The Protestant Reformation

SpreadsEek! The Reformation Spreads and Some Lose

Their Heads!

The Protestant Reformation SpreadsThe Time: 1500s

The Result: Years of bloody religious wars, revolutions, and the beginnings of modern nation states.

And so it spreads....The Holy Roman Empire

(Germany)

The Protestant Reformation Spreads

The Protestant Reformation Spreads

Luther is excommunicated in 1521

Summoned before the imperial diet at Worms to appear before the newly-elected Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V

•What was Luther asked to do? How did he respond?

•Edict of Worms.•What is it?

What happens to Luther?

Religious War # 1Religious Wars in Holy Roman Empire (Germany)1520s -1555

300,000 revolt100,000 die

The Protestant Reformation Spreads

Peasants in Germany revolted in 1524 and looked to Luther for support.

Why did they revolt?

How did Lutheranism contribute to their revolt?

What did Luther do?Why?

German Peasants Revolt!

Religious War # 1300,000 revolt100,000 die

economic burdens, taxes

nobles & wealthy princes were also rebelling against established Church power

He took the middle road- supported revolt against church but didn’t support complete freedoms for peasants

The Protestant Reformation Spreads

Politics in Germany during the Reformation

“Germany” was a loosely affiliated group of Principalities, free imperial cities, and ecclesiastical (church based) principalities.

All pledged loyalty to the Holy Roman Emperor, whom they elected,

States had gained a great deal of independence from the Emperor and they wanted to keep it.

How did this contribute to adoption of Lutheranism by Princes?

Lutheranism, which preached separation from the church and keeping all the tithe money in Germany itself, made “breaking away” very attractive

The Protestant Reformation Spreads

Charles V (Hapsburg) was heir to the Spanish throne (as Charles I)

• He ruled over a far-flung empire. 4 million square miles!• Spain and its possessions, • Hapsburg territories of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and the Low Countries. • Also, selected as the Holy Roman Emperor, which had traditionally gone to the Hapsburgs.• New world of the Incan and Aztec empires

• He wanted to stamp out Lutheranism and exert stronger control over the princes, but he had other problems.

Charles V: King of Germany, Spain, and more

The Protestant Reformation Spreads

1 of 3 Peace Treaties you have

to know

The Protestant Reformation Spreads

By the time Charles V was able to bring military forces to Germany Lutheranism had taken hold and princes were unified and organized.

Forced to enter into the Peace of Augsburg 1555

Terms?Allowed German princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism

within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the independence they had over their states. Subjects who did not wish to conform to the prince's choice were given a period in which they were free to migrate to different regions in which their desired religion had been accepted.

Did it create religious tolerance?

Consequences for Lutheranism?

some but not muchspreads widely; threatens the Pope’s power and the Catholic Church

And so it spreads....

Switzerland

A civil war in Switzerland based

on religious differences

New flavors of Protestantism emerged in Europe. Switzerland was the heart of two other movements.

Zwinglianism- another Protestant religion but it differs from Lutheranism in some doctrine.

Founded by Ulrich Zwingli. Starting in 1518 he preached in Zurich.

Zwingli is killed and Zwinglianism is defeated in Swiss civil war in 1531 between Catholic and Protestant states.

Zwinglianism

After the death Zwingli, protestant leadership in Switzerland passed to John Calvin.

1536 Institutes of Christian Religion puts him at the forefront of Protestantism.

Similarities and differences with Lutheranism?

Predestination

the elect vs. the reprobates

Calvinism

Predestination means that God in an had determined in advance who would be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate).

He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans.

Calvinism

1536 Calvin creates a Calvinist theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland

He set up a court (Consistory) to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of people of Geneva, Switzerland

SINNER!

He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans.

Calvinism

Became a relatively militant and unforgiving doctrine. American Puritans were Calvinists.

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He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans.

Calvinism

Calvin’s success in Geneva made it a powerful center of Protestantism.

John Knox, spreads Calvinism to Scotland. Presbyterian Church.

Spreads to France—Huguenots. Netherlands and eastern Europe.

By the mid-16th century Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the militant form of Protestantism.

And so it spreads....

And so it spreads....

France

Religious War # 2Civil Wars of Francemid 1550-1600

somewhere between 30,000 and 700,000 die

Calvinists Protestants in France are called Huguenots.

The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

French Civil Wars had two intertwined causes: Religion and struggle between crown and nobles.

Fight between the Catholic majority and the Huguenot (Calvinist) minority.

•Battle between the ruling Valois vs Bourbon house and the nobles over how much power the monarchy would have.

•Huguenots came from all layers of society including the nobility. •Proportion of Huguenots among the nobility was much higher than in the population as a whole.

The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

Why were so many nobles Huguenots?

House of Bourbon became Huguenots. Next to the Valois in the royal line of succession. Rules the southern France

The Valois monarchy is staunchly Catholic. Because it has control of the church, it has little incentive to

give Protestants a break

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St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 8/24/1572

5000 to 30,000 dead.

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Massacre took place six days after the wedding of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France). This marriage was an occasion for which many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris.

In 1589 Henry of Navarre succeeds to the crown

•He is from House of Bourbon and leader of the Huguenots

•What does he do to get the nation to accept him and end the Civil War?

