) Amwas after, b)

Amwas before .................................................................................................................................. 4-13 Figure 4-10 Water Tower least affected by the conflict serving the New Camp a) Gineen after, b)

Gineen before .................................................................................................................................. 4-13 Figure 4-11 Water Tower Khaled Ben Waleed Completely Destroyed during the Conflict ............... 4-14


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Figure 4-12 Open water canal of the northern part from Mhammara highway conveying wastewater to the sea and plugged with solid wastes ....................................................... 4-16

Figure 4-13 Canal of the northern part covered by concrete before reaching the sea ................... 4-16 Figure 4-14 Open canal of the southern part East to the pipeline plugged with solid waste ........... 4-17 Figure 4-15 A new air substation replacing: a) a destroyed concrete substation, b) a destroyed air

substation ...................................................................................................................................... 4-18 Figure 5-1 Locations Visited in the Surrounding Municipalities ..................................................................... 5-3 Figure 5-2 Map Showing the Mhammara Cadastre including the Nahr El Bared New Camp .............. 5-4 Figure 5-3 Rawda Municipal Solid Waste Dump Site of Mhammara, Menieh and Bhannine ................ 5-6 Figure 5-4 Sorting Municipal Wastes at the Rawda Dump site..................................................................... 5-6 Figure 5-5 Wastes (Nylon and Organic Material) Covered by Soil in Rawda Dump Site ........................ 5-6 Figure 5-6 Water well and water tower of Mhammara ................................................................................. 5-7 Figure 5-7 PVC water pipes in Mhammara at a distributing point .............................................................. 5-7 Figure 5-8 Water leakage in Mhammara ......................................................................................................... 5-8 Figure 5-9 Wastewater Leakage Problems - Network of the Southern Part of Mhammara Due to

Military Vehicles Circulation During the Conflict .......................................................................... 5-9 Figure 5-10 Wastewater Leakage on the Highway of Mhammara – Waste Water Network of the

Northern Part ....................................................................................................................................... 5-9 Figure 5-11 Commonly Used Electricity Generators in Mhammara ........................................................ 5-10 Figure 5-12 Destroyed and replaced electricity transformer at the entry of Mhammara ................. 5-11 Figure 5-13 Bhannine Located South to the New Camp Area ............................................................... 5-12 Figure 5-14 Wastewater conveyed to irrigation canal in Bhannine ....................................................... 5-15 Figure 5-15 Bebnine located North to the Camp Area ............................................................................ 5-17 Figure 5-16 Compactor collecting solid waste in Bebnine ....................................................................... 5-18 Figure 5-17 Solid waste barrel in Bebnine .................................................................................................... 5-18 Figure 5-18 Irrigation water canal polluted by wastewater and solid waste – A water pipe also

crosses this canal ......................................................................................................................... 5-19 Figure 5-19 Private landfill located in Beit El Hosh for Bebnine (and other Municipalities) solid waste

disposal ......................................................................................................................................... 5-19 Figure 5-20 Landfill of Beit EL Hosh turned into orchards ........................................................................... 5-20 Figure 5-21 Bebnine Spring ............................................................................................................................. 5-20 Figure 5-22 Wastewater conveyed to irrigation canal in Bebnine ......................................................... 5-21 Figure 5-23 Wastewater in Bebnine evacuated in to the sea and in the valley .................................. 5-22 Figure 5-24 Deir Ammar Municipality Cadastral Boundaries ................................................................... 5-24 Figure 5-25 Wastes disposed outside barrels in Deir Ammar .................................................................... 5-25 Figure 5-26 Truck for solid wastes collection in Deir Ammar ..................................................................... 5-26 Figure 5-27 Solid waste dump site in Deir Ammar ...................................................................................... 5-26 Figure 5-28 Wastes dumped outside Deir Ammar dump site .................................................................. 5-27 Figure 5-29 Well in Deir Ammar for Water Authorities of the North ......................................................... 5-27 Figure 5-30 Repaired water leakage in Deir Ammar ................................................................................. 5-28 Figure 5-31 Wastewater sea outlet in Deir Ammar .................................................................................... 5-28 Figure 5-32 Waste water network leakage on the highway in Deir Ammar ......................................... 5-29 Figure 5-33 Electricity Plant in Deir Ammar .................................................................................................. 5-30 Figure 5-34 Quarry in Deir Ammar ................................................................................................................. 5-30 Figure 5-35 Cars dump in Deir Ammar ......................................................................................................... 5-31 Figure 5-36 El Menieh Cadastral Boundaries............................................................................................... 5-32 Figure 5-37 Compactor for solid wastes collection in Menieh ................................................................. 5-34 Figure 5-38 Waste barrels overloaded in Menieh ...................................................................................... 5-34 Figure 5-39 Menieh seashore dump ............................................................................................................. 5-35 Figure 5-40 Ouyoun El Samak Spring Flowing Underground .................................................................... 5-35 Figure 5-41 Water Leakage along Ouyoun El Samak Network in Menieh............................................. 5-36 Figure 5-42 Wastewater sea outlets in Menieh ........................................................................................... 5-37 Figure 5-43 El Baddawi Cadastral Boundaries North to Tripoli ................................................................. 5-40 Figure 5-44 Temporary waste collection – “Lavajet” ................................................................................. 5-42 Figure 5-45 IPC fuel tanks ................................................................................................................................ 5-43 Figure 5-46 Ground pits of fuel at IPC percolating to groundwater ....................................................... 5-43 Figure 5-47 Water reservoir showing a brick colored scum in the bottom due to pollution .............. 5-43 Figure 5-48 Tap water from a polluted well being filtered using a gauze ............................................. 5-44 Figure 5-49 Irrigation water canal conveyed from IPC fuel contaminated well to Beddawi cultivated

land ................................................................................................................................................ 5-45


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Figure 5-50 Open canals of wastewater towards the sea ....................................................................... 5-45 Figure 5-51 Two wastewater sea outlets in Beddawi ................................................................................. 5-46 Figure 5-52 Residues generated from the oil industry in Beddawi .......................................................... 5-47

LIST OF ACRONYMS

CDR Council of Development and Reconstruction

CSO Camp Services Officer

EDL Electricite du Liban

ELARD Earth Link and Advanced Resources Development

HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene

IPC Iraq Petroleum Company

Kg Kilogram

KW Kilowatt

LAF Lebanese Armed Forces

LBP. Lebanese Lira

m3 Cubic meters

NBC Nahr El Bared Camp

PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyls

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

UNDP United Nations Development Program

UNRWA United Nations Relief and Work Agency

UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply

USD US Dollars

W Watt

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Introduction

Prepared by ELARD 1-1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERAL The Nahr El Bared Palestinian Camp (NBC) conflict that occurred in 2007 in the old camp between the Lebanese Army and Fateh Al Islam was not only restricted to the old camp itself. It also resulted in direct and indirect damages in the new camp (located in the vicinity of the old camp) and in the six surrounding municipalities (Mhammara, Bebnine, Menieh, Bhannine, Deir Ammar, and Beddawi). Surrounding areas hosted relocated inhabitants of the old and new camp during the conflict. Additionally, during the ongoing reconstruction of the Nahr El Bared old and new camps, inhabitants are temporarily lodging in the surrounding areas. The conflict resulted in direct and indirect significant environmental impacts, which include but are not limited to: 1) generation of significant amount of waste, particularly special wastes such as construction/demolition waste and organic wastes and cessation of waste collection; 2) pollution of water resources, including groundwater and surface water resources (Bared River), 3) coastal marine pollution 4) soil pollution due to leakages; and 5) air pollution. Displaced Palestinian Refugees as well as Lebanese people displaced to the surrounding areas especially in Mhammara and Bhanine put tension on infrastructure and services that were designed for individuals and that are already facing significant problems (UNRWA, Progress report 2008). The UNDP has amended the RFP for the Development of an Action Plan for Addressing Environmental Damage and for Incorporating Environmental Standards in the Rebuilding of Nahr Bared old camp following the 2007 conflict (signed on May 16th, 2008) to include an Environmental Assessment of the new camp and surrounding areas. Earth Link and Advanced Resources development (ELARD) was requested by UNDP to include in its assessment of the environmental damages the surrounding areas and the new camp, with a special emphasis on integration of environmental standards in sanitation practices and other environmental sectors, as per the contract signed on July 4th, 2008. This report presents the results of the Field Investigation (Phase III) undertaken as part of the addendum in the surrounding areas and new camp area.

1.2. OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE OF THE FIELD INVESTIGATION REPORT The purpose of the field investigation report is to validate the information collected in Phase 2, identify and document the current status of all damaged sites, portray current Management Practices adopted in the sanitation sectors in the surrounding municipalities, and implement the Sampling Plan. The main objectives of the site investigation can be summarized as follows:

1. Conduct meetings with concerned stakeholders especially heads of municipalities in

the respective municipalities, aiming at depicting a “Profile” for each of the

surrounding municipalities outlining the main adopted sanitary management

practices.

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Introduction


2. Validate the information collected in the background review report through field

visits,

3. Identify and document the current status of all damaged sites, especially in the new

camp and Mhammara Municipality,

4. Fill questionnaires with randomly chosen local people in the surrounding municipalities

to acquire information about the status and conditions of the sanitation sectors of

environmental concerns in each of the municipalities. The Questionnaires will include

detailed inquires related to solid waste and waste water disposal, water demand,

consumption, supply, and quality, energy consumption, and economic activities,

etc…

5. Implement the Sampling Plan, in the light of preliminarily collected information

This report includes six discrete sections including the Introduction. Section II presents the methodology adopted for the collection of data presented in this report. Section III provides the Physical Description of the area updated in the light of the additional geological and hydrogeological investigations undertaken during field visits. Section IV illustrates a detailed description of the field investigation results in the main environmental sectors in the new camp area. Section V portrays the current Management Practices adopted in the solid waste, waste water, water supply and other sectors in the surrounding municipalities. Section VI provides a synopsis of the available data, and highlights the main environmental issues.

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Methodology


2. METHODOLOGY In order to achieve the objectives stated above, the Field Investigation was not limited to field data collection, but also entailed:

1) Meetings with concerned parties and main stakeholders, 2) Field visits in the new camp and surrounding municipalities for additional data gathering and data validation, 3) Interviews with local people, and 4) Water sampling campaign.

2.1.1. Meetings with Concerned Parties

ELARD team held several meetings with the heads of the municipalities of Bebnine, Mhammara, Bhannine, Menieh, Deir Ammar, and Beddawi, during which information relevant to the environmental assessment was gathered. With regards to the new camp, information about current sanitation practices and issues (The Solid waste, the Waste water and the Water supply sectors) of environmental concern was obtained from several stakeholders of the UNRWA and in the Mhammara municipality which has the territorial custody over the new camp. The list of the main stakeholders is presented in Table 2-1

Table 2-1 List of Stakeholders Relevant to the Project

Organization Contact Person Title Phone Number

Municipality of

Mhammara Mr. Nadim Ettellawi Municipality head 06-470394

Municipality of

Bhanine Mr. Mostafa Wehbeh Municipality head 06-461980

Municipality of

Beddawi Mr. Majed Ghemraoui Municipality head 06-389988

Municipality of

Menieh Mr. Mostafa Akl Municipality head 06-460106

Municipality of Deir

Ammar Mr. Ahmad Khalil Eid Municipality head 06- 461411

Municipality of

Bebnine Dr. Haissam El Masri Municipality head 06-740236

UNRWA Mr. Rasheed Ajjawi Head of Engineering and

Infrastructure (NBC) 70-850516

UNRWA Mr. Moussa El Ali Area Sanitation Officer 70-851638

UNRWA Mr. Kassem Rabih Electrical Engineer (NBC) 70-891008

UNRWA Mr. Mohammad

Ghalayini Water Supply officer (NBC) 70-852087



2.1.2. Field Survey

In light of the information gathered through the various meeting held with the concerned parties, a field survey was undertaken in the respective six municipalities (Beddawi, Deir Ammar, Menieh, Bhannine, Mhammara and Bebnine). The main issues tackled during the field Investigation were related to solid waste collection and disposal, wastewater management (household level, network, leakages and disposal), water supply status (quality and quantity), industrial activities generating pollutants and all other particular casualty of environmental concern. A synopsis of the main information gathered during the field survey is presented in Table 2-2.

Table 2-2 Main Information Collected in the Surrounding Municipalities during Field Assessment

Solid Waste Waste Water Water Supply Other sectors

• Quantities

• Types/ Composition

• Mobile storage

• Temporary storage

• Transportation

• Frequency of collection

• Final fate

• Interim storage

• Fees of collection

• Sorting

• Custody

• Quantities

• Network

• Dimensions

• Coverage

• Outlet/final fate

• Treatment

• Percolation pits (number)

• Depth of network

• Age and conditions of the network (extent of leakages/losses)

• Storm Water

• Main resource

• Usage

• Network (Conditions, depth, dimensions, coverage)

• Others (wells springs)

• Coverage/benefiters

• Well Characteristics

• Water supply

• Water demand

• Water Quality

• Reported Contaminations

• Population

• Economic Activities

• Situation during the Nahr El Bared conflict

• Main problems existing in the Municipality

• Water and electricity consumption measures

• Conflicts arising from bordering municipalities

Representatives from each respective Municipality guided the survey and pinpointed the major problems and case events related to leakage of wastewater and water networks in the village. The coordinates of observed sensitive areas and critical locations such as leakages in the network, Platforms for solid waste collection, water wells, springs, and damaged sites in the new cap and Mhammara Municipality etc… were reported using a Global Positioning System (GPS) in the UTM and geographic coordinate systems (WGS84) and documented with respective photographs.

2.1.3. Questionnaires,

Coupled with the field survey, a total of 19 questionnaires which cover all the aspects and sanitation problems predominant in the area were filled by randomly selected people in the six municipalities. Aspects covered by the questionnaire include municipal wastes generation and disposal, Waste water disposal and sanitation, water supply quantity, quality and wells’



characteristics, Air quality and Energy supply needs and sources as portrayed in the form presented in Appendix 1.

2.1.4. Sampling Campaign

The following section presents the methodology adopted for sampling in the old and new camps and surrounding areas. Soil sampling will be postponed to the beginning of September upon the oral request of UNRWA raised on June 30th, 2008 during the progress meeting in UNDP offices in Beirut. Results of the water sampling campaign will be provided in the Final Field Investigation Report. ELARD implemented a comprehensive sampling and laboratory analytical program, which aimed mainly at the following:

• Assess the degree and type of contamination of soil and water resulting from the conflict, i.e., fuel tanks, explosions,

• Evaluate the contamination of water consequent to previous discharge practices or existing point source of pollution prior to the conflict;

• Evaluate the quality of coastal groundwater, with respect to sea water intrusion

The sampling locations were selected in light of the early investigations performed to date mainly based but not limited to the following indicators and factors:

• Physico-chemical standard parameters along with bacteriological pathogen indicators (E-Coli, Enterococci, etc.) were analyzed in groundwater samples from sources located near percolation pits, or wells used for domestic consumption;

• Indicators of organic compounds such as BTEX/ gasoline were also analyzed in groundwater sample located in wells near exploded fuel or diesel tanks, in order to detect fuel or diesel contamination;

• PCB’s were analyzed in only a few samples collected from wells located downstream or in the vicinity of exploded PCB transformers;

The water sampling program included: • Ground water samples from the currently operating wells in the New camp and

surrounding areas

• Surface water samples at various points along the Nahr Bared river course: upstream and downstream to NBC and within the camp.

Limitations encountered during field sampling were mostly limited to some restrictions on sampling from wells in Nahr El Bared camp especially that following the conflict, the wells located in the old camp are currently either collapsed, or neither rehabilitated nor equipped with riser pipes.

2.1.4.1. Procedures

Given that no guidelines relating to sampling protocols for groundwater and surface water

exist in Lebanon; ELARD team adopted the methods and procedures presented in the "New

Jersey Field Sampling Procedures Manual", (2005), a worldwide recognized sampling



technical guidance manual. The primary intent of this manual has always been to promote

accuracy and consistency when environmental samples are collected and prepared for

analyses.

Standard Operating Procedures for Sample Collection and Sample Handling were adopted

throughout the whole process of sampling. The Samples were stored in cool container at 40C.

The Parameters for the water samples were analyzed locally in the Laboratory of the

American University of Beirut; (AUB). The sampling campaign was implemented in four days in

July and August (Table 2-3), during low flow periods where water dilution is considered

minimal.

Table 2-3 Sampling Program as performed during the 4 site visits conducted by ELARD

Date Number of samples Sampling Locations

Visit 23 July 2008 6 Bebnine Spring, NBC-well 10, NBC well 6, Nahr El Bared River, Beddawi well 1, Beddawi well 2

Visit 30 July 2008 5 NBC-well 3, NBC-well 5, NBC-Gineen well, NBC-Hamed well, Mhammara well

Visit 31 July 2008 3 Ouyoun El Samak, Nahr El Bared River

Visit 6 August 2008 3 NBC-well 2, Deir Ammar well, Menieh well

Total 17

2.1.4.2. Field sampling methodology

2.1.4.2.1 Collection Methodology

The well sampling was undertaken following the Ground Water Sampling Standard Operating

Procedure (SOP) (Field Sampling Procedures Manual, New Jersey, 2005, chapter 9). All

equipments were also handled as little as possible prior to use with disposable gloves worn at

all times when handled. Decontamination of all the equipments was performed prior to field

visit. It was ensured that sampling equipments are always stored away from solvents,

gasoline, exhaust emissions, or other equipment and/or materials that may impact the

integrity of prepared sampling instruments. A record was kept of the date and time and

labeled on the sampling device and containers. Water was sampled following this

procedure (Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2):

o Prior to collecting groundwater samples, unless the well was not pumped prior to

sampling or not operational, the well was purged (5 well volumes of water) to

remove any stagnant water in the well casing and to ensure that at last 95 % of the

water sample originates from the aquifer formation being sampled.

o Water was then collected from the rising pipe, when possible; otherwise water was

collected from the nearest tap connected to the well, usually located at a maximum

distance of 20 meters from the source.



o Measurements of pH, water level, conductivity and temperature were performed in-

situ using a field pH, Field Conductimeter and temperature meter. It was ensured that

all the equipments were calibrated with blank and standards solutions according to

standards calibrating procedures, prior to field work initiation. A manual water level

meter was used, when applicable, for static water level measurements in the well. It

was ensured that the probe ran plumb vertically inside the well to avoid errors due to

the sinuosity of the tape meter.

a) b)

Figure 2-1 Water sample collection from a) surface water: Nahr El Bared River; Ouyoun El Samak Dam, b) Well 3 in Nahr El Bared Camp

c) d)

Figure 2-2 Water sample collection from c) Bebnine Spring, d) Well 2 in Nahr El Bared Camp

2.1.4.2.2 Sampling Locations

A total of 17 groundwater and surface water samples were collected from various water

points (well, spring and Nahr El Bared River) in the old camp, new camp, and surrounding

areas. The location of surface water samples are shown on Table 2-4 and Figure 2-3. A



summary of the sampling plan, along with the analytical parameters required in light of the

available information is provided in Table 2-5.

Figure 2-3 Location of Water Sampling Points in the Project Area

Table 2-4 Coordinates of the Ground Water Sampling Locations

Village Type Label Name X Y

DEG MIN SEC DEG MIN SEC Ain Bebnine Spring NBC 14 Bebnine Spring 34 29 28.2 35 59 53.4

NBC New Camp Well NBC 10 Well 10 34 30 37.2 35 57 48.6

NBC New Camp Well NBC 6 Well 6 34 30 31.8 35 57 42.6

NBC New Camp Surface Water

NBC SW bridge NBC downstream 34 30 31.8 35 57 42.6

Beddawi Well Well Beddawi 1

Beddawi well 1 34 30 31.8 35 57 42.6

Beddawi Well Well Beddawi 2

Beddawi well 2 34 27 17.4 35 52 22.8

NBC New Camp Well Well 3 Well 3 34 30 35.4 35 57 45.0



Village Type Label Name X Y NBC New Camp Well Well 5 Well 5 34 30 34.8 35 57 43.2

NBC New Camp Well Gineen Gineen well 34 30 39.6 35 57 57.6

NBC New Camp Well Hamed Hamed well 34 30 42.6 35 57 58.2

Mhammara Well Mhamara Mhammara well 34 30 17.4 35 58 24.0

Ouyoun El Samak Surface Water

Dam Ouyoun

Ouyoun El Samak upstream 34 26 22.8 36 1 10.2

Ouyoun El Samak Spring Ouyoun El Samak

Ouyoun El Samak spring 34 26 19.8 36 0 13.8

Nahr El Bared river

Surface Water

Rawda Nahr El Bared surface water 34 28 15 35 59 20.4

NBC New Camp Well Well 2 Well 2 34 30 36 35 57 45.6

Deir Ammar Well Deir Ammar Deir Ammar well 34 27 20.4 35 54 34.8

Menieh Well Menieh Menieh well 34 27 59.4 35 56 7.8

Table 2-5 Collected Samples and Associated Analyzed Parameters

Sample Number Type

Heav

y M

etal

s: A

rsen

ic, B

ariu

m, C

adm

ium

, Chr

omiu

m,

Cop

per,

Lead

, Nic

kel,

Zinc,

and

Mer

cury

Che

mic

al

Oxy

gen

dem

and

, Bi

olog

ical

O

xyge

nD

eman

d

Tota

l D

issol

ved

So

lids,

Tota

l Su

spen

ded

So

lids,

pH,

Con

duc

tivity

To

tal a

nd F

ecal

Col

iform

Tota

l Har

dne

ss, C

alci

um a

nd M

agne

sium

Ha

rdne

ss

BTEX

Poly

Chl

orin

ated

Bip

heny

l’s

Chr

omiu

m V

I

Mag

nesiu

m,

Cal

cium

, Iro

n,

Sod

ium

, Po

tass

ium

,C

hlor

ides

, N

itra

tes,

Nitr

ites,

Bica

rbon

ate

s,

NBC 14 Spring

Ouyoun El Samak Spring

NBC SW bridge Surface Water

Dam Ouyoun Surface Water

Rawda Surface Water

NBC 10 Well

NBC 6 Well

Well Beddawi 1 Well

Well Beddawi 2 Well

Well 3 Well



Sample Number Type

Heav

y M

etal

s: A

rsen

ic, B

ariu

m, C

adm

ium

, Chr

omiu

m,

Cop

per,

Lead

, Nic

kel,

Zinc,

and

Mer

cury

Che

mic

al

Oxy

gen

dem

and

, Bi

olog

ical

O

xyge

nD

eman

d

Tota

l D

issol

ved

So

lids,

Tota

l Su

spen

ded

So

lids,

pH,

Con

duc

tivity

To

tal a

nd F

ecal

Col

iform

Tota

l Har

dne

ss, C

alci

um a

nd M

agne

sium

Ha

rdne

ss

BTEX

Poly

Chl

orin

ated

Bip

heny

l’s

Chr

omiu

m V

I

Mag

nesiu

m,

Cal

cium

, Iro

n,

Sod

ium

, Po

tass

ium

,C

hlor

ides

, N

itra

tes,

Nitr

ites,

Bica

rbon

ate

s,

Well 5 Well

Gineen Well

Hamed Well

Mhammara Well

Well 2 Well

Deir Ammar Well

Menieh Well

Total 17

2.1.4.3. Storage, Preservation and Shipment

Collected samples are preserved at a temperature of 4 0C during transportation and

storage. Samples were sent to the Corelab in the American University of Beirut, and analyzed

for the parameters listed in Table 2-5 within a maximum of 8 hours of sampling.

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Error! Reference source not found.


3. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

3.1.1. Topography

The municipalities surrounding Nahr El Bared old Camp are from south to north Beddawi, Deir Ammar, Menieh, Bhannine, Mhammara, Bebnine (Table 3-1). The so-called New Nahr El Bared Camp surrounding the old camp lies 16 km from the city of Tripoli, south to Al Abdeh Village on the coastal Lebanese trench. It mostly consists of a relatively plain area plunging towards the sea, where elevation ranges between sea level and 16-17 m above sea level. The Southern part of the New Camp belongs to Bhannine Municipality, South to the old camp. About 90% of the New Camp territories belong to Mhammara Municipality. Nahr El Bared River crosses the south western part of the new camp (Table 3-1).

Table 3-1 Elevation Ranges and Surface Areas of the Surrounding Municipalities of Nahr El Bared Camp

Municipality Elevation Range (m) Area (km2)

Beddawi 0-111 5.1

Deir Ammar 0-320 3.4

Menieh 0-494 13.5

Bhannine 0-140 6.5

Mhammara 0-80 3.8

Bebnine 0-150 6.8

3.1.2. Meteorology

Temperature and Precipitation data witnessed during the time span of the conflict are presented herein as well as wind data for the year 2004 giving the maximum and average wind speeds, in addition to the wind direction in the adjacent areas. The meteorological data were collected from Al-Abdeh (34:31N, 36:00E, 40 m) and from Tripoli (34:27N, 35:28E, 5 m) weather stations in North Lebanon.

3.1.2.1. Temperature

The Study Area is affected by the Mediterranean climate, where temperature variation is typical. Average monthly temperatures recorded from November 2006 till October 2007 range between a low of 14.5 to a high of 24.9 ˚C, as shown in Figure 3-1 below.



0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

Nov-06

Dec-06

Jan-07

Feb-07

Mar-07

Apr-07

May-07

Jun-07

Jul-07

Aug-07

Sep-07

Oct-07

Tem

pera

ture

oC

Avg min.Avg max.

Figure 3-1 Average Max & Min Temperatures at Abdeh Weather Station (Nov, 06-Oct, 07)

3.1.2.2. Wind

The maximum wind speed reported in Tripoli weather station (34:27N, 35:28E, 5 m) in the year 2003 ranged between 11m/sec in August and 20 m/sec during the months of October and March. Figure 3-3 illustrates the maximum and average monthly wind speed data collected from the Tripoli weather station. The prevailing wind is in the southwest direction (Figure 3-2 & Table 3-2).

Figure 3-2 Average Wind Rose diagram for Tripoli- Al Mina (Atlas Climatique du Liban,

1973)

Table 3-2 Dominant and Second Prevailing Wind Directions for Tripoli-Mina (Atlas Climatique Du Liban, 1973)

Month Dominant wind direction Second prevailing wind direction January Southwest Southeast February Southwest Southeast March Southwest Southeast April Southwest Northeast May Southwest Northeast June Southwest Northeast July Southwest Southeast



Month Dominant wind direction Second prevailing wind direction August Southwest Southeast September Southeast Southwest October Southeast Southwest November Southeast Southwest December Southeast Southwest, East, Northeast

0

5

10

15

20

25

Janu

ary

Febr

uary

Marc

h Apr

ilMay

June Ju

ly

Augus

t

Septembe

r

Octobe

r

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

max

win

d sp

eed

(m/s

ec)

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

aver

age

win

d sp

eed

(m/s

ec)

Max wind speedAvg wind speed

Figure 3-3 Maximum & Average Wind Speed Data from Tripoli Weather Station (2003)

3.1.2.3. Precipitation

The average precipitation levels recorded at Al-Abdeh weather station during the period of November, 2006- October, 2007 does not exceed 824 mm (refer to Figure 3-4). The total amount of rainy days (> 0.3 mm) is about 7 to 12 days during high flow periods. The highest precipitation rate was recorded in March 2007 (over the 2006-2007 hydrological year).

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

Novem

ber-0

6

Decem

ber-0

6

Janu

ary-07

Febr

uary-0

7

March

-07

April-0

7

May

-07

June

-07

July-

07

Augus

t-07

Septembe

r-07

Octobe

r-07

rain

y da

ys >

0.30

mm

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

prec

ipita

tion

(mm

)

rainy days >0.30mmprecipitation (mm)

Figure 3-4 Monthly Precipitation Rates and Total Amount of Rainy Days Recorded at Al-

Abdeh Weather Station (Nov, 06-Oct, 07)



3.1.3. Geology

The area of Nahr El Bared constitutes the southern portion of a depression of structural origin situated between the Alaouite Massif in the North in Syria, and the Basaltic Plateau of Tell Kalakh in the east (FAO, 1970). The geological formations exposed In the Nahr El Bared camp and the surrounding areas are as follows from younger to older:

• Quaternary deposits at the coastal stretch composed of beach sands on the coast,

and sandy clay and clay loam with pebbles covering the rest of the camp area. The

Quaternary deposits are also formed in the subsurface by conglomerates, sandy

limestone and sandstone.

Other formations ranging from Miocene (Tertiary) to Cenomanian (Cretaceous) are expected in the subsurface and in the elevated areas away from the coast in the area of Beddawi, Menieh, and Deir Ammar as follows:

• Pliocene and Miocene units underlying the Quaternary deposits when present are

composed of limestone, marl, clay and gypsum. The thickness of the Pliocene and

Miocene strata ranges variably between 150 and 250 m.

• Senonian sequence (locally known as Chekka formation) consisting of marls and

marly limestone is found below the Miocene strata. The thickness of the Chekaa

Formation is about 200-250 m

• Cenomanian-Turonian (locally known as Sannine-Maameltain formation) strata

composed limestone and cherty limestone of Cretaceous age. The Top of the

Cenomanian Turonian sequence is found at about 450 m in the surrounding areas,

whereas it is located at about 500- 600 m below the Nahr El Bared Camps at the

coast.



Figure 3-5 General Geological Map of the Study Area (Dubertret, 1955)

Figure 3-6 Geological Cross Sections Passing through Nahr El Bared Area and Beddawi Area



3.1.4. Hydrogeology

3.1.4.1. Hydrostratigraphic units

There are three main aquifers existing in the study area presented below from younger to older: • The Quaternary deposits consisting variably of alluvial deposits in the vicinity of Nahr El

Bared River, of sandy soils at the coast. In the subsurface, conglomerates marly limestone and sand can be found. The aquifer is of porous type characterized by the flow of water in primary interstitial porosity. The thickness of the Quaternary deposits is variable, reaching about 65 meters out of which 15-20 meters constitute the water bearing strata in the west, especially at the coast in the Nahr El Bared Region. Based on various pumping tests conducted on the quaternary aquifer in the area, transmissivities in this aquifer range between 10-3 to 10-1 m2/sec (FAO, 1970). The recharge of the Quaternary aquifer in the area of Nahr El Bared occurs by direct infiltration from northern parts (Plain of Akkar). Hydraulic exchanges between deeper aquifers of Cenomanian age outcropping in the eastern parts and the quaternary deposits are not to be excluded. It is worth noting that the Quaternary deposits are in direct contact with the sea (Figure 3-6).

• The Pliocene aquifer of Neogene age composed of conglomerates is underlying the quaternary deposits. It is exposed as patches in most of the study area especially in the area of Bebnine, with a maximum thickness reaching 100 m.

• The Intermediate Miocene Aquifer of Neogene age is underlying the Pliocene sequence deposits. The Miocene Aquifer is characterized by two different hydrostratigraphic members:

o The Limestone member mostly exposed at the coast in the area of Beddawi. This member constitutes a karstic aquifer where water circulates in secondary porosity forming conduits, developed along existing fractures. The Miocene aquifer has an average thickness of about 200- 250 m in the study area forming the unsaturated and saturated zones.

o The conglomerates member, exposed in the inner parts mostly on both flanks of the Nahr El Bared. Discharge rates observed in the Miocene conglomerate aquifer are significant reaching about 50 liters per second during low flow periods. This aquifer is considered of porous type and fault controlled.

The recharge of the Miocene sequence occurs either by direct infiltration or by hydraulic exchange with deeper aquifer through faulting. • The Cenomanian- Turonian Aquifer of Cretaceous age (Locally known as the Sannine-

Maameltain Formation) composed of highly karstified limestone, is a karst aquifer, characterized by water flowing in open fractures and conduits. The top aquifer is located at a depth varying between 400-500 meters in the area of Beddaoui, and at about 500-600 meters below the area of the Nahr El Bared Camp. The recharge of the Upper Cretaceous aquifer consists of the Cretaceous sequence exposed in the higher altitudes in the east in the areas of Qornet El Hamra, Qornet El Hosn and Beit Zoud. The cretaceous



aquifer is not in direct contact with the sea, as it lies below the Chekka formation of Maastrichtian age composed of white marly limestone and marls considered relatively as a sealing unit limiting exchange of the upper cretaceous unit with overlaying formations.

The hydrogeological map showing the hydrostratigraphic Units of the Project Area is presented in Figure 3-7.

Figure 3-7 Hydrogeological map of the Project Area

3.1.4.2. Wells and Spring Survey

3.1.4.2.1 Springs

Following the field survey, about 14 springs were identified in the study area. The field survey covered the area extending beyond the project area to allow a better understanding of the hydrogeology of the Project area. Moreover, springs located outside the study area are used for domestic purposes in at least two of the surrounding municipalities. The major springs exploited in the study area are Ain Es Samaq, and Ain Bebnine. Ain Es Sammaq spring is a contact spring originating from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) Aquifer at a stratigraphic contact with the overlying marly formation. The other springs mostly used in the study area originate mainly from the Miocene conglomerates formation such as Bebnine spring having a discharge rate of about 40 liters per second as observed during low flow



periods. Other springs generating from the Miocene conglomerates located outside the Project Area are Al Adoui Spring, Al Safsafi Spring, and Ain El Ghazal Spring.

3.1.4.2.2 Wells

More than 3000 wells were reported in the study area out of which about 30 wells were visited and surveyed. • The wells penetrating the quaternary aquifer are mainly located in the area of Nahr El

Bared camp, where the thickness of the quaternary aquifer is significant. Most of the wells drilled in the Nahr El Bared have depths ranging between 25 and 65 m BG. Static water levels in the wells varies between 5 and 10.5 meters BG, with discharge rates reaching about 80 m3 per hour (30 l/s). Based on daily time of operation (6-8 hours) and approximate discharges, approximate quantities of water withdrawn from the quaternary aquifer from these wells varies between 3000 m3 and 4000 m3 per day equivalent to a yearly discharge volume of about 1-1.5 Mm3. Wells tapping the Pliocene aquifer are mostly drilled in the Mhammara region, at depths ranging between 25 and 60 meters below ground.

Table 3-3 List of wells tapping the Quaternary Aquifer mostly located in Nahr El Bared Area

Well Long Lat Y SWL

M BG

Discharge M3/hour

Depth M BG

Hydraulic Head (m) DEG MIN SEC DEG MIN SEC (M)

Well 1 34 30 36 35 57 45.6 18 6.9 60 40 11.1

Well 2 34 30 35.40 35 57 45.00 17 6.1 52 25 10.9

Well 3 34 30 35.1 35 57 44 16 5.7 16 40 10.3

Well 4 34 30 34.8 35 57 43.2 15 9 85 45 6

Well 5 34 30 31.8 35 57 42.6 14 5.5 8.5

Well 6 34 30 38.75 35 57 26.06 13 4.95 70 25 8.05

Well 7 34 30 31.8 35 57 42.6 6 5.6 80 60 0.4

Well 8 34 30 40.06 35 57 24 18 6.5 20 30 11.5

Well 9 34 30 37.2 35 57 48.6 4 6.5 Highly saline -2.5

Well 10 34 30 39.6 35 57 57.6 17 8.45

85 45 8.55

Well Hamed 34 30 36 35 57 45.6 8 10.5 60 45 -2.5

Well Gineen 34 30 42.6 35 57 58.2 10 7.6 85 40 2.4

The wells penetrating the Miocene aquifer are predominant, in the Beddaoui, Menieh, Deir Ammar, and Bebnine. The Miocene bottom aquifer is found at depth ranging between 100 and 250 m below ground. • Beddawi area: The average depths range between 75 and 105 meters below ground.

Water levels in the wells range between 40 and 50 meters below ground. It was reported



that static water levels are witnessing a significant decreasing general trend of about 0.5 meter per year. Wells in the Beddawi area are equipped with riser pipes yielding about 2 liters per second. Few wells have a greater discharge reaching 15 liters per second. More than 500 private wells were reported in the area of Beddawi;

• Bebnine area: The average depth of wells tapping the Miocene aquifer is 150 meters. Water levels are rather deep at about 100 meters below ground. Average discharge rates range between 1 and 2 liters per second. More than 150 well are reported in the area of Bebnine;

• Menieh area: Wells tapping the Miocene aquifer varies between 50 and 120 meters depending on the well location. There are more than 1000 wells reported in the Menieh, yielding about 3-4 liters per second;

• Deir Ammar: Most of the wells tapping the Miocene aquifer have depths of about 70- 80 meters, yielding about 1-2 liter per second, equipped with 1-inch riser pipes. More than 40 private wells were reported in the area of Menieh.

• One public well serving the Mhammara municipality, yielding 6 m3 per hour, a total of 0.04 Mm3 per year is tapping the Miocene Aquifer at a depth of 130 meters below ground. Static water level is observed at about 40 meters below ground.

Table 3-4 Characteristics of the wells tapping the Miocene Aquifer in the study area

Municipality Type Depth of wells (m BG)

Static water Levels (m BG)

Discharge rates (L/ sec)

Number of reported wells

Comments

Beddawi Limestone 75-105 40-50 2-15 >500 Decreasing water level trend-

Menieh Limestone 50-120 20 3-4 >1000 Domestic use

Deir Ammar Limestone 70-80 50-62 1-2 40 Domestic use

Bebnine Conglomerates 150 100 1-2 194 Domestic use

Mhammara Conglomerates 130 40 1.6 1 Domestic Use

There are no wells tapping the cretaceous aquifer in the project Area, as the top aquifer appears to be at depths exceeding 450 m in places.

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Field Investigation: New Camp


4. FIELD INVESTIGATION: NEW CAMP

4.1. GENERAL The data presented in this section is the product of a series of field surveys and meetings conducted in Nahr El Bared new camp by the ELARD team with concerned parties and responsible sanitation officers in the different sectors. Data provided in the background review report was updated following data validation in light of the data collected through meetings and field inspection) Figure 4-1 below shows a visual presentation of the visited locations in the new camp classified by Attribute type, such as sea outlet, transformer location, Water Reservoir/Tower, wells, and waste water channels. Table 4-1 presents the geographic coordinates of the visited locations.

Figure 4-1 Visited Locations in the New Nahr El Bared Camp

Table 4-1 Coordinates of Visited Locations (in WGS84 Geographic system)

LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES

LATITUDE LONGITUDE DESCRIPTION

Sea outlet - Open Canal 34 31 1.05 35 58 5.56 Sector D

Sea outlet - Saddik canal 34 30 59.4 35 58 16.83 Sector D

Sea outlet - Sector E 34 31 4.38 35 57 55.58



LOCATION GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES

LATITUDE LONGITUDE DESCRIPTION

Sea outlet - Sector E' 34 31 3.74 35 57 47.44 Non operational

Sea outlet - Sector A 34 30 40.03 35 57 14.43

Khaled Ibn Walid 34 30 57.72 35 57 52.05

Completely Destroyed Sector E’

Concrete transformer Destroyed & Replaced

34 31 0.93 35 58 5.64 Sector D

Transformer destroyed and replaced

34 30 32.27 35 57 47.47 Sector B

Water Tower Amwas 34 30 39.6 35 57 57.6 Rehabilitated

Water Tower Gineen 34 30 42.6 35 57 58.2 Rehabilitated

4.2. POPULATION

4.2.1. Pre-conflict population size

The new camp, inhabited at 80% by Palestinian families, has a total number of 2,055 housing

units (GoL, UNRWA, 2008) providing shelter for about 10,275 inhabitants. As shown in Table

4-2, the average demographic density for the new camp is about 90 inhabitants/ha ranging

between 43 and 119 inhabitants per hectare in the various sectors. Densities of 135

persons/ha were reported by UNRWA (UNRWA & Nahr El Bared Reconstruction Commission-

for Civil Action and Studies (NRC), 2007). United Nations World Population Prospects (Revised

2004) showed that the population densities in Lebanon range between 3.74 persons/ha, per

total land and 22.9 persons/ha, in arable land. Therefore the density of population in the new

camp is considered significant with respect to the average density in Lebanon.

Table 4-2 New Camp Sector’s Division

Sector Area (hectare)

Population (families)

Population (Inhabitants)

Density (Inhabitant/hectare)

A 18.9 522 2610 86

A' 11.4

B 10.5 237 1185 78

B' 4.6

C 32.2 832 4160 119

C' 2.7

D 15.1 263 1315 87

E 8.3 201 1005 43

E' 11.0

Total 114.7 2055 10275 89.5



4.2.2. Post conflict- Reconstruction population status

In the beginning of the conflict in May 2007 and until early September, all NBC and most of

surroundings’ residents fled towards safer locations, mostly to public sectors in the Beddawi

Camp, or in other governmental and humanitarian organizations in the nearby regions.

By mid May 2008, about 10,160 persons returned to the temporary shelters newly built by the

UNRWA and to homes repaired by NGOs in the New Camp (GoL, 2008).

Population projection in the new camp during relief and reconstruction period (i.e., until

August 2010) is illustrated in Table 4-3. It is anticipated that reconstruction of the old camp will

be completed by August 2010. Inhabitants of the old camp will return gradually to their

homes. The number of families in the new camp is expected to increase until August 2009,

accounting for people relocation from the neighboring areas, to the new camp and

gradually to the old camp. By August 2010, the total number of inhabitants in the new camp

is expected to reach about 10, 250 inhabitants as before the conflict. It was reported that

about 15,000 inhabitants currently inhabit the new camp. Therefore, it could be assumed

that people are returning from surrounding areas to the new camp at a higher rate than

projected by the UNRWA.

Table 4-3 Expected Number of Inhabitants in New Camp until 2011 as Projected by UNRWA (2008)

Date Number of families Total inhabitants*

May-08 1,940 9,700

Jun- 08 2,150 10,750

Jul – 08 2,360 11,800

Aug-08 2,560 12,800

Nov-08 2,970 14,850

Feb- 09 2,970 14,850

May-09 2,970 14,850

Aug-09 2,970 14,850

Nov-09 2,850 14,250

Feb- 10 2,675 13,375

May-10 2,500 12,500

Aug-10 2,050 10,250

4.2.3. Expected population growth after relief and reconstruction

As the maximum capacity of the old camp is limited to 32, 000 inhabitants, any expansion

that will be witnessed in the area shall extend to the new camp. Accounting for a normal

demographic expansion in the New Camp of 3.5%, (UNRWA, 2008) the total number of

inhabitants till year 2020 is expected to be as shown in Table 4-4. As illustrated in Table 4-4, in

2020, The New Camp would be counting about 14,460 inhabitants.



Table 4-4 Expected Number of Inhabitants in NBC & New Camp Considering an Average Demographic Expansion of 3.5%

Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 10,250 10,609 10,980 11,364 11,762 12,600 13,497 14,459

4.3. SOLID WASTE

4.3.1. Quantities

4.3.1.1. Prior to the conflict

In reference to the field Investigation Report of the old Nahr El Bared Camp, it was reported

that about 70m3 of solid waste are removed daily by UNRWA from the Nahr El Bared old

camp during the winter time. As reported by UNRWA officers, out of 70 m3, a volume of 20 m3

accounts for the solid waste generated by the adjacent areas, deposited in the old camp,

constraining UNRWA to remove it. Based on a density of municipal solid waste of about, 300

Kg/m3 (METAP, 2000), the total mass of daily removed solid waste is about 6 tons. Assuming

an average daily generation of solid waste of 0.64 kg/ capita (AUB, 1994), the total daily rate

of solid waste generation per day for the adjacent areas hosting about 10, 275 inhabitants is

about 6.5 tons, which falls within the above calculated range. It is worth mentioning that as

the quantity of waste varies seasonally, the quantities of solid waste generated from the new

camp might reach 12 tons during the summer season.

4.3.1.2. Post conflict

According to the Sanitation officers in NBC, the quantity of daily collected refuse in the Nahr

El Bared new camp reaches currently about 8-9 tons. Assuming a total of 15,000 inhabitants

as reported by the camp director, the daily waste generation rate is about 0.6 Kg/capita.

The foreseen daily solid wastes generation until year 2020, considering the demographic

decrease in 2010 due to people returning to the old camp and natural demographic

expansion of 3.5% is illustrated in Table 4-5 below.

Table 4-5 Population and Solid Waste Generation in the New NBC until 2020

*Actual

Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 10,275 15,000 14250 10,250 10,980 11,762 12,600 13,497 14,459

Solid Waste generation (tons/day)

6 9* 8.5 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.5 8.1 8.7



4.3.2. Composition

The municipal solid waste collected from households in the new camp consists mainly of

organic residues and papers waste. After the conflict, with the affluence of food aids

distributed to local inhabitants, the composition of collected solid waste was slightly altered

as refuse enclose significant quantities of aluminum cans and plastic package.

4.3.3. Current Collection & Disposal

Refuse are disposed in closed bags inside barrels distributed along the roads. Since the

compactor is not able to circulate in the tight roads inside the new camp, temporary storage

is done in plastic barrels of capacities varying between 120 liters, 180 liters and 360 liters

distributed near households in the populated blocks as shown in Figure 4-2.

Figure 4-2 Temporary storage of solid waste near households

Workers of UNRWA are responsible of transporting solid wastes from the vicinities of

households (Figure 4-3) to the steel containers (of a volume of 1.1m3) located on the main

streets (Table 4-3).

Figure 4-3 UNRWA workers of moving solid wastes from households to the steel

containers located on the main streets



Figure 4-4 Steel containers for Solid Waste Disposal found on the Main Streets of the New

Camp of Nahr El Bared

Inhabitants are constantly complaining about bad smells resulting from refuses disposal

outside the closed barrels, despite the fact that collection is performed on a daily basis.

One compactor collects solid wastes of Nahr El bared old and new camps and Beddawi

camp as well. Collection of wastes is not performed properly, especially that the compactor

is old and subject to permanent breakdowns.

Final Disposal is done in Abu Ali landfill, which is operated by a private company (BATCO),

which takes in charge waste dumping, soil cover and treatment of emitted gases. The

private company charges the municipality at 20 USD per ton for disposal. The capacity of the

landfill is about 300 tons per day.

The following is secured at the landfill:

1) A treatment for leachates

2) Groundwater monitoring through monitoring wells around the landfill

3) Collection and flaring of gases

4) Waste treatment and coverage with soil

5) There is an unofficial sorting of the generated waste by local inhabitants (Rubber,

wheels, batteries). Separation and collection is performed at the landfill.

6) A sorting plant is planned for 2008

7) Hazardous waste are incinerated in special facilities

The landfill has already reached saturation as its current altitude is 23 meters above sea level.

Current construction activities executed by the Council for Development and Research

(CDR), with a municipal budget intend to increase the capacity of the landfill by building

walls of 10 m height. The latter is expected to increase the lifespan of the landfill of about 4

years.



4.4. DEMOLITION DEBRIS

4.4.1. Definitions

In this present report, the terms Demolition Wastes and Clear Rubble will be used to define

the Demolition debris (Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bureau of Waste

Management).

Demolition Waste referred to in the report consists of the following:

• Solid waste resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair and demolition of structures,

roads, sidewalks and utilities;

• Untreated wood and untreated sawdust from any source;

• Treated wood from construction or demolition projects;

• Small amounts of municipal solid waste generated by the consumption of food and drinks

at construction or demolition sites, including, but not limited to, cups, bags, and bottles;

• Furniture and appliances;

• Solid waste consisting of motor vehicle window glass; and

• Solid waste consisting of vegetation from land clearing and grubbing, utility maintenance,

and seasonal or storm related cleanup.

Clear Rubble contains concrete and concrete products including reinforcing steel, asphalt

pavement, brick, rock and uncontaminated soil.

4.4.2. Quantities

Referring to the background review report, the total volume of Clear Rubble in the new

camp was calculated to be around 177,860 m3. The total Clear Rubble in the old Nahr El

Bared Camp was estimated at 500,000 m3-600,000 m3 (UNDP, 2008). With a total volume of

clear rubble for the new camp of about 180, 000 m3, the Clear Rubble in both camps (old

camp and new camp) amount to about 800,000 m3, as initially estimated by the UNRWA

(2008). It is worth noting that UNRWA has already removed about 75,000 m3 of clear rubble

from the sectors A, B, C, D, and E, which are located in the outer portions of the new camp.

Clear Rubble in Sectors A’, B’, C’, and E’ is expected to be greater given their vicinity to the

Old camp.

4.4.3. Composition

As per the conducted survey and observation, demolition debris generated in the new

camp as a result of the conflict is as per Table 4-6 below. Masonry, wood, concrete, and

metal are estimated at 90% of the total demolition debris, while furniture, clothing, white

goods, etc. are assumed to constitute the remaining 10% (Figure 4-5).



The visual inspection of the conflict area during the field visit to the new camp allowed an in-

depth assessment of the constituents of the demolition debris remaining after almost one (1)

year of fire cessation, on September 7th, 2007. The field investigation revealed the presence

of large quantities of clear rubble mainly constituted of concrete and steel, in addition to

demolition waste including burned furniture, generators, and vehicles. The low occurrence of

white goods and the high presence of destroyed cars in the demolition waste were noted.

Table 4-6 Estimation of the composition of demolition debris in the new camp based on Field Investigation

TYPE OF DEBRIS FATE PERCENTAGE VOLUME (M3)

Clear Rubble 90% 160,200

Concrete Reuse/crushing 60% 96,120

Metal Partial recycling/reuse 12% 19,224

Aggregate Reuse/crushing 18% 28,836

Others 10% 17,800

Textiles and Organics Disposed/partial reuse/recycling

13% 2,314

Aluminum Partial recycling 7% 1,246

Wood Partial recycling 15% 2,670

Electrical wires Disposed 1% 178

Nylon packs Disposed 2% 356

Plastic Partial recycling 6% 1,068

Cardboard Partial recycling 4% 712

Glass Disposed 3% 534

Cans Partial recycling 4% 712

White goods/Household appliances

Partial recycling/reuse as spare parts

5% 890

Concrete/ PVC Pipes Special disposal (HWD, if needed be)

7% 1,246

Cars Partial recycling/reuse 25% 4,450

Tires Reuse/disposal 3% 534

Lead Partial recycling 1% 178

Mattresses Recycling 4% 712

UXO’s HWD Not Determined NA Contaminated soils HWD Not Determined NA Medical Wastes HWD Not Determined NA

Total 100% About 178,000



Figure 4-5 Demolition Debris in the Nahr El Bared New Camp Composed Mainly of Rubble (Concrete, Metals and Aggregates) with other Minor Waste Streams (Nylon,

Plastics)

4.4.4. Disposal

Based on the conducted survey and interviews with Infrastructure officers of NBC, demolition

debris were removed from the schools area (Figure 4-1). Additionally, local residents moved

and dumped at their own expenses, some waste debris either on the banks of Nahr El Bared

River or on the seashore as shown in Figure 4-6. a)

b)

Figure 4-6 Demolition wastes dumped a) on seashore and b) on the banks of Nahr El

Bared River (Right)

4.5. WATER SUPPLY

4.5.1. Water supply prior to the conflict

The New Camp is divided into 4 main sectors A1, A2, A3, and A4 (Figure 4-7). In 2005, a

complete water supply network was installed in the new camp. Three new wells (well 10, 11

and 12; Table 4-7; section 3) were drilled to supply the whole area, designed to fulfill the

needs of 22, 000 inhabitants for a daily consumption of 100 liters/capita (ELARD, 2005).

Additionally many wells are also reported in the new camp premises.



One (1) water tower (located in sector A3) having a capacity of 60 m3 was rehabilitated in

2005 and three (3) new water towers were built (70 m3 each). Wells and towers were

operational for 4 to 5 hours per day to meet the daily needs of the new camp (ELARD, 2005)

to secure a daily water demand ranging between 99 and 125 liters per capita at the end-

user. At the source, based on the installed pumps capacity, effective water supply is greater

ranging between 99 and 250 liters per capita per day.

Table 4-7 Water Supply Sectors (Pump, well, reservoir and transmission Characteristics)

Sector

Population Quantities Daily Consumption

No. of Households

Feeding well

Transmission Reservoir Name

Flow rate

(capita) m3/day L/day/cap unit (L/s) A1 2417 244 101 297 Well 11 17 Gineen 2

A2 2536 317 125 225 well 12 22 Khaled Ben El Walid

A3 2912 288 99 251 Well 10 20 Amwas

A4 1783 216 121 213 well 11 15 Gineen 1

Total 1065

Figure 4-7 Schematic Water Supply Sectors in the New Camp A1, A2, A3, and A4

(Modified from ELARD, 2005; Not to scale)

4.5.2. Current Water supply Status

4.5.2.1. Well Conditions

Based on the conducted field visits and interviews with sanitation and water technicians and

Engineers in the old and new camp, the conditions of the wells and water network were

assessed as follows:

• Wells 7 and 9 located in the old camp are completely collapsed. No evidence for

the existence of the wells is still in place;



• Other private wells located in the old camp are all buried and collapsed beneath the

demolition debris;

• Well 8 located north to the rehabilitated wells in the vicinity of the old camp is buried;

• Well Hameed, 2, 4, 5 are not operated yet. UNRWA is in the process of rehabilitating

the wells. ELARD will seize the opportunity to perform a CCTV survey on the wells upon

pump removal to inspect the integrity of the wells; UNRWA is also planning on

rehabilitating well 8, which according to preliminary investigation is not collapsed

even though it is completely covered with rubble material;

• Wells 1, 3, 6, 10, and Gineen, were rehabilitated by the UNICEF and ICRC. The wells

were dismantled, developed by air lift pumping. Therefore, pumps were rehabilitated

and re-installed in the wells. The rehabilitated wells are currently used for water supply

for the new camp as follows:

o Well 6: Sector A in the New Camp

o Well 10: Sector B in the New Camp

o Well Gineen: Part of sector C, prefabricated compounds, and schools

o Well 1 and 3 are currently used as standby wells

A synopsis of the main characteristics of the visited wells is presented in Table 4-8. Wells 6 and

8 are illustrated in Figure 4-8. It is worth noting that the wells previously used for domestic

purposes in the new camp were not physically affected by the conflict, as two of them were

rehabilitated. UNRWA is planning on rehabilitating Hamed well in the beginnings of

September.

Table 4-8 Main Characteristics of the Surveyed and Visited Wells

Well Long Lat SWL

M BG Discharge

M3/hour

Depth

M BG Status

DEG MIN DEG MIN SEC

Well 1 34 30 36 35 57 45.6 6.9 60 40 REH

Well 2 34 30 35.40 35 57 45.00 6.1 52 25 NR

Well 3 34 30 35.1 35 57 44 5.7 16 40 REH

Well 4 34 30 34.8 35 57 43.2 9 85 45 NR

Well 5 34 30 31.8 35 57 42.6 5.5 NR

Well 6 34 30 38.75 35 57 26.06 4.95 70 25 REH

Well 7 34 30 31.8 35 57 42.6 5.6 80 60 COLL

Well 8 34 30 40.06 35 57 24 6.5 20 30 BUR

Well 9 34 30 37.2 35 57 48.6 6.5 Highly saline COLL

Well 10 34 30 39.6 35 57 57.6 8.45 85 45 REH



Well Long Lat SWL

M BG Discharge

M3/hour

Depth

M BG Status

DEG MIN DEG MIN SEC

Well Hamed 34 30 36 35 57 45.6 10.5 60 45 NR

Well Gineen 34 30 42.6 35 57 58.2 7.6 85 40 REH

REH: Rehabilitated NR Non Rehabilitated COLL Collapsed BUR Buried Prior to conflict

4.5.2.2. Conditions of Water Towers

The three towers (3) water towers Gineen, Amwas, and Khaled Ben El Waleed used in the

new camp supplied by the wells Gineen, Hamed and well 10 were also assessed. Only the

Amwas (Figure 4-9) and Gineen (Figure 4-10) water towers are still in place. Amwas was

partially damaged during the conflict, yet was rehabilitated shortly. Khaled ben El Walis is

completely destroyed as shown in Figure 4-11.Results of the water tower damage field

inspection of all the water towers existing in the old and new camp are shown in Table 4-9.

a) b)

Figure 4-8 a) Well 6 located near Nahr El Bared River rehabilitated and currently used for Sector A in the New Camp, b) Well 8 completely buried beneath the rubble

Table 4-9 Conditions of the Water Towers located in the old and New Camp

Reservoir/ water Tower Capacity (M3) Sectors Feeding well Status

Zanhar 1 60 Old Camp Well 1 and 5 Destroyed

Zanhar 2 40.8 Old Camp Wells 1 and 7 Destroyed

Tarabeh 42 Old Camp Well 3 Destroyed

Palestine 53.4 Old Camp Well 9 Destroyed



Reservoir/ water Tower Capacity (M3) Sectors Feeding well Status

Nidal 60 Old Camp Well 6 Destroyed

Khaled Ben Al Waleed

60

40 New Camp

Sector E’ Well Hamed Destroyed

Sharaf 40 Old Camp Well 2 and 8 Destroyed

Amwas 60 New Camp Sector B’ Well 10 Partially destroyed

Restored

Gineen (2) 60

60 New Camp

Sector C Well Gineen Not affected

a) b)

Figure 4-9 Water Tower least affected by the conflict serving the New Camp a) Amwas after, b) Amwas before

a) b)

Figure 4-10 Water Tower least affected by the conflict serving the New Camp a) Gineen after, b) Gineen before



Figure 4-11 Water Tower Khaled Ben Waleed Completely Destroyed during the Conflict

4.5.2.3. Water Supply

About 2,380 m3 are currently supplied on a daily basis to 15,000 inhabitants of Nahr El Bared

new camp, out of which about 425 m3 are supplied by the Islamic Relief at a rate of 60 liters

per capita per day. Therefore, as shown in Table 4-10, 1,955 m3 are supplied to about 7,917

inhabitants at a rate of 247 liters per capita per day from the wells of 6, 10 and Gineen

operated about 8 hours per day.

Table 4-10 Current Water Supply in Nahr El Bared New Camp

Water Supply

(m3/day)

Population

(capita)

Source Water Supply

(l/capita per day)

1,955 7917 Well 6, 10 and Gineen 247

425 7,083 Cisterns 60

2,380 15,000 Wells and Cisterns 60-247

Water is conveyed from the currently operating water towers in 4 inches HDPE pipes 60-70

cm deep in the soil. The entire water supply network has been recently installed after the

conflict.

4.5.2.4. Post conflict Water Consumption

Assuming a theoretical water demand of about 80 liters per capita per day, the projected

water demand in the area of the new camp is expected to reach 1,157 m3 in 2020. The



theoretical current water demand in the new camp is about 1,200 m3, whereas the effective

water supply is about 2,380 m3 as stipulated in section 4.5.2.3.

Table 4-11 Water Demand in the New NBC until 2020 (On the basis of 80 liters per capita per day starting 2008)

4.6. WASTE WATER

4.6.1. Waste Water generation

Prior to the conflict, the new camp hosting about 10, 275 inhabitants, generated a total

waste water volume of about 720 m3 per day assuming a rate of waste water generation of

about 70 liters per capita per day (being about 70% of water supply, i.e., 100 liters per capita

prior to conflict).

Currently, given the conflict related demographic increase in the new camp, About 2,380

m3`of water are being supplied on a daily basis for domestic use (as reported by Mr. Saleh

Suleiman), then the volume of daily generated waste water is about 1,666 m3.

The quantities of waste water that are expected to be generated in the new camp are

estimated at 810 m3 by year 2020 as shown in Table 4-12 below.

Table 4-12 Theoretical Waste Water Generation in NBC new camp until 2020

*Actual

4.6.2. Waste Water Current Conditions

As per the conducted field investigation with Mr. Saleh Suleiman, about 90% of the

wastewater network is currently in place in the inhabited areas. The pipes installed by the

Islamic Relief are PVC made, and the others installed partly by UNRWA and partly by the

Islamic Relief are made of concrete.

The installed pipes are divided into primary and secondary of diameters of 20, 30, 40 and 50-

inches located at 0.6 to 2 m below ground surface on the opposite side of the water

Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 10,275 15,000 14250 10,250 10,980 11,762 12,600 13,497 14,459

Water demand

(m3/day) 822 1,200* 1,140 820 878 941 1,008 1,080 1,157

*Actual supply is 2380 m3

Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 10,275 15,000 14250 10,250 10,980 11,762 12,600 13,497 14,459

Waste water generation (m3/day)

719 1,666* 798 574 615 659 706 756 810



network. It was also reported that in some sectors such as sector C, people installed

wastewater networks at their own expenses. Irrigation open channels are currently used for

waste water disposal in Sector C, C’, B and B’. There are about three (3) reported canals for

waste water evacuation (Figure 4-1).

• An open channel more than 500 m in length, initiating from the northern part of the

new camp, at the Mhammara highway, continues through the borders of plot 674

(Prefabricated houses) towards the sea at the Khan location. This canal is about 80

cm in depth and 60 cm in width. Solid wastes are deposited in places in this canal

often obstructing the flow (Figure 4-12). This canal is covered by concrete (Figure

4-13) in some places, however flooding was reported especially in autumn and winter

following abundant rain falls.

Figure 4-12 Open water canal of the northern part from Mhammara highway conveying

wastewater to the sea and plugged with solid wastes

Figure 4-13 Canal of the northern part covered by concrete before reaching the sea

• Another canal at the southern part of the new camp (North to the river) starts at the

entry of the new camp on the highway level, continues down to the petrol pipeline

as an open canal (with a length of about 300 m)) as shown in Figure 4-14, passes in

the vicinity of the CSO (Camp Services Officer) office, where it is diverted into

branching pipes. Afterwards the channel goes along the railway, in the vicinity of



sector C to the main road where it is subdivided into two canals: One canal is

diverted to the sea outlet located between sectors D & E near Khaled Ben El Waleed,

and the other canal goes North and crosses sector D to reach the outlet of the open

canal at the Khan location. Flooding is also considerably recurrent, in the winter

season at the eastern section of the pipeline where it runs as open channel, as a

result of refuse disposal in this location and heavy rainfall.

Figure 4-14 Open canal of the southern part East to the pipeline plugged with solid waste

• A third canal located in the northern part of the new camp is not currently used. This

canal starts from the Mhammara highway as well, crosses the camp at the level of

sector C and sector D to reach the outlet north to Khan Location.

The current status of wastewater in the different sectors of the new camp is summarized in

Table 4-13 below:

Table 4-13 Current status of wastewater network and disposal in the new camp

Sector Network Status Outlet/Disposal Sector A & A’ New network - Only 5%

still from pre-conflict period

New network 1 sea outlet & 2 outlets to the river

Sector B & B’ Conveyed to water canals

Partially rehabilitated canal (part of it is linked to pipes)

3 outlets to the river

Sector C & C’ Conveyed to water canals

Partially rehabilitated canal (covered by concrete in some places)

1 sea outlet

Sector D Network Rehabilitated 1 sea outlet Sector E & E’ Network Rehabilitated 2 sea outlets (1 for

sector E’ not yet inhabited)

As per Mr. Saleh Suleiman, there are 5 percolation pits in sector C serving about 4-5 houses each, and one in sector A. Overall, about 120-150 persons convey their wastewater to percolation pits, A daily volume equivalent to about 8-10 m3 on the basis of about 70 liters of waste water generation per capita per day.



4.6.3. Storm water network

There are no built storm water canals in the new camp, in winter time, rainwater floods freely

on land surface or in water canals and flows downstream to the sea. Yet in places, where

water flows at the level of small shops and houses, local people installed preliminary culverts

at their own expenses.

4.7. ELECTRICITY Information related to the electricity supply in Nahr El Bared new camp was provided by the

Electrical Engineer responsible for the Electrical supply in the NBC on the behalf of the

UNRWA. Electricity is mainly supplied to the new camp from the Electricité du Liban (EDL) for

about 14-16 hrs/day and 7 hrs/day through electricity generators (5 hrs at night and 2 hrs

during the day). Few exceptions regarding electricity provision from generators can be

observed as in Plot 674, where houses are prefabricated and steel made (10 hrs/day) and

plots 774 & 23 (9 hrs/day).

Prior to the conflict the electricity of the new camp was entirely provided from the

Mhammara sub-station. During the conflict, all the electrical infrastructures were destroyed.

According to the reconstruction Plan, Sector A will be supplied from Bhannine sub-station

who is supplied by Deir Ammar electrical plant) and all other sectors falling under the

jurisdiction of the Mhammara municipality will be supplied from the sub-station of

Mhammara.

EDL is reestablishing a new network resembling the one existing prior to the conflict, but with

lower capacity. The concrete substations that were found prior to the conflict that can feed

up to 1000 KWA are being replaced by air substations (Figure 4-15) of a maximum capacity

of 400 KWA. The EDL new network is not accounting neither for the demographic expansion

in the new camp nor for the crowded sectors of Nahr El Bared old and new camp returnees

being all sheltered in the adjacent area.

a) b)

Figure 4-15 A new air substation replacing: a) a destroyed concrete substation, b) a destroyed air substation



Table 4-14 below summarizes the new electricity network in NBC new camp as implemented

by EDL.

Table 4-14 EDL Electricity Network in the New Camp after the Conflict

Sector B & B’ Sector C& C’ Sector A& A’ Sector D Sector E&E’

UNDP Contract 1st Contract 1st Contract 2nd Contract 2nd Contract 2nd Contract

Number of Sub-Stations 7 stations 2 Stations 3 Stations

Capacity 6 x 250 KWA (one is only to operate water pumping stations) & 1x 400 KWA

2x250 KWA 3x250 KWA (Samed Sub-Station* only used to supply LAF)

Capacity (A) for households

About 5682 A About 2272A About 2272A

Total

*Samed sub-station with a capacity of 500 KVA existed prior to the conflict; efforts are being

made trying to decrease Samed’s capacity from 400 KVA instead of 250 KVA.

In general, about 60% of households have a KiloWatt-hour Counter of 15 A, about 40% have

a KiloWatt-hour Counter of 10 A and very few have a 20A KiloWatt-hour Counter. Therefore if

considering that on average all households have a KiloWatt-hour counter of 15 A. Given that

the total capacity provided for households from the 12 sub-stations is about 10266 A, then

electricity provided by the substation can fulfill the needs for only 821.2 households.

Additionally, it is worth noting that as reported by the UNRWA, about 2050 families already

returned to the new camp.

The alternative source of electricity is provided to the new camp through 11 generators and

a network implemented by UNRWA. Table 4-15 below shows the distribution of generators in

the different sectors of the new camp.

Table 4-15 Distribution of the 11 UNRWA generators* in the new camp

Sector A Sector B Sector C Sector D Sector E Plot 23 Plot 674 Plot 774

Number of Generators 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

Capacity per generator

72.5KVA 250KVA 1x250KVA

1x72.5KVA 250KVA 250KVA 250KVA 250KVA 300KVA

Supply per household 2.5A 4-5A 4-5A 2.5A 2.5A

*The 11th generator of 72.5KVA capacity is used for the lighting of the main street in the new camp.



4.8. OTHER ISSUES Four fuel stations located on the borders of the main street: three at the end of Sector C (Halba new camp entrance) and one in Sector D facing the others were strongly destroyed as a result of the conflict. One out of the three fuel stations of Sector C was not operating long before the conflict.

4.9. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS The major pre- and post conflict environmental concerns in the main sectors in Nahr El Bared camp are summarized in Table 4-16 and Table 4-17 below.

Table 4-16 Pre-conflict Environmental Concerns

TYPE CONCERNS

Solid Waste Management

• Lack of Solid waste proper Management Practices

• Dumping of waste in Bared River and in water canals

• Disposal of waste in the vicinity of old the camp, to be collected by UNRWA upon collecting waste from old camp

Wastewater Management

• Percolation pits- for some households- were not cancelled upon implementation of sewage network

• Discharge of raw sewage from new camp directly into the sea

Water Supply

• High water turbidity for some wells (2004)

• TDS, chlorides, and Total Hardness above permissible levels in all wells (2008)

• Fecal coliform in most wells; destroyed after chlorination (2007-2008)

• Significant number of private wells

Air Emissions • Poor indoor air quality from improper ventilation and lack of sunlight

exposure

• Emissions from vehicular traffic

Energy Efficiency • Absence of Energy Efficiency Measures: Lightening, Heating, etc…

• Values of daily water supply per capita considered relatively high exceeding 240 liters (On the basis of 80 liters per capita per day)



Table 4-17 Post-Conflict Environmental Concerns

TYPE CONCERNS

Demolition Waste Management

• Disposal of municipal demolition waste on the Nahr El Bared River

• Segregation and Quantification of load to be sent for final disposal at the landfill (Disposable Matter)

• Non Segregated demolition debris: furniture, white goods, and electronics from the debris needed to be sorted prior to transport to the temporary storage site

• Potential for reusing the aggregates, soils, concrete, and metals

• Quality of the demolition waste prior to disposal or reuse for any reclamation activity

Solid Waste

• Congested buildings, Poor road conditions impeding proper solid waste collection

• Improper temporary disposal

• Technical problems with solid waste collection machinery (Compactors)

Water Supply

• Rehabilitation of Towers

• Rehabilitation of wells (Development, Pump, Rising pipes, water Quality)

• Installing water network in remaining sectors

Conflict related Accidental Spills, Explosions

• Explosion of 3 operating Petrol Stations

• Spillage from exploded fuel storage tanks

• Spillage from exploded diesel storage tanks

• Explosion of transformers/ Generators

• Explosion of many transformers, probable release of PCBs

Construction

• Dust and pollutants emissions during rubble removal

• Dust and pollutants emissions during the mobilization of equipment, sourcing of raw materials, and during construction activities

• Pollutants generated from fires and explosive materials

• Accidental spills during reconstruction from Machineries (oil, diesel and fuel)

Waste Water • Temporary Discharge of raw waste water into the marine environment

(2 years)

• Disposal of wastewater (in some sectors) in water canals

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Field Investigation: Surrounding Municipalities


5. FIELD INVESTIGATION: SURROUNDING MUNICIPALITIES

5.1. GENERAL This section presents the results of the Field Investigation Assessment. During field visits, special attention was allocated for damages related to war if any, in addition to the identification of sensitive points of environmental concern. Table 5-1presents the coordinates of the locations visited during the field Investigation undertaken in the surrounding areas. Figure 5-1illustrate the visited locations classified by Attribute type.

Table 5-1 Points of Environmental Concern Identified during the Field Visits

Municipality Latitude Longitude Elev.

Description DEG MIN SEC DEG MIN SEC m

Bebnine 34 29 28.2 35 59 53.4 127 Bebnine Spring

Bebnine 34 30 21 36 0 15 121 Water well and Slaughter house

Bebnine 34 28 36.6 35 59 31.2 Waste dump of Bebnine (Beit El Hosh)

Bebnine 34 30 13.8 35 59 19.2 43 Water canal polluted by wastewater

Bebnine 34 30 15 35 59 33 66 12in wastewater pipe conveying to the valley

Bebnine 34 31 12.6 35 58 48 3 Wastewater outlet to the sea (North)

Beddawi 34 30 51 35 58 24 90

Location of picture looking southwest; 32 Fuel containers (July war - sea pollution); Access to site not allowed

Beddawi 34 27 25.8 35 52 11.4 10 Wastewater in canal - North side

Beddawi 34 27 34.8 35 51 58.8 2 Wastewater outlet to the sea (North)

Beddawi 34 27 30.6 35 52 3 9 Wastewater canal (North side)

Beddawi 34 27 33 35 51 51.6 3 Wastewater outlet to the sea (South)

Beddawi 34 27 30 35 51 53.4 3 Open wastewater canal to the south sea outlet

Beddawi 34 27 26.4 35 52 27.6 15 Water polluted by fuel from APC

Beddawi 34 27 26.4 35 52 27.6 15 Water polluted by fuel from APC (other side of the road)

Beddawi 34 27 30 35 52 15.6 7 Oil plant (Barrels of oil of bad quality imported from Syria)

Beddawi 34 27 4.8 35 52 24 81 Palestinians shelters of Nahr El Bared in Beddawi

Bhannine 34 29 28.8 35 57 1.8 40 Irrigation canal polluted by wastewater

Bhannine 34 29 57.6 35 57 10.2 36 Irrigation canal polluted by wastewater

Bhannine 34 30 9 35 57 0.6 36 Font Facility

Deir Ammar 34 27 49.2 35 53 33 21 Deir Ammar Electricity plant

Deir Ammar 34 27 47.4 35 54 8.4 24 Wastewater Leakage

Deir Ammar 34 28 1.2 35 54 14.4 5 Wastewater sea outlet

Deir Ammar 34 27 36 35 53 54.6 43 Water leakage - Network



Municipality Latitude Longitude Elev.

Description DEG MIN SEC DEG MIN SEC m

Deir Ammar 34 27 7.2 35 53 55.8 136 Quarry

Deir Ammar 34 27 0.6 35 53 51 162 Waste Dump - Municipality of Deir Ammar

Deir Ammar 34 27 20.4 35 54 34.8 136 Deir Ammar Water well for the village - Water Authorities

Deir Ammar 34 27 36 35 53 39 39 Cars dump

Markabta 34 27 42 35 57 48.6 113 Solid Waste dumped at roads' side

Markabta 34 27 40.8 35 57 49.2 128 Wastewater from Markabta to valley of Menieh

Menieh 34 28 55.8 35 56 36.6 60 Water leakage - Network

Menieh 34 28 21 35 57 37.2 111 Water tower for the old network (water of Ouyoun El Samak)

Menieh 34 28 46.8 35 55 7.8 1 Rubble dumping on sea shore

Menieh 34 28 52.2 35 55 18.6 1 Wastewater outlet to the sea (North side)

Menieh 34 28 42.6 35 55 3.6 2 Wastewater outlet to the sea (South side)

Menieh 34 27 59.4 35 56 7.8 18 Menieh Well

Mhammara 34 30 18 35 58 24.6 88 Water well for the village

Mhammara 34 30 16.8 35 58 20.4 87 Water leakage - Network

Mhammara 34 30 15.6 35 58 14.4 60 Water network - pipes

Mhammara 34 30 10.8 35 58 4.2 42 Wastewater leakage (South region)

Mhammara 34 30 11.4 35 58 5.4 42 Wastewater - sludge (South region)

Mhammara 34 30 30.6 35 58 3 14 Electricity targeted transformer

Mhammara 34 30 40.2 35 58 12.6 10 Wastewater leaking network (North Region)

Mhammara 34 30 48 35 58 22.8 8 Wastewater plugging near Saddik

Mhammara 34 30 51 35 58 25.2 8 Water canal downstream of highway polluted with wastewater

Mhammara 34 30 17.4 35 58 24 Mhammara well

Ouyoun El Samak 34 26 21 36 0 12 200

Water reservoir of Menieh in Ouyoun El Samak

Ouyoun El Samak 34 26 18.6 36 0 57.6 270 Ouyoun El Samak Lake & Dam

Ouyoun El Samak 34 26 22.8 36 1 19.2 253 Water falls

Ouyoun El Samak 34 26 19.8 36 0 13.8 Ouyoun El Samak spring

Rawda 34 27 6 35 59 19.2 150 Waste Dump of Adwe



Figure 5-1 Locations Visited in the Surrounding Municipalities

5.2. MHAMMARA Mhammara village of a total surface area of about 3.8 km2 is subdivided into 3 parts (Figure 5-2):

• The camp of Nahr El Bared enclosing the Palestinian Refugees, • The adjacent area, known as the new camp both inhabited by Palestinians and a

minor proportion of Lebanese covering about 1.1 km2, and • The Mhammara village completely inhabited by Lebanese people.

The Mhammara counts about 6,000 persons including the 2,424 registered inhabitants (CAS, 2006). The Mhammara including the new camp counts about 16,000 inhabitants prior to the conflict. In this section, as the current custody of the municipality of Mhammara is not extended to the new camp, any reference to the Mhammara municipality excludes the new camp, which was previously discussed in details in Section 4.



Figure 5-2 Map Showing the Mhammara Cadastre including the Nahr El Bared New

Camp

The Mhammara municipality has a total density of about 15.79 inhabitants per hectare, which falls in the average population densities in Lebanon varying between 3.74 and 22.9 inhabitants per hectare. Accounting for a demographic increase of 3.5 %, the population of Mhammara is expected to reach in 2020 about 9,066 inhabitants. Gradual increase of population is presented in Table 5-2.

Table 5-2 Current population status in the Mhammara municipality and Demographic Projections (on the basis of 3.5 %)

Municipality Areas (km2) District (Caza)

Registered Population (2006)

Densities (inhabitant/ha)

Mhammara

(Excluding the New camp) 3.8 Akkar 2, 424 6.4

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 6,000 6,427 6,885 7,376 7,901 8,464 9,066

Densities (inhabitant per ha) 15.79 16.91 18.12 19.41 20.79 22.27 23.86



5.2.1. Municipal Solid waste

5.2.1.1. Quantities

According to the head of the municipality of Mhammara, about 2.5 tons (equivalent to about 0.42 Kg/capita/day) of solid wastes are collected on a daily basis. As illustrated in Table 5-3 below, the expected solid waste generation in year 2020 (based on a 3.5% demographic expansion) would be about 3.81 tons.

Table 5-3 Population and Solid Waste Generation in Mhammara village until 2020

5.2.1.2. Composition

The composition of solid wastes varies seasonally in Mhammara. Organic wastes are predominant in summer, following summer crops processing increase. Most of the solid wastes collected from households are mainly composed of organic residues, some quantities of cans and papers. A modest medical clinic provides basic medical services for the Mhammara Village, and generates medical wastes of relative low significance that are usually disposed along with the municipal waste. It is worth mentioning that the demolition wastes generated by the Nahr El Bared conflict are restricted to some broken glass and doors and therefore was disposed/ reused of at early stages.

5.2.1.3. Collection & Disposal

Wastes are temporary stored in closed bags in barrels distributed on the sides of the roads in the village. However, in places, especially the remote ones where municipal barrels are inexistent, wastes are deposited on the sides of the roads. Collection and dumping of solid wastes falls under the custody of a private group contracted by the Municipality of Mhammara at a rate of 600, 000 LBP per month (equivalent to 400 USD per month, and 160 USD per ton). The municipality of Mhammara allocates about 4,800 USD per year for solid waste transportation and disposal. The collected solid wastes are dumped in the Rawda (also known as Adwe) dumping site (34o 27 6.00N, 35o 59 19.20E), a land of a surface area of about 6,000 m2 on the flanks of Nahr El Bared Valley (Figure 5-3). Solid waste is segregated and sorted into reusable, recyclable and organic matter (Figure 5-4). The recyclables and reusable material are sold in the market if possible or buried as normal organic waste, and covered with soil (Figure 5-5).

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 6,000 6,427 6,885 7,376 7,901 8,464 9,066

Solid Waste generation (tons/day) 2.50 2.7 2.9 3.10 3.32 3.55 3.81



Figure 5-3 Rawda Municipal Solid Waste Dump Site of Mhammara, Menieh and Bhannine

Figure 5-4 Sorting Municipal Wastes at the Rawda Dump site

Figure 5-5 Wastes (Nylon and Organic Material) Covered by Soil in Rawda Dump Site

5.2.2. Water supply

One public well 130-m deep located in the upper part of the village constitutes the source of water supply for Mhammara independently from the new camp. The well having a capacity of about 6 m3 per hour, equipped with a pump at 90 m BG (Figure 5-6) is operated daily for about 18-24 hours, and conveys water to about 320 housing units through a water network of



a nominal diameter of 2- inch, located 50-60 cm below ground on the opposite side of the wastewater network. For each sector water is supplied daily for a period of about 2 hours, a quantity considered non sufficient especially for houses located at remote distance from the well. Considering no leakages in the system, gross water supply in the Mhammara municipality varies between 68 and 90 liters per capita per day. The housing units located outside the village and not benefiting of the public network because of their remoteness counting for about 73.33 % of the total residents of Mhammara municipality operate private wells having depths ranging between 25 and 60 m for domestic and local irrigation purposes.

Figure 5-6 Water well and water tower of Mhammara

The water supply network is constituted of PVC-made pipes as shown in Figure 5-7. In places many leakages are detected all across the network. Given that solid waste collection is not done properly, i.e., refuse are often found on the roads and not only in the vicinity of waste barrels, water leaking from the defective network might in flooding periods carry all kinds of impurities back to the network due to negative pressure (Figure 5-8).

Figure 5-7 PVC water pipes in Mhammara at a distributing point



Figure 5-8 Water leakage in Mhammara

For irrigation purposes, water for citrus crops cultivation is provided from two main Irrigation Projects originating mainly from Ouyoun El Samak, Dam on Nahr El Bared River upper stream:

1) El Saki project for an area of about 80 ha, and 2) El Ray project for a cultivated area of about 150 ha.

A synthesis of the water use for various purposes in the Mhammara area is presented in Table 5-4. As shown in Table 5-5, based on a daily theoretical water demand ranging between 80 liters per capita, theoretical water demand for the Mhammara municipality in year 2020 is expected to reach gradually 725 m3. This value however does not account for water losses in the conduits, which might reach in places about 50 %.

Table 5-4 Synopsis of the Water Supply Sector in Mhammara

Source Purpose End-users Approximate Water supply

Public well Domestic

320 housing units/1600

inhabitants (26.66 % of the registered

population)

68-90 liters/ capita per day

Ouyoun Al Samak dam lake

El Saki Project Irrigation 80 hectares/ citrus NA

Ouyoun Al Samak dam lake

El Ray Project Irrigation 150 hectares/ citrus NA

Other Private wells (depth of about 25- 60 m)

Domestic and irrigation Unknown NA

Table 5-5 Theoretical Water Demand in Mhammara Municipality from 2010 until 2020

*Actual

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 6,000 6,427 6,885 7,376 7,901 8,464 9,066

Waste water generation

(m3/day) 408* 514 551 590 632 677 725



5.2.3. Wastewater

Two wastewater networks are installed in Mhammara village, one serving about 300 housing units located in the Southern part of the village and evacuating waste water to the sea through the Bared River. The second one collects from the Northern part of the village through a tight network discharging directly to the sea. The network of the southern part of about 3.5 km was installed about 4-5 years ago (1.2-1.5 m below ground). Prior to the conflict the network was operating normally, but due to the circulation of the military vehicles during the conflict in addition to poor maintenance, leakage problems (Figure 5-9) occur along the whole network. It is reported that daily intervention for leakages reparation and tracking is necessary.

Figure 5-9 Wastewater Leakage Problems - Network of the Southern Part of Mhammara

Due to Military Vehicles Circulation During the Conflict

The network of the northern part was linked to an 8- inch pipe designed to collect wastewater for only 5 houses along the highway of Mhammara. Given the significant flow rate generated from the village located upstream down to the highway and the small diameter pipe, clogging of pipes and flooding are frequent on the highway side (Figure 5-10).

Figure 5-10 Wastewater Leakage on the Highway of Mhammara – Waste Water Network of

the Northern Part



Houses located outside the village (in the cultivated land) discharge their wastewater to percolation pits of 4x4 m approximate dimensions. Despite that the pits are bottomless, unsealed, it was reported that inhabitants empty their pits on regular basis, when possible and evacuate the waste water to the sea. The storm water drainage canals are 0.3 m wide, located only on the highway side, and conveying rainwater directly to the sea. Given that the actual water supply is about 68 liters per capita, daily waste water generation is considered to be about 47.6 liters per capita. The quantities of waste water in the Mhammara Municipality are estimated currently at 285.6 m3. For projection purposes, expected daily waste water volumes are based on theoretical water supply of 80 l/capita/day, i.e., 56 liters per capita per day. Projections for theoretical waste water generation till year 2020 are presented in Table 5-6.

Table 5-6 Theoretical Waste Water Generation in Mhammara Municipality from 2010 until 2020

*Actual

5.2.4. Electricity

Most of the housing units in Mhammara are equipped with normal and energy saving lamps. Usually electricity is provided around 10 hours per day, however, due to the overloading of the network, electricity interruptions are very frequent. Most of Mhammara residents have electric generators (generating 3,000 A to 3,500 A) as shown in Figure 5-11 operating at 3 to 6 hours per day.

Figure 5-11 Commonly Used Electricity Generators in Mhammara

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 6,000 6,427 6,885 7,376 7,901 8,464 9,066


(m3/day) 285.6* 360 385.5 413 442.45 473.98 507.7



5.2.5. Damages related to NBC conflict

During the conflict, LAF took military positions in Mhammara. Consequently these positions became targets for the militants of Fath Al Islam. Considerable damage was recorded in these locations either due to direct strike or to inaccuracy of militants’ bombing. Damage in Mhammara consisted mainly of destroyed housing, and greenhouses and damaged roads, which also affected the infrastructure (i.e., sewerage networks). Repeated strikes of militants targeted and destroyed an electricity transformer at the entry of Mhammara village on the highway side (Figure 5-12).

Figure 5-12 Destroyed and replaced electricity transformer at the entry of Mhammara

5.2.6. Environmental Concerns

The major issues of Environmental concern highlighted in the Municipality of Mhammara are presented in Table 5-7.

Table 5-7 Issues of Environmental Concern in the Municipality of Mhammara

SOLID WASTE WATER SUPPLY WASTE WATER OTHERS

Current Status

• Disposal of solid waste at the road sides and next to water supply network

• Open burning in Al Rawda dump

• Disposal in a non lined site

• Improper sorting

• Water losses

• Leakages in water network pipes

• Leakages in the Network

• Disposal of raw waste water at the sea

• Frequent Percolation pits

• Waste water overflow/ improper dimensioning

• Effluents could be generated from the followings:

- Masonry blocks industries

- Granite industry

- Furniture industries

- Dairy products small industries

- Plastic pipes

Consumption

/Emissions 2.5 tons per day

408-540 m3 per day (not accounting for leakage losses)

285-380 m3 per day



SOLID WASTE WATER SUPPLY WASTE WATER OTHERS

Standard Values

3.84 tons per day*

480 m3 per day (not accounting for losses)*

336 m3 per day*

industry

- Steel industries

*Quantities based on a generation rate of 0.64 kg per capita per day (AUB, 1994) for solid waste, , 56 liters per capita per day for waste water

generation and 80 liters per capita per day for water consumption

5.3. BHANNINE Having an area of about 6.5 km2, Bhannine (Figure 5-13) is located in the southern borders of NBC. Bhannine counts about 14,000 inhabitants. During the conflict, the population remained almost the same. About 500 inhabitants fled to Bhannine temporarily during the conflict. As illustrated in Table 5-8, the current urban density in Bhannine is about 21-22 inhabitants per hectare, which is concordant with the density of arable land in Lebanon (22.9 persons per hectare).

Figure 5-13 Bhannine Located South to the New Camp Area

Table 5-8 Projected Population till year 2020 in Bhann2ine, with Respective Densities

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 14,000 14,997 16,065 17,210 18,435 19,748 21,155

Density (Inhabitants/ ha) 21.5 23 24.7 26.5 28.4 30.4 32.5



5.3.1. Municipal Solid waste

5.3.1.1. Quantities

According to the head of municipality, about 11 tons of municipal solid waste are generated per day, which is equivalent to about 0.79 kg/capita/day. Projected quantities of generated municipal solid waste in Bhannine are expected to reach by year 2020 about 16.6 tons/day of waste as shown in Table 5-9.

Table 5-9 Solid Waste Generation in Bhannine Municipality until year 2020


The composition of solid waste in Bhannine reflects the importance of agriculture practices where field investigation showed that organic wastes are the main components followed by paper wastes. Since the village lacks medical clinics, no medical wastes are generated with the municipal solid wastes.


People in Bhanine dispose their unsorted wastes in plastic bags in special barrels found near their houses. Wastes are collected in pickups once or twice per week. It was noticed that in some places collection is not properly conducted, some leftovers are left in and around the barrels. Solid wastes are disposed in Rawda dump site. The municipality pays a monthly fee of 2,000 USD for waste collection and about 3,333 USD to Rawda dump, but starting August 2008, cost will increase to about 2,666 USD per month to account for high fuel prices. A budget of about 72,000 USD is yearly allocated for waste transportation and disposal in the Bhannine municipality. During NBC conflict, most of Bhannine residents left their houses especially inhabitants of southern vicinities of the new camp. After the crisis about 500 people from outside the village fled into Bhannine. As concluded during the conducted field investigation, solid waste services did not face additional stress and were maintained during and shortly after the crisis. It is worth mentioning that the demolition wastes generated by the Nahr El Bared conflict are restricted to some broken glass and doors. These wastes were collected and reused at early stages and did not affect the composition of solid wastes.

5.3.2. Water supply

The major water resource in Bhannine is the Ouyoun El Samak Spring located in the Valley of Nahr El Bared River to the east of Bhannine at the Nahr El Bared Upper dam.

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 14,000 14,997 16,065 17,210 18,435 19,748 21,155

Solid Waste generation (T/day) 11 11.8 12.6 13.5 14.5 15.5 16.6



A network conveys water from Ouyoun El Samak spring to about 60% of inhabitants of Bhannine (about 8, 400 persons). About 5% of houses rely partially or totally on private water wells to satisfy their water needs. Overall Bhannine counts about 140 wells drilled down to depths of 20 to 25 m below ground.

As per the conducted field investigation and individual questionnaires, water consumption in Bhannine was estimated at about 70 l/capita/day. However, leakages along the network (about 35 years old) as well as improper supply are recurrent. This implies that as water losses are considerable, daily water supply at the source significantly exceeds effective water consumption. Based on current daily water demand of about 70 liters per capita, water demand in the Bhannine Municipalities is currently about 980 m3. Based on the theoretical water demand of 80 liters per capita per day, this quantity is expected to reach about 1,700 m3 in 2020 (Table 5-10).

Table 5-10 Current and Projected Water Demand in Bhannine (on the basis of a theoretical daily water consumption of 80 liters per capita)

*Actual

5.3.3. Waste water

Bhannine is characterized a waste water network serving only 200 houses out of 2,800. The already installed pipes of the existing network are in deteriorated conditions. Pipes are neither gripped by tight clamps nor properly joined/ welded/threaded one to the other; therefore leakage problems are very frequent all through the network, although it was only installed few years ago. Wastewater of Bebnine is discharged into the sea via 2 outlets:

• One directly to the sea along with Menieh Northern waste water stream. • One to Nahr El Bared River located inside the new camp.

Houses having no access to waste water network convey their waste water to percolation pits. Additionally, housing units lacking proper waste water infrastructure, seldom discharge their generated waste water into irrigation pipe canals, resulting in polluting the water used for irrigation purposes (Figure 5-14). Storm water either flows into the sea by surface flowing and flooding on the roads or is conveyed to irrigation canals of dimensions 0.4x0.35 m originating from Nahr El Bared Dam.

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 14,000 14,997 16,065 17,210 18,435 19,748 21,155

Water demand (m3/day) 980* 1,200 1,285 1,377 1,475 1,580 1,692



Figure 5-14 Wastewater conveyed to irrigation canal in Bhannine

Given that the actual water supply is about 70 liters per capita, daily waste water generation is considered to be about 49 liters per capita. The quantities of waste water generated currently in Bhannine are estimated at about 686 m3. Projected quantities expected to be generated in Bhannine in year 2020 may reach as illustrated in Table 5-11 about 1060 m3.

Table 5-11 Theoretical waste water generation in Bhannine Municipality until year 2020

*Actual

5.3.4. Electricity

Electricity was usually provided for around 12 hours per day in Bhannine, but starting beginning of August, electricity will be supplied for about 18 hours. Most of Bhannine residents have electric generators operated from 3 to 6 hours per day mostly in the evening. As per the conducted questionnaire, most of Bhannine residents use normal lamps of 100-120 W.

5.3.5. Damage related to NBC conflict

During the conflict, LAF took military positions in Bhannine as well. Damage was restricted to partial destruction of houses falling close to LAF positions. Roads were also partially affected by vehicles circulation but not to a harmful extent.


The major issues of Environmental concern highlighted in the Municipality of Bhannine are presented in

Table 5-12.

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 14,000 14,997 16,065 17,210 18,435 19,748 21,155


(m3/day) 686* 750 803 861 922 987 1058



Table 5-12 Issues of Environmental concern in the Municipality of Bhannine

Solid Waste Water Supply Waste water Others

Current Status

• Disposal of solid waste at the road sides when barrels are full




• Water losses


•



• Frequent Percolation pits

• Frequently conveying waste water to irrigation canals

• Waste water overflow/ improper pipes ‘ characteristics

Effluents could be generated from the followings:

• - Font industry

• - Tiles industry: Consumption

/Emissions 11 tons per day 980 m3 per day 686 m3 per day

Standard Values 9 tons per day*


784 m3 per day*



5.4. BEBNINE Bebnine of a surface area of about 6.8 km2 is one of the surrounding Municipalities, located to the north of the Nahr El Bared camp (Figure 5-15), indirectly affected by the Nahr El Bared crisis. Bebnine counted about 21,722 inhabitants registered in 2006 (GoL, 2008). Currently, according to the head of the municipality, Bebnine counts about 24,000 residents. During the conflict, all the residents remained in Bebnine. The latter is characterized by an urban density of about 35 inhabitants per hectare, which is considered at the high end for average densities in Lebanon. Based on reported population in 2006 and 2008, it is worth mentioning that rates of demographic increase reach about 5 %. However assuming, for the purpose of the study, a regional yearly demographic expansion equivalent to 3.5 %, the projected population in the Bebnine area is presented in Table 5-13, as Bebnine is expected to count about 36,266 inhabitants in 2020.



Figure 5-15 Bebnine located North to the Camp Area

Table 5-13 Projected Population till year 2020 in Bebnine, with Respective Densities

5.4.1. Municipal Solid Waste

5.4.1.1. Quantities

According to the head of municipality, about 25 tons/day of municipal solid waste are generated per day, which is equivalent to about 1.04 kg/capita/day. Projected quantities of generated municipal solid waste are expected to reach by year 2020 about 37.71 tons/day of waste in Bebnine as shown in Table 5-14.

Table 5-14 Number of inhabitants and solid wastes generation in Bebnine village until year 2020 considering a demographic expansion of 3.5%

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 24,000 25,709 27,541 29,502 31,603 33,854 36,266

Density (Inhabitants/ ha) 35.3 37.8 40.5 43.4 46.5 49.8 53.3

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 24,000 25,709 27,541 29,502 31,603 33,854 36,266

Solid Waste generation (T/day) 25.00 26.73 28.64 30.68 32.87 35.21 37.71




Municipal solid waste of Bebnine includes a high proportion of organic waste with respect to other types of waste such as paper and plastic. The high organic waste content is reflective of the agricultural activities found in Bebnine. There are no demolition wastes, since Bebnine was not directly affected by NBC conflict consequences. According to local people and to the municipality the quantities of generated medical wastes are minimal, and are treated and processed in the same way as organic and other types of wastes.


With respect to the disposal at household level, most of the inhabitants in Bebnine dispose their unsorted wastes in plastic bags in special barrels found near their houses. Solid wastes are collected in compactors (Figure 5-16) three times per week, yet in some places the collection occurs once per week thus resulting in a foul smell in the surroundings. According to the conducted surveys, collection is not properly done, as not all the refuse are collected and transported but left in and around the barrels as shown in Figure 5-17.

Figure 5-16 Compactor collecting solid waste in Bebnine

Figure 5-17 Solid waste barrel in Bebnine

In some places, solid wastes are disposed in irrigation canals also polluted by wastewater. Figure 5-18 below shows a solid waste disposal site into a water canal next to Bebnine spring.



Figure 5-18 Irrigation water canal polluted by wastewater and solid waste – A water pipe

also crosses this canal

Collection as well as waste disposal is undertaken by of Mr. Hassan Toufic Boustany, a private contractor/ land owner. Solid waste services and final disposal are charged at a rate of 16 USD/ton (i.e., approximately 12,000 USD /month). The yearly budget allocated by the municipality for waste disposal is about 144, 000 USD. Solid waste is disposed in the private landfill (Figure 5-19) of Mr. Hassan Toufic Boustany lying in Beit El Hosh outside Bebnine and far from residential sectors. Following sorting and solid waste segregation into plastic, metal, and all other wastes such as organic, medical and paper wastes are all processed locally. Processing consists of spreading lime over the dumped wastes before covering them by soil. The dumping site is constantly planted and rehabilitated into orchards as shown in Figure 5-20.

Figure 5-19 Private landfill located in Beit El Hosh for Bebnine (and other Municipalities)

solid waste disposal



Figure 5-20 Landfill of Beit EL Hosh turned into orchards

During NBC conflict, Bebnine did not observe a significant relocation of refugees from the old and new camp. Hence the quality of the waste collection services was not affected; consequently the municipality faced no additional problems for waste collection, transportation and disposal.

5.4.2. Water supply

Bebnine has currently two main water resources: • The Bebnine spring located in the village at 34o 29 28.2N, 35o 59 53.4E (Figure 5-21). • 194 wells amongst which 10 are public and managed by the municipality while the

184 others are private. All the wells are generally used for domestic purposes. The 10 public wells in Bebnine are: Taflah, Bebnine elementary school, Mafjar, Beit Taleb, Daher Raya, Hamriya, Katea, Zaroub, Sharkiya and El Maslakh.

Figure 5-21 Bebnine Spring

Orchards

Solid waste



The old water network of "Bebnine spring" provides water only for 40 % of the people, about 9,600 inhabitants. The spring is equipped with at least 40 1-inch Polyethylene pipes equivalent to about 30 liters per second during the summer season. At this rate, at the source water supply is estimated at around 2,500 m3, however, leakages along the network as well as improper supply have to be accounted for. Based on the field questionnaire, values of water consumption in Bebnine area vary between 100-110 liters per capita per day. It is reported that tap water is polluted due to the old network, in addition to higher water demand, and low network efficiency. Housing units (60%) that are not connected to the water network of Bebnine spring usually rely on private water wells. Most of the private wells are located close to wastewater percolating pits. Some people use water filters to overcome fecal contamination. An alternative public network is already established from "Ouyoun El Joume" from Akkar (Bezbina Area). This network is supposed to supply the entire Bebnine sufficient quantities and good water quality, yet 8 m of pipes still need to be installed to link the regional network to the local network of Bebnine. The completion of the network is on hold due to a problem with a private land owner refusing to give permission to the municipality to install pipes in his land. Regarding Storm water canals, 90% is installed partly by the municipality and partly by World Bank, the remaining 10% (constituting about 1-2 km) is not done yet. The already existing channels have 3 different dimensions (0.7mx0.7m, 1mx1m and 2mx1.5m), depending on the location of these canals and the flow they are expected to withstand. Major crops cultivated in Bebnine are vegetables in greenhouses and citrus trees. Irrigation water is provided to about 3/4 of the irrigated lands (4-4.5 km2) in Bebnine from Al Bared water canal (Dam) through irrigation canals. This water is considered sufficient, but highly contaminated as a result of waste water discharge and solid waste disposal into the canals (Figure 5-22).

Figure 5-22 Wastewater conveyed to irrigation canal in Bebnine

Based on actual water consumption rate in Bebnine, current water demand in Bebnine in 200 is estimated at 2,640 m3. As shown in Table 5-15, based on daily theoretical water



demand set at 80 liters per capita, water demand to end-user in Bebnine area may reach 2,900 m3 in 2020.

Table 5-15 Theoretical Water Demand in Bebnine village until year 2020

*Actual

5.4.3. Waste water

The village has a waste water network (6-14 inches) available to only 80% of the houses; because it lacks 6 km of pipes to cover the whole village. Therefore, the 20% left deprived of sewage network have percolating pits near their houses and water wells. However, those pits are not properly sealed. Many families of about 7 members have been using the pit continuously for more than 5 years without emptying it. On the other hand, as the sewage network of Bebnine is 10-15 years old, lacking proper maintenance, waste water flooding in the streets frequently occurs. Wastewater of Bebnine is conveyed in open canals through two valleys (one northern and one southern). Two outlets discharge wastewater in the sea (Figure 5-23) without undergoing any preliminary treatment.

Figure 5-23 Wastewater in Bebnine evacuated in to the sea and in the valley

Given that the actual water supply is about 110 liters per capita, the current daily waste water generation is considered to be about 77 liters per capita.

The quantities of waste water that are expected to be generated in the Bebnine Municipality as shown in

Table 5-16, are estimated based on the theoretical water supply of 80 liters per capita per day (i.e., 56 liters of daily generated waste water per capita).

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 24,000 25,709 27,541 29,502 31,603 33,854 36,266

Water demand (m3/day) 2,640* 2,057 2,203 2,360 2,528 2,708 2,901



Table 5-16 Theoretical waste water generation in Bebnine village until year 2020

*Actual

5.4.4. Electricity

Lamps of 100 W are usually used in most of the houses in Bebnine. Few people rely on energy saving lamps. Usually electricity is provided around 12 hours per day. Those who have electricity generators (5 A to 20 A) usually operate them for about 6 hours a day.


The major issues of Environmental concern highlighted in the Municipality of Bebnine are presented in Table 5-17.

Table 5-17 Issues of Environmental concern in the Municipality of Bebnine


Current Status

• Disposal of solid waste at the road sides and in irrigation water canals

• Landfill in Beit El Hosh


• Ground water polluted from percolation pits


• Water pipes improperly spread

• Lack of water consumption efficiency measures

• 20% have percolation pits, no network coverage

• Conveying wastewater to the valley and to irrigation water network




• - Furniture industries

• - Fishing boats industries

• - Painting industry

• - Dairy products industry

• - Olive oil extraction mill

Consumption

/Emissions 25 tons per day

2,640 m3 per day (water supply – not accounting for leakages)

1848 m3 per day

Standard Values

15.36 tons per day*

1,920 m3 per day (not accounting for losses)

1344 m3 per day



Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 24,000 25,709 27,541 29,502 31,603 33,854 36,266

Waste water generation (m3/day) 1,848* 1,465 1,569 1,681 1,801 1,929 2,067



5.5. DEIR AMMAR Deir Ammar has a total surface area of about 3.4 Km2 (Figure 5-24), and counts about 20,000 residents. During the conflict, Deir Ammar hosted only about 500 additional inhabitants.

Figure 5-24 Deir Ammar Municipality Cadastral Boundaries

Assuming a yearly demographic expansion equivalent to 3.5 %, the projected population in Deir Ammar is presented in Table 5-18. In year 2020, the population is expected to reach about 30,221. Actual population density in Deir Ammar is considered greater than the average density in Lebanon.

Table 5-18 Projected Population till year 2020 in Deir Ammar, with Respective Densities

5.5.1. Municipal solid waste

5.5.1.1. Quantities

It was reported that about 10-12 tons of solid wastes are daily collected in Deir Ammar, therefore daily solid waste generation is calculated to be about 0.55 kg/capita/day. In year 2020, Deir Ammar can expect to count about 30,221 inhabitants generating about 16.62 tons/day of waste as illustrated in

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 20,000 21,425 22,950 24,585 26,336 28,212 30,221




Table 5-19.

Table 5-19 Number of inhabitants and solid wastes generation in Deir Ammar village until year 2020 considering a demographic expansion of 3.5%


The main municipal waste streams in Deir Ammar consist of organic residues and paper. No medical wastes are generated as Deir Ammar lacks medical clinics and hospitals.

5.5.1.3. Collection and disposal

It is frequent in Deir Ammar that people dispose their unsorted wastes in plastic bags, and then near Municipality’s barrels (Figure 5-25). A private pickup shown in Figure 5-26 collects municipal solid wastes every two days. Collection is usually properly performed, expect when residents of Deir Ammar do not respect schedules of disposal and collection, which leads to waste piling in the respective disposal areas.

Figure 5-25 Wastes disposed outside barrels in Deir Ammar

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 20,000 21,425 22,950 24,585 26,336 28,212 30,221

Solid Waste generation

(tons/day) 11 11.8 12.6 13.5 14.5 15.5 16.6



Figure 5-26 Truck for solid wastes collection in Deir Ammar

Solid wastes are dumped in site near the quarries of Deir Ammar located in the eastern boundaries of the village. In the dump site illustrated in Figure 5-27, the unsorted solid wastes are open burnt and consequently covered with soil. The municipality is responsible of waste the collection. They allocate a monthly sum of 3,000 USD for the solid waste dumping and about 1,670 USD for roads cleaning. Yearly budgets amounting 36,000 USD are allocated for waste burning in the site of Deir Ammar.

Figure 5-27 Solid waste dump site in Deir Ammar

Before reaching the dump site, in the Deir Ammar quarry, wastes generated by small businesses or specialized industries in Deir Ammar (such as mechanicals) are disposed on the sides of the roads (Figure 5-28).



Figure 5-28 Wastes dumped outside Deir Ammar dump site

5.5.2. Water supply

The main water resource in Deir Ammar is the well belonging to the North Water Authorities Part of North Lebanon Establishment, used for drinking and domestic use (Figure 5-29). The entire village is connected to the water network which s about 0.5 m below ground surface. The old water network often depicts leakage problems (Figure 5-30) that are usually remediated shortly.

Figure 5-29 Well in Deir Ammar for Water Authorities of the North



Figure 5-30 Repaired water leakage in Deir Ammar

There are about 40 wells in Deir Ammar used locally for domestic purposes, in addition to a currently non- exploited 5-inch public well. According to the questionnaire conducted in the village, water consumption ranges between 60 and 80 liters/capita/day. Whereas the Municipality informed us that water is scarce in Deir Ammar and that some people buy water to fulfill their water demand needs. As shown in Figure 5-22, on the basis of a daily water demand of 70 liters per day in Deir Ammar, actual water consumption in 2008 is about 1,400 m3. Projected water demand in year 2020 is expected to reach about 2,418 m3.

Table 5-20 Theoretical Water Demand in Deir Ammar Municipality till 2020

*Actual

The cultivated land in Deir Ammar is about 2.4 km2 mainly cultivated olives, almond trees (mainly eliminated due to a massive disease) and vegetables in greenhouses. Irrigation water is provided only from private wells, lacking irrigation water canals.

5.5.3. Wastewater

A waste water network covers the whole village. Waste water pipes having variable diameters of 6 to16 Inches are buried 1 to 1.2 m below ground surface. Wastewater is discharged to the sea via 2 outlets without undergoing any preliminary treatment, as illustrated in Figure 5-31.

Figure 5-31 Wastewater sea outlet in Deir Ammar

Leakage problems are frequent along the network of Deir Ammar since the pipes are relatively tight downstream on highway side. Figure 5-32 below shows a leakage point that

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 20,000 21,425 22,950 24,585 26,336 28,212 30,221

Water Demand

(m3/day) 1,400* 1,714 1,836 1,967 2,107 2,257 2,418



often floods on the highway. Storm water canals are almost lacking in Deir Ammar. Rain water flows in the streets down way to the beach.

Figure 5-32 Waste water network leakage on the highway in Deir Ammar

The current daily waste water generation is considered to be about 49 liters per capita per day, on the basis of an average water consumption of about 70 liters /capita/day. Based on a theoretical water supply of 80 liter per capita per day, the quantities of waste water that are expected to be generated in Deir Ammar Municipality are estimated as per Table 5-21.

Table 5-21 Theoretical waste water generation in Deir Ammar village until year 2020

*Actual

5.5.4. Electricity

Inhabitants of Deir Ammar use normal lamps (100 and 200 W) as well as energy saving lamps (40, 60 or 85 W). Electricity is provided around 12 hours per day. A private party provides electricity to the village to compensate electricity interruptions at a rate of 850 LBP/KW provided.

5.5.5. Relevant Industries

There are industries and special disposal sites in Deir Aamar area identified during the site investigation. These are as follows:

• The Electricity Plant of Deir Ammar (Figure 5‐33) is located on the seashore of the village and operates all day long. As per the conducted survey, people are suffering from air pollution which is negatively affecting their health. It was also reported that

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 20,000 21,425 22,950 24,585 26,336 28,212 30,221

Waste water generation (m3/day) 980* 1,200 1,285 1,377 1,475 1,580 1,692



cultivation is also affected, where almonds tree were not anymore able to grow in the village and the surroundings.

Figure 5-33 Electricity Plant in Deir Ammar

• The Quarry cluster of Deir Ammar (Table 5‐22, Figure 5‐34) composed of three main parcels is not operational and abandoned, yet not rehabilitated.

• The Car dump Site (Figure 5‐35) is a disposal for all the used abandoned cars in the area. Recently the surface area of the site was reduced to about 20-30% of its original area. Cars are disposed to extract car spare parts when applicable for reuse.

Table 5-22 Quarries identified in Deir Ammar Area

IDLand Owner

NameQuarry Type -

SpecificTown

X (UTM)

Y (UTM)Width (m)

Height (m)

Slope (degre

es)Rock type

Geology formation

Soil Thicknes

s (m)

Soil Type

598Ahmad S.

DhaibyCrushed Stone

Deir Ammar

765964 3816688 40 20 90 Limestone Miocene 0.1 Sndy Cly

599Rachid Dhaiby

and BroCrushed Stone

Deir Ammar


600Nouhad M.

DhaibyCrushed Stone

Deir Ammar


Figure 5-34 Quarry in Deir Ammar



Figure 5-35 Cars dump in Deir Ammar


The major issues of Environmental concern highlighted in the Municipality of Deir Ammar are presented in Table 5-23.

Table 5-23 Issues of Environmental concern in the Municipality of Deir Ammar


Current

Status

• Disposal of solid waste outside tanks

• Disposal of wastes in the quarry of Deir Ammar

• Open burning in Al Deir Ammar dump


• No sorting


• Old water network

• Conveying wastewater to the sea via 2 outlets




• Electricity plant of Deir Ammar

• Small steel industries

• Masonry blocks industry

Consumption


1400 m3 per day (water supply – not accounting for leakages)

980 m3 per day

Standard Values 12.8 tons per day*


1120 m3 per day*





5.6. MENIEH Menieh (Figure 5-36) has a total surface area of about 13.5 Km2, and counts about 43,000 residents. During the conflict, the population increased almost by 1000 capita due to immigrants flux from the conflict areas. After the conflict, the population was reestablished to its original state. Assuming a yearly demographic expansion equivalent to 3.5 %, the projected population in the Menieh area is presented in Table 5-24, as Menieh is expected to count about 64,976 inhabitants in year 2020.

Figure 5-36 El Menieh Cadastral Boundaries

Table 5-24 Projected Population till year 2020 in Menieh, with Respective Densities

Given that the average population densities in Lebanon vary between 3.74 inhabitants per hectare for total land and 22.9 inhabitants per hectare for arable land, population densities in Menieh are considered relatively high.

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 43,000 46,063 49,343 52,858 56,623 60,656 64,976





5.6.1.1. Quantities

According to the head of municipality, about 30 tons of municipal solid wastes are generated daily. A daily rate of approximately 0.7 kg per capita can be attributed to Menieh Municipality. Assuming a demographic expansion of 3.5%, Menieh is expected to count about 64,976 inhabitants by year 2020 generating about 45.48 tons/day of waste as illustrated in Table 5-25.

Table 5-25 Number of inhabitants and solid wastes generation in Menieh village until year 2020 considering a demographic expansion of 3.5%


Organic residues and paper waste constitute the main solid waste streams in Menieh. Cans and glass are rarely found in waste since inhabitants rely mainly on consumption of fresh rather than industrial/canned food. There is one hospital in Menieh with small clinics. Generated medical wastes are disposed along with municipal solid waste.

5.6.1.3. Collection and disposal

With respect to the disposal at household level, most of the inhabitants dispose their unsorted wastes in plastic bags in barrels belonging to the municipality. Solid wastes are collected by 2 private compactors (Figure 5-37) twice per week, except in the slaughter houses where collection is performed on a daily basis. The poor frequency of collection results in overloading of barrels (Figure 5-38) and in foul smells in the surroundings.

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 43,000 46,063 49,343 52,858 56,623 60,656 64,976

Solid Waste

generation (T/day) 30 32.2 34.5 37 39.6 42.5 45.5



Figure 5-37 Compactor for solid wastes collection in Menieh

Figure 5-38 Waste barrels overloaded in Menieh

Municipal waste are disposed and processed in the Rawda’s dumping site. The municipality is charged monthly about 10,000,000 LBP (about 6666 USD) for solid waste collection and transportation by a private Party. An additional cost of 5,000,000 LBP/month (about 3333 USD) is paid for disposal. The Municipality allocates a yearly total budget of about 130,000 USD for solid waste processing. Cost of transportation and disposal is about 360 USD per ton. Currently, the EU (European Union) plans to establish a waste sorting and recycling facility in Menieh in a land newly bought by the Municipality for this purpose. Construction is expected to start as of September 2008 and this facility will be serving the whole region. Moreover, Menieh’s rubble waste as well as non- organic wastes are being dumped in a land owned by the Municipality located on the seashore. Waste streams include rubber tires, glass, cardboard, nylon bags, plastic, as well as asbestos made material such as Vinyl Asbestos pipes and tiles (Figure 5-39).



Figure 5-39 Menieh seashore dump

5.6.2. Water supply

The main source for water supply in Menieh is Ouyoun El Samak spring used for drinking and domestic use (Figure 5-40). About 50% of the housing units are not connected to the public network which has been available for over 60 years. The network located at about 0.5 meters below ground portrays various leakage problems, as shown in Figure 5-41, resulting in a relatively high discrepancy between quantities of water supply and effective water consumption.

Figure 5-40 Ouyoun El Samak Spring Flowing Underground



Water consumption from Ouyoun El Samak spring was estimated at around 77 liters per capita per day (based on the interviews conducted in the village), although water supply at the source is believed to be much higher. During site inspection, Ouyoun El Samak discharge was evaluated at about 20-30 l/sec during low flow periods. Based on an effective water consumption of 77 liters per capita per day, the daily water demand in Menieh is currently estimated as shown in Table 5-26 at 3311 m3. Based on a theoretical water consumption of 80 liters per capita per day, the daily water demand in El Menieh is expected to reach about 5200 m3, without accounting for water losses in the network from the source to the end-user.

Table 5-26 Theoretical water demand in Menieh village until year 2020

*Actual

Figure 5-41 Water Leakage along Ouyoun El Samak Network in Menieh

The other 50% of the village relies on about 2000 private wells (100 to 120 m below ground surface) for domestic use. However, as wells are seldom located near waste water percolation pits, contaminated water is reported by most of the residents. A project launched by CDR (Council of Development and Reconstruction) aiming at installing a new water network in the Union of Menieh Municipalities (Menieh, Deir Ammar and Bhannine) started years ago and was not pursued as a result of improper implementation. A new tender is yet to be released for the completion of the project. Irrigation canals originating from the Nahr El Bared dam constitute the main source of water for irrigation purposes as well as the storm water canals of Menieh. About 70% of the area in Menieh is dedicated for agriculture. Main cultivated crops are citrus trees and various vegetables in greenhouses. Irrigation canals of relatively limited sections of 1- 2.25 m2 convey insufficient quantities for irrigation water as reported by local farmers. The irrigation technique mostly adopted is the surface irrigation, whereby significant quantities of water are needed.

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 43,000 46,063 49,343 52,858 56,623 60,656 64,976


(m3/day) 3311* 3685 3947 4229 4530 4852 5198



5.6.3. Wastewater

About 70% of the houses are connected to the local waste water network; the remaining 30% use percolating pits and septic tanks. The network is 8 to12-Inch wide located at a depth of 1 m below ground. Waste water in Menieh is evacuated directly to the sea, through two outlets without undergoing any preliminary treatment, as illustrated in Figure 5-42.

Figure 5-42 Wastewater sea outlets in Menieh

Given that the actual water supply is about 77 liters per capita, daily waste water generation is considered to be currently about 54 liters per capita. The quantities of waste water that are expected to be generated in the Menieh Municipality are estimated based on a water supply of 80 liters per capita per day (Table 5-27)

Table 5-27 Theoretical waste water generation in Menieh village until year 2020 considering a demographic expansion of 3.5%

*Actual

5.6.4. Electricity

Most of the housing units in Menieh are equipped with lamps of 100 W as well as energy saving lamps (60 W). Usually electricity is provided around 10-12 hours per day. Private electrical generators are not frequent. In order to remediate for frequent electricity interruptions, people either use public electricity generators or use private UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) systems.

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 43,000 46,063 49,343 52,858 56,623 60,656 64,976


(m3/day) 2,318* 2,580 2,763 2,960 3,170 3,397 3,638




The main environmental issues identified in the municipality of Menieh in the solid waste, water supply and waste water sectors are presented in Table 5-28.



Table 5-28 Issues of Environmental concern in the Municipality of Menieh


Current Status

• Disposal of solid waste at the road sides




• Ground water polluted from percolation pits



• 30% have percolation pits, no network coverage





• - Furniture industries

• Masonry blocks industries Consumption


3311 m3 per day (water supply – not accounting for leakages)

2318 m3 per day

Standard Values

27.52 tons per day*


2318 m3 per day*



5.7. BEDDAWI Baddawi (Figure 5-43) is one of the six surrounding municipalities indirectly affected by Nahr el Bared conflict as it hosts the Beddawi Camp which was the first destination for Palestinian refugees. It covers a surface area of about 5.1 km2.



Figure 5-43 El Baddawi Cadastral Boundaries North to Tripoli

Prior to the conflict, the total population of Beddawi consisted of about 45,000 residents, out of which 17,000 are Palestinians living in Beddawi Camp. During the NBC conflict the population increased to count about 65,000-70,000 people. Currently Beddawi hosts about 55,000-60,000 including 20,000 to 22,000 in Beddawi Camp (June 2008). Considering that after NBC construction, the population in Beddawi will be about 37,500 inhabitants (considering the 3.5% normal demographic expansion till year 2010), the projected population in Beddawi for year 2020 is expected to count about 42,318 Inhabitants as presented in Table 5-29.

Table 5-29 Projected Population till year 2020 in Beddawi, with Respective Densities

Year 2007 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants

(Lebanese Registered) 28,000 28,000 30,000 32,137 34,426 36,878 39,504 42,318

Immigrants

in Beddawi 17,000 7,000 0 0 0 0 0 0

Inhabitants (Excluding Beddawi Camp) 45,000 35,000 30,000 32,137 34,426 36,878 39,504 42,318

Beddawi Camp 22,000 22,000 18,211 19,508 20,897 22,386 23,980 25,688

Total 67,000 57,000 48,211 51,645 55,323 59,264 63,484 68,006



Population density in Beddawi is considered significantly high with respect to the average population densities in Lebanon varying between 3.74 inhabitants per hectare for total land and 22.9 inhabitants per hectare for arable land.


5.7.1.1. Quantities

According to the head of municipality, the quantity of solid waste generated by 35,000

inhabitants consisting of local residents and immigrants is about 13 tons/day. Municipal solid

waste generation per capita is equivalent to about or 0.37 kg/capita/day, whereas before

the conflict the quantity of collected solid waste ranged between 8 to 9 tons/day generated

by about 28,000 inhabitants ( at a rate of 0.32 kg/capita/day)

Assuming a demographic expansion known to be 3.5%, Beddawi can expect to hold about

42,318 persons by year 2020 generating about 15.66 tons/day of municipal solid waste (Table

5-30) considering that by year 2010 people from NBC shall return to the new and old camp

after completion of reconstruction.

Table 5-30 Daily Solid Wastes Generation Rates in Beddawi Village until year 2020


According to the Municipality of Beddawi and local people, the solid waste in Beddawi is composed in majority of organic matters and paper waste. It was reported that in absence of clinics and sanitation facilities, no medical wastes are generated in the Beddawi area.


Beddawi Municipality constitutes along with Tripoli and Al Mina the Union of Al Fayha’ Municipalities. Therefore, solid waste collection, road cleanup and waste disposal fall under the responsibility of Lavajet which charges the municipality for waste collection a yearly sum of 2,200,000 LBP (1,466 USD). At household level, unsorted solid waste is disposed in plastic bags, in the Lavajet tanks/ barrels found near their houses covering almost the entire village (Figure 5-44). Some sorting takes place in-situ prior to collection.

Total Density (Inhabitants/ ha) 131 111.76 95 101 108 116 124 133

Density (Inhabitants/ ha). Excluding Beddawi camp

88 69 59 63 68 72 77 83

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 35,000 30,000 32,137 34,426 36,878 39,504 42,318

Solid Waste generation (T/day) 13 11.1 11.9 12.7 13.6 14.6 15.6



Figure 5-44 Temporary waste collection – “Lavajet”

Waste is collected daily by Lavajet vehicles, but in some regions collection takes place only 2-3 times per week. According to the conducted survey and filled questionnaires, collection is not properly done, since waste remains in and around the tanks. Solid waste is disposed in Abu Ali landfill serving the Municipality of Tripoli, El Mina and Beddawi (Union of Al Fayha’ Municipalities) (See section 4.3.3) Currently, the quality of Lavajet’s services deteriorated for many reasons:

1) High flux of refugees generating considerable quantities of solid wastes (about 3.7 tons/day considering that nearly 10,000 live outside Beddawi Palestinian Camp).

2) Insufficient number of Lavajet’s vehicles being also old and used. 3) Last occurring conflicts between Jabal Mohsen and Beb Al Tabbane resulting in

cessation of Lavajet’s work since most of its workers are residents of these regions.

5.7.2. Water supply

Beddawi has currently two water sources: 1) The network from the Water Authorities of Tripoli (Hab water) and 2) Private wells for every building or house falling East to the highway.

The water network of Hab Grotto provides water to almost 7000 families. It is used for drinking and domestic use, yet many install filters. Those who are not provided with the water network, have to supply water from their private wells. However, the problem arises in the quality if this water. The reason behind this pollution started in Arafat war in 1983 which targeted oil refineries of IPC (Iraq Petroleum Company) resulting in fuel percolation to groundwater. Adding to this problem, IPC (Figure 5-45) nowadays disposes its oil in ground pits (Figure 5-46) and fuel is allowed permanently to infiltrate in the soil. Thus most wells located below and south to IPC became contaminated with fuel and unsafe to use.



Figure 5-45 IPC fuel tanks

Figure 5-46 Ground pits of fuel at IPC percolating to groundwater

According to our field investigation, water reservoirs (Figure 5-47) as well as water being used at house levels in the polluted area in Beddawi have a brick color associated to fuel contamination due to ground pits of fuel in APC as well as to Arafat war. Some people install filters to be able to use this polluted water, and some others filter it using primitive techniques (Figure 5-48) and even drink it. Few are the people who analyze their water due to the high cost of water analysis; water is being consumed.

Figure 5-47 Water reservoir showing a brick colored scum in the bottom due to pollution



Figure 5-48 Tap water from a polluted well being filtered using a gauze

Water consumption in Beddawi is about 100 L/capita/day considering water provided from the network and extra supply from private wells. People having no access to the network consume much less water and suffer from wells pollution and scarce water resources. Based on effective average water consumption of 100 liters per capita per day, actual water consumption in Beddawi area reaches currently 3,500 m3 per day. Based on a theoretical water consumption of 80 liters per capita per day, the theoretical water consumption in Beddawi is expected to reach 3,385 m3 in 2020 (Table 5-31).

Table 5-31 Theoretical Water Consumption in Beddawi area till 2020

Irrigation water for the citrus orchards located in the coastal side of Beddawi was conveyed from a natural lake near those orchards. Years ago a well was drilled in IPC which lead to the drawdown of water in this lake. Beddawi Municipality pushed on making IPC convey water from the above mentioned well to the orchards through open canals. Water from this well is also being fuel polluted and brick in color as shown in Figure 5-49. The smell of this water is also significantly rusty.

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 35,000 30,000 32,137 34,426 36,878 39,504 42,318

Water Demand (m3/day) 3,500 2,400 2,571 2,754 2,950 3,160 3,385



Figure 5-49 Irrigation water canal conveyed from IPC fuel contaminated well to Beddawi

cultivated land

In Beddawi there are no storm water drainage canals. Rainwater flows freely in the streets down to the sea or sometimes reaches the wastewater open canals and the irrigation water canals.

5.7.3. Wastewater

The village has a 1-2 m deep network available to almost all the town except Beddawi camp and its surrounding area as well as to the surroundings of the Police Station. The network’s dimension is 8-14 inch, and is about 30 to 40 years old. Leakage problems, often to occur, are treated on daily basis. Wastewater of Beddawi is withdrawn to the sea via open canals (Figure 5-50) directly to the sea (Figure 5-51) without undergoing any preliminary treatment.

Figure 5-50 Open canals of wastewater towards the sea



Figure 5-51 Two wastewater sea outlets in Beddawi

The estimated quantity of waste water generated in Beddawi is considered about 70 L/capita/day, and the expected mass currently conveyed is about 2,450 m3 per day. The expected volumes of waste water to be generated in Beddawi till 2020 are summarized in Table 5-32 below based on a water supply of 80 liters per capita per day.

Table 5-32 Theoretical Waste Water Generation in Beddawi village until year 2020

5.7.4. Industrial wastes

Beddawi has a multitude of industries differently from the other 6 studied municipalities. The major ones are:

1) A vegetable oil industry (Municipality lacks information regarding waste disposal of this industry generating residues (Figure 5-52) and bad smells)

2) Furniture and wood industries, 3) One glass factory, and 4) One metal pellets industry.

Year 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Inhabitants 35,000 30,000 32,137 34,426 36,878 39,504 42,318


(m3/day) 2,450 1,680 1,800 1,928 2,065 2,212 2,370



Figure 5-52 Residues generated from the oil industry in Beddawi

5.7.5. Electricity

Most people use normal lamps in their houses (100 W) and few are those who use energy saving lamps (about 60 W). Usually electricity is provided to Beddawi around 12 hours per day. A local electricity generator supplies part of the town through a network installed by the owner of the generator. On the other hand most of Beddawi residents have private electrical generators operated few hours per day to compensate electricity cuts especially in the hot season.

5.7.6. Environmental concerns The main environmental issues identified in the municipality of Beddawi in the solid waste, water supply and waste water sectors are presented in Table 5-33.

Table 5-33 Issues of Environmental concern in the Municipality of Beddawi


Current Status

• Collection is not properly fulfilled

• Disposal in a non lined site???

• Improper sorting???

• Significant ground water polluted from fuel pits at IPC



• Network available except in some parts in the village close to the camp




Effluents could be generated from the followings:

- A vegetable oil industry

- Furniture industries

- Wood industries,

- Glass factory

- metal pellets




Consumption


3500 m3 per day consumption (water supply – not accounting for leakages) before NBC construction

3000 m3 per day consumption (water supply – not accounting for leakages) after NBC construction

2450 m3 per day (before NBC construction)

2100 m3 per day (water supply (after NBC construction)

industry

Standard Values

22.4 tons per day (before NBC construction)

19.2 tons per day (after NBC construction)

2800 m3 per day (water supply – not accounting for leakages) before NBC construction

2400 m3 per day (water supply – not accounting for leakages) after NBC construction

1960 m3 per day (before NBC construction)

1680 m3 per day (water supply (after NBC construction)



Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Synopsis


6. SYNOPSIS Based on the collected information, Table 6-1provides a summary of the issues identified in the surrounding municipalities in the sectors of the Solid waste, Water Supply, Waste water, and others relevant information and data.

Table 6-1 Synopsis of the Major Issues Identified in the Surrounding Municipalities

MUNICIPALITY MHAMMARA BEDDAWI BEBNINE BHANNINE MENIEH DEIR AMMAR NEW CAMP

Contact Person Nadim Al Tellawi Majed Ghomrawi Haitham Al Masri Mostafa Wehbe Mostafa Akl Ahmad Eid UNRWA

Surface area (km2) 3.8 5.1 6.8 6.5 13.5 3.4 0.114

Total Population prior to conflict (capita)

Density (cap/ha)

6,000

15.79

45,000 (including 17,000 Palestinians)

54.1

24,000

35.3

14,000

21.5

43,000

31.8

20,000

58.82

10,275

89.5

Population during the conflict (capita)

Density (cap/ha)

0

0

45,000 (excluding Beddawi Camp)

88.23

24,000 (some left & some came)

35.3

12,500

19.2

44,000

32.6

20,500

60.29

0

0

Current Population (July 2008)

Density (cap/ha)

6,000

15.79


68.63

24,000

5.3

14,000

21.5

43,000

31.8

20,000

58.82

15,000

131

Expected population in 2020 (capita)

Density (cap/ha)

9,066

23.86


82.97

36,266

53.33

21,155

32.54

64,976

48.13

30,221

88.88

14,459

126

Solid Waste




Solid Waste Generation prior to the conflict

• Tons per day-

• m3 per day

2.5

7.5

8-9

24-27

25

75

10-11

30-33

30

90

10-12

30-36

6

18

Current Solid Waste Generation

• Tons per day-

• m3 per day

2.5

7.5

12-13

36-39

25

75

10-11

30-33

30

90

10-12

30-36

9

27

Expected Solid Waste Generation (tons per day) in 2020

• Tons per day-

• m3 per day

3.77

11.31

15.6

46.8

37.71

113.13

16.6

49.8

45.5

136.5

16.68

49.

8.7

26

Average Solid Waste Generation (kg per capita per day)

1.03 0.37 1.04 0.79 0.7 0.55 0.6

Composition Organic and Paper waste

No Medical wastes

Organic and Paper waste

No Medical wastes


Minimal medical wastes


No medical wastes


No medical wastes


No medical wastes

Organic, cans, Paper waste

Special wastes (Rubble, demolition waste)

Mobile storage barrels or sides of roads

Lavajet tanks Barrels Barrels not for the Municipality

Barrels for the Municipality

Tanks for municipality

Plastic Barrels

(0.12, 0.18 and 0.36 m3)

Temporary storage

(if any)

X X X X X X Steel Containers (1.1 m3)

Waste collection and Transport Pick up Lavajet vehicles & newly 2 pickups owned by the municipality

Private Compactors Private pick ups 2 private Compactors

2 wastes trucks for the municipality

Compactor




Capacity (m3/vehicle) 35 35

Frequency of collection Daily Daily (but in some regions 2-4 days)

Daily most of the village – 3 times/week in 20% of the village falling outside the crowded sector

Twice a week Every 2-3 days except for slaughter houses daily

3 times per week Daily except for Sundays

Final Fate In Adwe (Rawda) dump site

In Abu Ali - Tipoli (Al Fayha’ Municipalities) dump site

Bebnine – private dumpsite (followed by land rehabilitation)

In Adwe (Rawda)

dump site

In Adwe

(Rawda) dump

site

Burnt at the borders of Deir Ammar in the direction of Fawwar

In Abu Ali - Tipoli (Al Fayha’ Municipalities) dump site

Collection Fees

(as reported)

600.000L.L / month 2,200,000 L.L /year paid through Ministry

10,000,000 L.BP/ month

3,500,000 LBP/month.

Starting August 2008, 4,000,000 LBP/month

10,000,000 LBP/month.

4.500,000 LBP/month

Disposal Fees (USD/year) 40,000 91,250 144,000 40,000 40,000 36,000 43,800

Disposal Fees (USD/ton) 43.83 20 16 10 3.65 9 20

Sorting Partial sorting (for steel, plastic and glass)

No sorting Partial sorting (for steel, plastic and glass)

Partial sorting (for steel, plastic and glass)

Partial sorting (for steel, plastic and glass)

No sorting No sorting

Custody Municipality & Mr. Jamil Al Saif

Sorting in-situ prior to collection

Municipality & owner of the dumping site

Private – Followed up by the Municipality

Municiality & owner of Rawda

Deir Ammar Municipality

UNRWA

Tripoli Municipality

Fayha’ Municipality Union




Additional comments - Over use of Lavajet vehicles rendering them less efficient

- New brooms bought for the municipality

In the landfill, lime is broadcasted before dumping in order to protect groundwater. This landfill is turned into orchards

A new land in Menieh for a recycling plant – EU project serving the region. Construction might start in September 2008

The major problem in this village is solid waste collection & dumping -

Project with EU in Menieh serving the region.

Soil is used to cover the waste. Approximately once per month wastes are burned.

Project with EU in Menieh serving the region.

Prior to conflict, municipal solid waste of the new camp were disposed in the old camp by a private party

Waste water

Waste water Generation prior to the conflict (m3 per day)

285.6 1,960 1,848 686 2,318 980 745

Current Waste water Generation (m3 per day)

285.6 2,450 1,848 686 2,318 980 1666

Average Waste water Generation (Liters per capita per day)

47.6 70 77 49 54 49 72

Expected Waste water Generation (m3 per day) in 2020 on the basis of 56 l/cap/day

507.7 2,370 2,067 1,058 3,638 1,692 810

Network Only for 300 houses 3.5 km network

Available in the village -

Exceptions:

فوق المغفر ‐

األرض الكبيرة ‐

فوق (المنكوبين ‐وقرب )المخيم

Network available – lacks only 6km of pipes to cover the whole village – municipality is ready to install once the 6km (about 1000pipes costing about 30.000USD) are provided

Only for 200 houses

Available Covers the whole village but needs replacement since it is too tight especially on the highway side

Dimensions No info 8in - 14in 6 in to 14 in No info 8in to 12 in 6in to 16in




Coverage 300 houses inside the village only – houses outside the village, percolation pits (4x4m)

95% 80% of the village 14-15% 70% of houses 100%

Outlet/final fate Part to the sea (North) & part to the river

2 sea outlets (open canal):

1- Abu Ali River

2- the sea

2 outlets on the valley towards the sea

2 closed pipes:

One linked to the Northern outlet of Menieh and the other to the river in the new camp

2 canals into the sea

2 outlets to the sea

Treatment/ Type X X X X X X X

Percolation pits (availability) Could not be specified

20% of the village (out of 3500 houses)

Great number of percolation pits

30% of the houses

None

Depth of Network 1.2-1.5 m 0.5m (near buildings)- 1m-1.5m-2m

0.5m-2m sometimes up to 5 m

1.70m 1m-2m and more

1m-1.2m

Age 4-5 years 30-40years 6 months – 10 to 15 years

5-6 years 50% 3 years

20%5 years

4 years & 15-20 years

Future Plans for Waste Water

Reported Leakages / Comments

- Leakage at the highway level (could be due to a plug.

- Network affected by military vehicles’ circulation

Nothing mentioned – but given the age, it is probable.

No leakage due to permanent maintenance by a special team

Some directly convey their wastewater to water canals

No leakage – But when leakage occurs, direct maintenance intervention

Leakage is frequent – no equipment for plugging treatment, usually done manually.

Water Supply




Public Resource Well in the village 130m deep

Hab water from Water Authorities of Tripoli and Private wells

Ain Bebnine + 10 public wells

Ouyoun El Samak spring

Ouyoun El Samak spring

Well for Water Authorities of the North

Well Gineen, Well Hamed, Well 10

Use Drinking and domestic use

Drinking and domestic use





Domestic

Network Covering the village only

For 7000 families for the village only

Available for 40% of the village

Water is insufficient – 35 years old network

Available (60 years ago)

Available Complete: Recently installed

HDPE Pipes

Depth of network 50-60cm – not in the same area of wastewater network

About 1m No idea No info 0.5m and more 50cm 60-70 cm BG

Dimensions (inches) 2” 1” 4”

Coverage/beneficiaries Feeding about 320 families

Beddawi village only 40% from Bebnine water

And others from 10 wells.

60% 50% Almost complete coverage

Others Private Resources (wells springs)

Private wells for People living in the “Bassatine” (cultivated land). 25 to 60m deep

Private wells for each building and house. Most of them are polluted by fuel since Arafat war in 1983 targeting oil refineries

10 Wells managed by the municipality for sectors in the village +

Great number of private wells

5% private wells. Highly polluted due to percolation pits at close vicinity

About 2000 private wells

One 5” public well not used at all + about 40 private wells of good water quality (Absence of percolation pits) + few springs only for drinking water

Private wells inside the camp

Well Characteristics 20-60m deep 90-105 m deep; SWL 10m

50-150 m deep 20-25m 10-50-100-120m No information Depths: 25-60 m BG

SWL: 4-9 m

Available Water Resources

Aquifers exploited

Quaternary

85 (m3/hour)




Water supply

(Liters/cap/day)

68

2-3 hours for each block, i.e. 18 hours/24

100

Water supplied continuously

104

Polluted water – people purchase potable water

70

Polluted water due to percolation pits

77

Some people purchase potable water

70

Very poor – once to twice a week

99-125 (Prior to conflict)

60-247 (Current)

Water Supply

(m3/day)

408 3,500 2,500 980 3,311 1,400 1065 (prior to conflict)

2380 (Current)

Projected Water demand

(m3/day) in 2020

725 3,385 2,900 1,692 5,198 2,417 1,157

Reported Water Quality

Reported problems/contaminations

Good

Most of private wells polluted by fuel

Deteriorated due to network

Deteriorated quality – some people purchase water for drinking and domestic use

Deteriorated quality due to network

Good

Background Information (History)

4-5 years before the conflict the water reservoir was rehabilitated to collect water from “Ain Yaacoub” from the coastal side of Akkar. Another source was from “Hrar” the mountainous side of Akkar

A network is already established from Ouyoun El Joume from Akkar (Governmental) – High standards – still 8m (Not allowed by the owners of the land) are needed to feed the entire village with good quality & quantity water

A New project (CDR ) started years ago and was stopped due to bad implementation and till now, no new contractor

Storm Water

Network Primal network near the highway

No special canals. Sometimes conveyed to irrigation channels

- Part is finished (municipality) - Part under construction (WB)

- Part missing

Irrigation and storm water network at the same time

Available – directly discharging to the sea In the summer used as irrigation network

Very few




Dimension 0.3 m 0.4m x 0.35m 0.7m x 0.7m 1m x 1m 2m x 1.5m

0.4m x 0.35m 1 – 2m2

Economic sectors

Industries Masonry blocks industries, Granite industry, Furniture industries, dairy products, Plastic pipes industry, and steel industries.

Gas Companies, Glass and metal pellets industries

Furniture, Fishing boats, Painting, Dairy product and olive oil extraction

Font facility and masonry blocks

Furniture, masonry blocks…

Small-scale Steel industries and masonry blocks….

Agriculture Citrus & Vegetables Surface Irrigation networks:

1- Al Saki Project 80Ha (80cm)

2- Al Ray Project 150Ha (4m)

Fees are 50.000L.L/1,000m2

Very limited Agricultural land of 4-4.5 km2. Greenhouses, citrus, olive, Fishing. ¾ of the land is watered from Al Bared water canal (Dam – Akkar)

Citrus + greenhouses. Irrigation water from Nahr El Bared Dam. Canals of 0.4 X 0,35 m

Citrus + greenhouses (70% of the area)

Irrigation water provided through channels (Sections. 1x1m and 1.5x1.5 m).

About 2.4 km2 of cultivated land (60% out of 4 km2) Olive, Almonds (all eliminated) and greenhouses.

Only private wells used for irrigation

Comments Nahr El Bared flooded in 2005.

APEC Gasoline reservoir

EU project aiming at 1) prohibiting polluting water of the canal, 2) building safety walls across the water canal to protect children from sinking (2 reported deaths this year)




Damages recorded during the conflict

Electricity transformer at the entry of the village – highway side

X Partial damages at the household level

Partial damages at the household level

Partial damages of some glass and wood at houses level

X

Project allocated by UNDP & World Bank

Roads at the entry of the village, water drainage channels and retaining walls will be constructed. Shown that the budget allocated to Mhammara is small compared to the extent of damage, UNDP will additionally support the Municipality through the rehabilitation of 2 electricity stations and public lighting in the village.

Providing equipment that will be used both for waste collection and disposal as well as public works usually taken on by the Municipality:

2 Vans & 1 pick up

Equipment, furniture and other facilities (audio visual equipment for offices, conference and meeting rooms and Computer Learning Center) for the municipality with the aim to enhance its capacity as a service provider.

Rehabilitation of road networks, first part completed by the municipality through World Bank budget allocation, the second part (2 additional roads) will be completed through the contribution of UNDP. A road was rehabilitated as well with its water canals and retaining walls

Rehabilitation of irrigation channels for agricultural activities.

World Bank will offer a large budget (Given its largest population amongst the 6 municipalities) to cover most of infrastructure needs.

Municipality previously built its new building which included a space for a public clinic. In collaboration with expertise from the World Health Organization (WHO), equipment will be provided to enable a complete health care coverage of the region.

Environmental Rapid Assessment United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Field Investigation Report Appendix


APPENDIX A Questionnaires

QUESTIONNAIRE-Surrounding Municipalities UNDP

Name of surveyor: Fay Mushantaf Location: Beddawi

Date: 17/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 1

ELARD SURVEY IN THE SURROUNDING MUNICIPALITIES

I. Background Information

a. Location: Beddawi

b. Name:

II. Household information

a. Number of members/family: 8

b. Number of rooms in the house: 6

III. Municipal Wastes

a. Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): In bags then in

“Lavaget” tanks

b. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 6.5 kg (0.8 kg/capita/day)

c. Type of waste/Composition: Mostly organic

d. Fate of each type: No sorting

e. Collection of Waste: “Lavajet”

f. Frequency of Collection: Daily

g. Rate the Collection: Good (they put powder to dry the ground) but they leave

garbage on the ground.

h. Any problem related to wastes collection: No

Has the quality of municipal services delivery changed (since the crisis)?No

IV. Wastewater

Waste Water Evacuation (network or percolation pits)? Network

a. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? No

V. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Water from network (habb water)

b. Is Quantity sufficient? Yes

c. Any seasonal fluctuations? Yes

d. Any unusual taste or odour? Chlorine, except when filter is installed

e. Any major water leakages noted? At the Network and house level? No

f. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? Its automatic

g. Capacity of the water reservoir: 2000 L



Date: 17/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 2

h. Do you have automatic refilling system? Yes

i. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? Everything (filter is changed

every 3 months)

Do you use water abundantly in cleaning practices? Yes

Was water supply prior to conflict sufficient if applicable? Yes

j. Do you buy water? Yes when insufficient drinking water or for domestic use?

both

k. Do you have a private well? Yes, for the whole building yet it’s not used

because of pollution

l. How frequent you do a water analysis? No

m. What is the quality? Polluted

n. Depth of well? 45 m Capacity? _____________

o. Pumping frequency?

p. Depth of the pump? 35 m

q. Power of the pump:

r. Static water level? 15m

s. Rising pipe?

t. Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..): From the well used

for cleaning floors (red color and fuel odor)

VI. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? Sometimes from the oil

factory

b. Indoor air quality? Ventilation, sunlight? Yes

Any unusual odors associated to refugees’ influx such as solid waste? No

Any noise or fuel burning smell related to electricity generators? No

VII. Energy supply

a. What kind of lamps you have in your house? Energy saving lamps

b. What is the voltage of the lamps you use? 100 V

c. How many hours per day you have electricity? 12 hours

d. Range of your electricity bill? 250,000 LL, (yet he has solar water heating

system)

e. Do you have electricity generators? No, private electrical network paid on

monthly basis Power?



Date: 17/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 3

f. How many hours you operate the generator?

g. What electrical equipment you have? Refrigerator/ washing machine/ TV/

iron/water heater

VIII. Other relevant information

a. Any damage was recorded in your village related to the NBC conflict?

Economic decline

b. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics? No



Date: 17/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 4


IX. Background Information


b. Name: Khaled Ghomraweh

X. Household information



XI. Municipal Wastes

i. Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): In bags and

then in “Lavajet” tanks.

j. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 5 kg (0.7 kg/capita/day)

k. Type of waste/Composition: mostly organic then paper, then glass and cans.

l. Fate of each type : no sorting done

m. Collection of Waste: “Lavajet”

n. Frequency of Collection: Daily

o. Rate the Collection: 70% good

p. Any problem related to wastes collection: Some leftovers on the road

q. Has the quality of municipal services delivery changed (since the crisis)? No

XII. Wastewater

a. Waste Water Evacuation (network or percolation pits)? Network b. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? No

XIII. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Water well


c. Any seasonal fluctuations? No

d. Any unusual taste or odour? In year 2003 water became polluted due to the

fuel in IPC.


f. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? Automatically

g. Capacity of the water reservoir : 2000 L (USUALLY USES 1000 L/DAY)

h. Do you have automatic refilling system? No



Date: 17/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 5

i. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? All except drinking

j. Do you use water abundantly in cleaning practices? yes

k. Was water supply prior to conflict sufficient if applicable?

l. Do you buy water? Yes drinking water or for domestic use? For drinking and

cooking

m. Do you have a private well? Yes

n. How frequent you do a water analysis? No analysis

o. What is the quality? Good quality

p. Depth of well? 75 m Capacity? 1 inch

q. Pumping frequency? Daily

r. Depth of the pump? 73 m

s. Power of the pump: 1.5 hp

t. Static water level? 12 m

u. Rising pipe? No idea

v. Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..): All except drinking

and cooking

XIV. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? Oil factory and

“Lavajet“ trucks


c. Any unusual odors associated to refugees’ influx such as solid waste? Waste

far from “Lavajet” tanks all on the roads

d. Any noise or fuel burning smell related to electricity generators: No

XV. Energy supply


b. What is the voltage of the lamps you use? 40 W

c. How many hours per day you have electricity? 12 HRS-16 HRS

d. Range of your electricity bill? 40,000 LL - 60,000LL

e. Do you have electricity generators? Yes Power? 3500 Watt

f. How many hours you operate the generator? 1-2 hrs /day

g. What electrical equipment you have? All electrical equipment including AC

and Water heater



Date: 17/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 6

XVI. Other relevant information


Palestinians moving to Beddawi

b. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics? Yellow cloud due to

electricity station in Deir Ammar especially at the beginning of its operation.



Date: 17/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 7


XVII. Background Information


b. Name: Majed Ghomraweh

XVIII. Household information



XIX. Municipal Wastes

r. Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): In bag then in

“Lavaget” tanks

s. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 3kg (0.33 Kg/capita/day)

t. Type of waste/Composition: Paper and organic

u. Fate of each type: Not sorted

v. Collection of Waste: “Lavaget”

w. Frequency of Collection: Daily

x. Rate the Collection: Not so good they leave garbage on the floor

y. Any problem related to wastes collection: Most employees are from Jabal

Mehsen, they do not attend to work during conflicts in Tripoli.

z. Has the quality of municipal services delivery changed (since the crisis)? No

because now beddawi is over populated by Palestinians living in Beddawi and

in the camp

XX. Wastewater

a. Waste Water Evacuation (network or percolation pits)? Network

b. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? No

XXI. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Water well


c. Any seasonal fluctuations? In summer

d. Any unusual taste or odour? No



Date: 17/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 8

e. Any major water leakages noted? At the Network and house level? no

f. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? Automatically


Do you have automatic refilling system? Yes

h. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? Everything


i. Was water supply prior to conflict sufficient if applicable? Yes

j. Do you buy water? No Drinking water or for domestic use? No

k. Do you have a private well? Yes

l. How frequent you do a water analysis? Every 3 months with the filtering

m. What is the quality? Good

n. Depth of well? 100 m Capacity? 1 inch

o. Pumping frequency? Depends on the need

p. Depth of the pump? 99-98m

q. Power of the pump: 2 hp


s. Rising pipe? No idea

t. Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..): Everything

XXII. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? No


Any unusual odors associated to refugees’ influx such as solid waste? Yes


XXIII. Energy supply

a. What kind of lamps you have in your house? Regular and energy saving lamps

b. What is the voltage of the lamps you use? 100 V (for regular)

c. How many hours per day you have electricity? 12 hrs

d. Range of your electricity bill? About 100,000 LL.

e. Do you have electricity generators? No, private electrical network paid on

monthly basis Power?


g. What electrical equipment you have? 3 refrigerators/2 TVs/ computer/ 2

washing machines/ hoover/ 2 irons/ microwave…



Date: 17/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 9

XXIV. Other relevant information


Population increased

b. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics? Fuel containers of July

war 2006 stored in IPC


Name of surveyor: Nadine Aoun Location: Menieh

Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 1



a. Location: Menieh

b. Name: Abdel Hafiz Sammour





a. Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): Closed bags

then in barrels

b. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 5Kg (1.66Kg/capita/day)

c. Type of waste/Composition: Organic, paper, glass

d. Fate of each type: Aadoui

e. Collection of Waste: Private

f. Frequency of Collection: Once per week

g. Rate the Collection: Medium

h. Any problem related to wastes collection: Leftovers, and bad smell from the

pick ups

Has the quality of municipal services delivery changed (since the crisis)? No

IV. Wastewater


b. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? Sometimes storm water is diverted to

waste water network and so flooding occurs occasionally

V. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Private well for 40 houses (200 persons)



d. Any unusual taste or odour? No, calcareous

e. Any major water leakages noted? At the Network and house level?



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 2

_________________________________________________________________________.

f. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? 10 hrs/day as long as the

electricity is on

g. Capacity of the water reservoir: 1000L (500 L consumption /day)


i. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? Everything

j. Do you use water abundantly in cleaning practices? Yes


l. Do you buy water? Yes drinking water or for domestic use?


n. How frequent you do a water analysis? Twice/year (from ministry)

o. What is the quality? Good but high in CaCO3

p. Depth of well? 50m Capacity? 2 in

q. Pumping frequency? 10 hrs

r. Depth of the pump? 40m

s. Power of the pump 2HP

t. Static water level? 20m

u. Rising pipe?

Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..): Everything

VI. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? Smell of waste from the

trucks


Any unusual odors associated to refugees’ influx such as solid waste? Solid

waste

Any noise or fuel burning smell related to electricity generators: No

VII. Energy supply

a. What kind of lamps you have in your house? All energy saving

b. What is the voltage of the lamps you use? 60W

c. How many hours per day you have electricity? 10 hrs/day

d. Range of your electricity bill? 65,000LL

e. Do you have electricity generators? No, UPS Power?




Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 3

g. What electrical equipment you have? Everything


a. Any damage was recorded in your village related to the NBC conflict? Yes

b. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics? Black cloud from Deir

Ammar Electricity plant



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 4


Background Information

c. Location: Menihe

d. Name: Bilal Mostafa Alameddine

IX. Household information



X. Municipal Wastes

i. Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): Closed bags

and then in barrels of the municipality

j. /volume/Mass of waste per day: 3 Kg (1Kg/capita/day)

k. Type of waste/Composition: Organic/paper/cans+plastic

l. Fate of each type: No sorting

m. Collection of Waste: Municipality hires 4 people responsible of 4 sectors. Then

dump it in Aadoui

n. Frequency of Collection: Twice per week

o. Rate the Collection: Good

Any problem related to wastes collection: Some leftovers

Has the quality of municipal services delivery changed (since the crisis? No

XI. Wastewater

a. Waste Water Evacuation (network or percolation pits)? Network _


XII. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Private well



d. Any unusual taste or odour? Only calcareous


f. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? 1 hr/day

g. Capacity of the water reservoir: 4 m3



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 5





l. Do you buy water? No drinking water or for domestic use?


n. How frequent you do a water analysis? No

o. What is the quality? Good without analysis

p. Depth of well? 12m Capacity? 2 inches

q. Pumping frequency? 2 hrs/day

r. Depth of the pump? Non submerging pump

s. Power of the pump: 3/4 HP

t. Static water level? In winter it floods to land surface

u. Rising pipe?


XIII. Air Quality



Any unusual odors associated to refugees’ influx such as solid waste? Yes, lots

of solid wastes

c. Any noise or fuel burning smell related to electricity generators:

A black cloud from Deir Ammar Electrical plant affecting almonds’ orchards

XIV. Energy supply

a. What kind of lamps you have in your house? 50% energy saving & 50% normal

b. What is the voltage of the lamps you use? 120W and 60W


d. Range of your electricity bill? 30,000-40000LL

e. Do you have electricity generators? No, only UPS Power?



XV. Other relevant information




Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 6

b. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics?



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 7


XVI. Background Information

a. Location: Menieh

b. Name: Jean

XVII. Household information



XVIII. Municipal Wastes

p. Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): Closed bags

and then barrels

q. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 7Kg (0.54Kg/capita/day)

r. Type of waste/Composition: Organic and paper

s. Fate of each type:

t. Collection of Waste: Municipality

u. Frequency of Collection: Once per week

v. Rate the Collection: Medium

w. Any problem related to wastes collection? No

x. Has the quality of municipal services delivery changed (since the crisis)? No

XIX. Wastewater



XX. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Ouyoun El Samak spring

b. Is Quantity sufficient? Not always



Any major water leakages noted? At the Network and house level? No

e. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? 2-3 days



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 8

f. Capacity of the water reservoir: 2,000 L

g. Do you have automatic refilling system? No

h. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? All except drinking and cooking

i. Do you use water abundantly in cleaning practices? No

j. Was water supply prior to conflict sufficient if applicable?

k. Do you buy water? Yes drinking water or for domestic use? Domestic (and

drinking water is from a well from the neighbors)

l. Do you have a private well? No

m. How frequent you do a water analysis?

n. What is the quality?

o. Depth of well? Capacity?

p. Pumping frequency?

q. Depth of the pump?

r. Power of the pump

s. Static water level?

t. Rising pipe?

u. Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..):

XXI. Air Quality



c. Any unusual odors associated to refugees’ influx such as solid waste? No


XXII. Energy supply

a. What kind of lamps you have in your house? Both

b. What is the voltage of the lamps you use? 100W/85 W


d. Range of your electricity bill? more than 50,000LL

e. Do you have electricity generators? No Power?


g. What electrical equipment you have? Everything except AC

XXIII. Other relevant information

a. Any damage was recorded in your village related to the NBC conflict? Partial



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 9

damage

b. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics? Waste water network

is needed.


Name of surveyors: Nadine Aoun Location: Deir Ammar

Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 1



a. Location: Deir Ammar

b. Name: Ahmad Al Dhaiby






and then tanks

b. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 5kg (1Kg/capita/day)

c. Type of waste/Composition: Organic and paper

d. Fate of each type:

e. Collection of Waste: Municipality

f. Frequency of Collection: Daily

g. Rate the Collection: Good

h. Any problem related to wastes collection? Tanks are not clean due liquid of

waste


IV. Wastewater


b. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? Sometimes

V. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Network

b. Is Quantity sufficient? No


d. Any unusual taste or odour? Good


Sometimes, old network



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 2

How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? Daily

f. Capacity of the water reservoir: 1000 L


g. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? Yes but drinking from spring

sometimes

h. Do you use water abundantly in cleaning practices? Yes

i. Was water supply prior to conflict sufficient if applicable?

j. Do you buy water? No drinking water or for domestic use?

k. Do you have a private well? No

l. How frequent you do a water analysis?

m. What is the quality?

n. Depth of well? Capacity?


p. Depth of the pump?

q. Power of the pump

r. Static water level?

s. Rising pipe?

t. Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..)

VI. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? West wind bring waste

odours (once or twice a month)




VII. Energy supply

What kind of lamps you have in your house? Both

a. What is the voltage of the lamps you use? 100 W/ 40 W

b. How many hours per day you have electricity? 12 hrs

c. Range of your electricity bill? 45,000 LL

d. Do you have electricity generators? No

e. How many hours you operate the generator?

f. What electrical equipment you have? Everything




Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 3

a. Any damage was recorded in your village related to the NBC conflict? Cars

and bombing

b. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics? Diseases related to

power plant (brain cancer). Almond orchards also deteriorated



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 4




b. Name: Ahmad Eid






and then tanks

j. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day:

k. Type of waste/Composition: Organic and paper

l. Fate of each type:

m. Collection of Waste: Municipality

n. Frequency of Collection: Twice a week


p. Any problem related to wastes collection? People throw their waste far from

the tanks


XII. Wastewater



XIII. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Network and well

b. Is Quantity sufficient? Network not , but well is


d. Any unusual taste or odour? Rusty odor and red in color sometimes (network

which is only used for washing clothes)



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 5

e. Any major water leakages noted? At the Network and house level? Yes in

network

f. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any?

g. Capacity of the water reservoir: 4000 L (for 20 people)


i. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? Network used for washing

clothes only





n. How frequent you do a water analysis? 1 year ago

o. What is the quality? High in iron (when pumped and subjected to sunlight, it

gives a yellow color, when hot it becomes red) the IPC drilled a well that gave

sulfur

p. Depth of well? 70 m Capacity? 1 inch

q. Pumping frequency? 6 hrs/Daily


s. Power of the pump: 1.5 HP


u. Rising pipe?

v. Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..): All except drinking

water is filtered and then drank

XIV. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? Eectric plant of Deir

Ammar




XV. Energy supply

a. What kind of lamps you have in your house? Both

b. What is the voltage of the lamps you use? 100 W and 85 W


d. Range of your electricity bill? 50000LL



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 6





a. Any damage was recorded in your village related to the NBC conflict? Partial

damages in houses

b. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics? Lots of motorcycles



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 7




b. Name: Omar Khawla





r. Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): Closed bags

and then tanks

s. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 4.5 kg (0.64Kg/capita/day)

t. Type of waste/Composition: Organic and paper

u. Fate of each type:

v. Collection of Waste: Municipality

w. Frequency of Collection: Three times a week

x. Rate the Collection: Good

y. Any problem related to wastes collection? No

z. Has the quality of municipal services delivery changed (since the crisis)? No

XX. Wastewater


b. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? No (only few places and the higher side)

XXI. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Network

b. Is Quantity sufficient? No due to electricity shortage


d. Any unusual taste or odour? Calcareous

e. Any major water leakages noted? At the Network and house level? Sometimes

(old network)

f. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? Daily



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 8








n. How frequent you do a water analysis? No because its 2 months old

o. What is the quality?

p. Depth of well? 80m Capacity? 3714 L/ 1 hrs



s. Power of the pump: 1.5 HP (1 in)


u. Rising pipe?

v. Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..): Not yet used

XXII. Air Quality




d. Any noise or fuel burning smell related to electricity generators? No


a. What kind of lamps you have in your house? Normal

b. What is the voltage of the lamps you use?100 W and 200 W


d. Range of your electricity bill? 30,000-35000LL



g. What electrical equipment you have? Everything except microwave and AC


Any damage was recorded in your village related to the NBC conflict?

Bombing



Date: 04/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 9

a. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics? Electricity plant

(cancer blood and brain) almonds and cultivation


Name of surveyor: Carlo Bekhazi Location: Bebnine

Date: 23/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 1



a. Location: Bebnine

b. Name:





a. Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): Only in bags

then to barrels


c. Type of waste/Composition: Organic, plastic



f. Frequency of Collection: Every 2 days

g. Rate the Collection: Not very good, they only take the bags

h. Has the quality of municipal services delivery changed (since the crisis)? No

IV. Wastewater


b. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? Yes there is flooding because the pipes

are too small relatively to the generated volumes

V. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Bebnine spring



d. Any unusual taste or odour? A taste when insufficient in summer

e. Any major water leakages noted? At the Network and house level? No.

f. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? Water always on



Date: 23/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 2

shortage

g. Capacity of the water reservoir: 1200 Liters



j. Do you use water abundantly in cleaning practices? It depends on availability

k. Was water supply prior to conflict sufficient if applicable? Yes

l. Do you buy water? Yes drinking water or for domestic use? Both

m. Do you have a private well? No

n. How frequent you do a water analysis?


p. Depth of well? Capacity?

q. Pumping frequency?

r. Depth of the pump?

s. Power of the pump

t. Static water level?

u. Rising pipe?

v. Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..)

VI. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? Waste water



refugees


VII. Energy supply



c. How many hours per day you have electricity? 4hrs

d. Range of your electricity bill? 40.000LL







Date: 23/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 3





Date: 23/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 4




b. Name:





i. Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): In closed bags

then to barrels

j. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 6kg (0.86Kg/capita/day)

k. Type of waste/Composition: Organic, Plastic

l. Fate of each type: No sorting

m. Collection of Waste: Municipality

n. Frequency of Collection: Every 2 days



XII. Wastewater



XIII. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Well





e. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? Every 2 days




Date: 23/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 5

Do you have automatic refilling system? YEs

g. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? Yes, with filter


h. Was water supply prior to conflict sufficient if applicable? No

i. Do you buy water? No drinking water or for domestic use?

j. Do you have a private well? Yes

k. How frequent you do a water analysis? Every 2-3 months, by Water Authorities

l. What is the quality? Good but not good enough to drink

m. Depth of well? 22m Capacity?

n. Pumping frequency? Daily

o. Depth of the pump? 20m

p. Power of the pump: 1 inch

q. Static water level? 15m

r. Rising pipe?


XIV. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? Waste water




XV. Energy supply




d. Range of your electricity bill? 20,000 LL

e. Do you have electricity generators? Yes Power? 20A

f. How many hours you operate the generator? 6 hrs







Date: 23/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 6




b. Name:





p. Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): In bag then

barrels

q. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 3 bags, about 6-7 kg

(0.59/capita/day)

r. Type of waste/Composition: Everything except food

s. Fate of each type: No sorting

t. Collection of Waste: Municipality

u. Frequency of Collection: Every 2 weeks

v. Rate the Collection: Very bad, generates bad smells

w. Has the quality of municipal services delivery changed (since the crisis)? No

XX. Wastewater

Waste Water Evacuation (network or percolation pits)? Percolation pits

x. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? Yes, pits never been emptied

XXI. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Water well for the neighbours


c. Any seasonal fluctuations? Yes in summer



f. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? Depending on electricity



Date: 23/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 7


Do you have automatic refilling system? No

Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? Everything

h. Do you use water abundantly in cleaning practices? Only when water is

sufficient

i. Was water supply prior to conflict sufficient if applicable? Yes

j. Do you buy water? Yes drinking water or for domestic use? Both


l. How frequent you do a water analysis? Monthly by AUB

m. What is the quality? Good

n. Depth of well? 100m Capacity?

o. Pumping frequency? Depends on availability




s. Rising pipe?


XXII. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? Sometimes garbage left

uncollected for days



Any noise or fuel burning smell related to electricity generators? Yes noise





d. Range of your electricity bill? About 25,000LL

e. Do you have electricity generators? Yes Power? 5A


g. What electrical equipment you have? TV/ Refrigerator/ washing machine



Date: 23/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 8


a. Any damage was recorded in your village related to the NBC conflict? No



Name of surveyor: Nadine Aoun Location: Bhannine

Date: 05/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 1



a. Location: Bhannine

b. Name:






and then barrels

b. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 1.5 kg (0.75Kg/capita/day)

c. Type of waste/Composition: Organic and paper

d. Fate of each type:


f. Frequency of Collection: Twice per week

g. Rate the Collection: Medium

h. Any problem related to wastes collection? No


IV. Wastewater

a. Waste Water Evacuation (network or percolation pits)? Percolation pit


V. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Network (paid 220,000 LL yearly)



d. Any unusual taste or odour? Good

e. Any major water leakages noted? At the Network and house level? Leakage

(Network is old)

f. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? Daily but not sufficient



Date: 05/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 2




j. Do you use water abundantly in cleaning practices? No

k. Was water supply prior to conflict sufficient if applicable? Was better

l. Do you buy water? _yes_drinking water or for domestic use? 1-2 citterns per

month







s. Power of the pump:


u. Rising pipe?

Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..):

VI. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? Bad odor


c. Any unusual odors associated to refugees’ influx such as solid waste? Yes but

for a very short time

Any noise or fuel burning smell related to electricity generators? Yes

VII. Energy supply



c. How many hours per day you have electricity? 12 hrs, now 18 hrs

d. Range of your electricity bill? .40-50,000 LL

e. Do you have electricity generators? Yes Power? 2800 W


g. What electrical equipment you have? All except AC




Date: 05/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 3

a. Any damage was recorded in your village related to the NBC conflict? Yes

b. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics? Waste water to

irrigation network



Date: 05/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 4




b. Name:






and then barrels

j. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 4 kg (0.8kg/capita/day)

k. Type of waste/Composition: Organic and paper

l. Fate of each type:

m. Collection of Waste: Private

n. Frequency of Collection: Twice per week

o. Rate the Collection: Good, cleans well

p. Any problem related to wastes collection?


XII. Wastewater

a. Waste Water Evacuation (network or percolation pits)? Our block to the

network but all others have percolating pits

b. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? Percolating pits flood sometimes and

they are left

XIII. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Well only








Date: 05/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 5



i. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? Yes all but the drinking has filter



l. Do you buy water? Yes drinking water or for domestic use? Drinking water


n. How frequent you do a water analysis? Never

o. What is the quality? Calcareous

p. Depth of well? 35m Capacity? more than 50 L/min


r. Depth of the pump? Non submerging

s. Power of the pump: 1 HP

t. Static water level? 1.5 m( in winter a bit higher)

u. Rising pipe?

v. Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..): All drinking is

filtered

XIV. Air Quality





XV. Energy supply



c. How many hours per day you have electricity? 12-18 hrs

d. Range of your electricity bill? 35,000LL

e. Do you have electricity generators? Yes Power? 6000W

f. How many hours you operate the generator? 3-4 hrs

g. What electrical equipment you have? Everything except microwave and

water heater




Date: 05/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 6


b. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics? Poultry manure



Date: 05/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 7




b. Name:





a. Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): In closed bags

and then barrels


c. Type of waste/Composition: Organic and pare

d. Fate of each type: Sometimes plastics are sorted and burned near the

house


f. Frequency of Collection: Once a week

g. Rate the Collection: Poor frequency and leftovers on the road

h. Any problem related to wastes collection? No

i. Has the quality of municipal services delivery changed (since the crisis)? It

deteriorated

XX. Wastewater


b. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? Yes

XXI. Water Supply




d. Any unusual taste or odour? No, water is calcareous




Date: 05/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 8


g. Capacity of the water reservoir: 500L

h. Do you have automatic refilling system? Yes

i. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? All except drinking and cooking



l. Do you buy water? Yes drinking water or for domestic use? Drinking

Do you have a private well? Yes

How frequent you do a water analysis? Only analyzed once, many years ago

What is the quality? Calcareous

m. Depth of well? 15m Capacity? 3/4 inch

n. Pumping frequency? Daily (automatic)

o. Depth of the pump? 15 m

p. Power of the pump

q. Static water level? 10-12 m

r. Rising pipe?

s. Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..): All except drinking

and cooking

XXII. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? Poultry manure

b. Indoor air quality? Ventilation, sunlight? yes







d. Range of your electricity bill? 70,000 to 80,000LL

e. Do you have electricity generators? Yes Power? 10 kVA

f. How many hours you operate the generator? 6 hrs/day

g. What electrical equipment you have? All but no microwave





Date: 05/08/08

Prepared by ELARD 9

b. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics? Poultry manure and

solid waste that should be removed daily


Name of surveyor: Nadine Aoun Location: Mhammara

Date: 15/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 1



a. Location: Mhammara

b. Name: Hoda Zaatar





a. Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): In bags and

then in barrels

b. Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 2 kg/ day (0.28kg/capita/day)

c. Type of waste/Composition: Mostly cans, then organic, then paper, then glass



f. Frequency of Collection: Daily except on Sundays

g. Rate the Collection: Good

h. Any problem related to wastes collection: Not all the waste is collected,

sometimes the trucks are broken

i. Has the quality of municipal services delivery changed (since the crisis)? No

IV. Wastewater


b. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? Yes a lot

V. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Well of Mhammara

b. Is Quantity sufficient? It was sufficient 1-2 years ago



e. Any major water leakages noted? At the Network and house level? Network is

very bad

f. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? Daily (2 hrs/24 hrs)



Date: 15/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 2



h. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? For everything


i. Was water supply prior to conflict sufficient if applicable? Same

j. Do you buy water? No drinking water or for domestic use? (in the village they

buy for everything)


l. How frequent you do a water analysis?

m. What is the quality?

n. Depth of well? Capacity?





s. Rising pipe?

Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..)

VI. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? Mostly solid waste and

animal manure



Any noise or fuel burning smell related to electricity generators? Yes

VII. Energy supply

a. What kind of lamps you have in your house? Some are energy saving lamps

b. What is the voltage of the lamps you use? 120 w

c. How many hours per day you have electricity? 10 hrs/day

d. Range of your electricity bill? 20,000 L.L. - 25,000 L.L.

e. Do you have electricity generators? Yes Power? 3500 W

f. How many hours you operate the generator? 6 hrs/day

g. What electrical equipment you have? Refrigerator/TV/iron/washing machine…




Date: 15/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 3


Transformers/houses/cars/roads




Date: 15/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 4




b. Name: Nof





a) Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): bag and then

in municipality disposal container

b) Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 6 kg/day (0.75kg/capita/day)

c) Type of waste/Composition: Mostly organic food then paper

d) Fate of each type: No sorting

e) Collection of Waste: Municipality people

f) Frequency of Collection : Daily

g) Rate the Collection : Sometimes they pick out the metals

h) Any problem related to wastes collection? They only take out the bags, waste

fallen outside the bags are left in containers and on the roads

i) Has the quality of municipal services delivery changed (since the crisis)? It

deteriorated

XII. Wastewater


b. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? Yes a lot

XIII. Water Supply

a. Source of water? Network – from Mhammara well

b. Is Quantity sufficient? Sometimes it’s not enough





Date: 15/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 5

e. Any major water leakages noted? At the Network and house level? No only

leakages in the network

f. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? Everyday

g. Capacity of the water reservoir: 1200 L (metal)

h. Do you have automatic refilling system? yes

i. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? for everything

j. Do you use water abundantly in cleaning practices? No a lot

k. Was water supply prior to conflict sufficient if applicable? No

l. Do you buy water? Yes drinking water or for domestic use? Both







s. Power of the pump:


u. Rising pipe?

Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..)

XIV. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? No, sometimes from the

animal manures found in the farms hat are close to certain homes.



Any noise or fuel burning smell related to electricity generators? Yes, smell and

noise

XV. Energy supply

a. What kind of lamps you have in your house? Normal, and there are few

energy saving lamps



d. Range of your electricity bill?

e. Do you have electricity generators? Yes Power? 3000 watt



Date: 15/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 6

f. How many hours you operate the generator? 3 Hrs

g. What electrical equipment you have? Refrigerator/ TV/ hair dryer/ iron/

washing machines…






Date: 15/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 7




b. Name: Abdel Razzak El Seddik





j) Solid waste disposal at household level (tanks, special places): In bag then in

container of municipality

k) Quantity/volume/Mass of waste per day: 5 kg/day (0.83kg/capita/day)

l) Type of waste/Composition: Organic and paper

m) Fate of each type: There is separation of organic, glass and paper

n) Collection of Waste: Municipality

o) Frequency of Collection: Daily

p) Rate the Collection: Good

Any problem related to wastes collection? No


XX. Wastewater

a. Waste Water Evacuation (network or percolation pits)? Waste water

evacuation by network but the problem is that there was an 8 inch pipe that

was supposed to withstand only 5 houses, but shown that the north of

Mhammara is linked to it, flooding on the highway is permanent.

b. Any flooding of pit tanks or channels? Yes

XXI. Water Supply




d. Any unusual taste or odour? Good, yet there’s a rusty taste due to the casing



Date: 15/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 8


e. How often you get the water reservoir refilled, if any? Always it’s automatic



g. Water usage (drinking, cleaning, cooking…)? Everything except drinking and

cooking

h. Do you use water abundantly in cleaning practices? Yes (1000-1500 L/day)

i. Was water supply prior to conflict sufficient if applicable? Same

j. Do you buy water? Yes drinking water or for domestic use? Yes

k. Do you have a private well? Yes

l. How frequent you do a water analysis? Every 3 months

m. What is the quality? Rusty

n. Depth of well? 35m Capacity? 1 inch

o. Pumping frequency? Permanently

p. Depth of the pump? 27m

q. Power of the pump: 2 HP


s. Rising pipe? 0.5m

t. Usage of water (irrigation, domestic use, drinking.. others..): Everything except

drinking.

XXII. Air Quality

a. Any unusual odours in the village prior to the conflict? Mainly waste water








d. Range of your electricity bill? 60,000 - 80,000 LL

e. Do you have electricity generators? Yes Power? 30 kva

f. How many hours you operate the generator? 10 hours



Date: 15/07/08

Prepared by ELARD 9

g. What electrical equipment you have? Refrigerator/TV/microwave/Vacuum

cleaner/hair dryer/AC


a. Any damage was recorded in your village related to the NBC conflict? Houses

b. Any other problem regarding above mentioned topics? Electricity, water

supply(water does not reach everybody due to the network)

Documents

THE PROVISION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION … PROVISION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE AND FOR INCORPORATING ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS IN THE REBUILDING