•he converts to Catholicism

France

The Protestant Reformation Spreads

2 of 3 Peace Treaties you have

to knowWhat was the first treaty you need to know?

Holy Roman Empire- Peace of Ausberg - 1555

Edict of Nantes (1598)—

• Catholicism is the official religion of France• Huguenots guaranteed freedom of worship and right to

all political privileges.• Huguenots have the right to fortify their castles and

towns.

France

Later, the Edict of Nantes is revoked (taken back) and many Huguenots flee

the country

And so it spreads....Europe in

General...the

Anabaptists (Mennonite

s)

Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

the Anabaptists

Based on New Testament accounts of early Christianity, Anabaptists considered all believers equal.

Any member of the community could be a minister because all Christians were considered priests.

Women were often excluded from the ministry, however.

the Anabaptists

Anabaptists believed in the complete separation of church and state.

Anabaptists would not hold office or bear arms.

They took literally the biblical commandment to not kill.

Their political and religious beliefs caused Anabaptists to be branded dangerous radicals.

the Anabaptists

Protestants and Catholics agreed on the need to persecute Anabaptists.

The metal cattle catcher was called an Anabaptist Catcher. The Anabaptist, meaning second baptism, was used by the state churches to describe those who believed in adult baptism. Today, the term is accepted by these very groups.

Anabaptist catcher

And so it spreads....

Spain under Phillip II

Spain (under Phillip II)Charles V - ruler of HRE - abdicates in 1556. Phillip II --son of Charles V takes over

the throne

•He divided his empire between his younger brother Ferdinand, who gets Holy Roman Empire and Austria and his son Phillip, who gets Spain, Netherlands and New World possessions.

•Phillip’s goals:•Strengthen the central monarchy in Spain

•Strengthen power of Church and beat back Protestantism...

Spain (under Phillip II)

Spain (under Phillip II) and the Spanish Netherlands Spanish Netherlands were very

important to Spain. Why?

Phillip’s attempt to strengthen Spain’s control over the area led to revolt. Why?

Violence erupts in 1566 when Calvinists destroy Catholic Churches.

Phillip sends in 10,000 troops under the Duke of Alva

• William of Orange fights for the Dutch

• English Aid to Netherlands

•1609 truce ends the warCore of modern Dutch Netherlands.

And so it spreads....

Back to Germany and

other parts of Europe

More Social and Religious Upheaval in Europe

Between 1560 and 1650 Europe suffered economic and social crises as well as political upheaval. In addition to the religious turmoil and wars, other factors contributed:

•Economy was hurtingItaly, which had been an economic hot-bed of trade during the renaissance

period was eclipsed by Atlantic powers.Spain’s fortunes declined.Mini-ice age after middle of 1500s hurt agriculture, leading to dislocation of

farmers and intermittent food shortages.

•Results in leveling and even slight decline in the population of Europe after 150 years of growth following the period of the Black Death.

More Social and Religious Upheaval in Europe

Economic and social upheaval results in social tensions that manifest themselves in witchcraft craze.

•Causes?

•As many as 100,000 trials

•Who was most frequently accused? Why?

Witchcraft

Religious War # 3Thirty Years Wars1618-1648

estimated11,500,000 die

Thirty Years War 1618-1648

Last of the religious wars Protestants (Lutheran and Calvinist) vs Catholics in HRE

also dynasty rivalry and balance of power.

•The Calvinists weren’t mentioned in the Peace of Augsburg•King of Bohemia and the big pile of dung•Started in the Holy Roman Empire•Causes? •Protestant Union •Catholic League

•Austrian Catholic Hapsburgs v. French Bourbons

Thirty Years War 1618-1648

•Austrian Catholic Hapsburgs v. French Protestant Bourbons

Thirty Years War 1618-1648

•Austrian Catholic Hapsburgs

Hapsburg Lip - years of inbreeding among the Austrian Hungarian family

Hapsburgs are THE dynasty in the Holy Roman Empire. They ALWAYS support the Catholic

ChurchThey are the most powerful family n Europe

for many, many years

Thirty Years War 1618-1648

• French ruling family Bourbons- during the 30 years war

THE man - the financial advisor to the French king Louis XIII during the Thirty Years War........

Cardinal Richelieu

Thirty Years War 1618-1648

Cardinal Richelieu

He is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of the term.

He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions.

He limited the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state.

His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance in the Thirty Years' War.

Although he was a Catholic cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances withProtestant rulers in attempting to achieve this goal.

He changes the focus of the 30 Years War from religious to political

Thirty Years War 1618-1648

This series of wars involved almost all of Europe

The armies completely denuded the land

Famine and disease were significant

War devastates Germany. 1/3 of urban and 40% of rural population destroyed. Economy ravaged

3 of 3 Peace Treaties you have

to knowWhat was the first treaty you need to know?

Holy Roman Empire- Peace of Ausberg - 1555What was the second treaty you need to

know?France- Edict of Nantes- 1598

• Treaty of Westphalia 1648

Terms• End of HRE as real political entity. Each of the German princes recognized as

sovereign, independent authority

Independence of United Provinces of the Netherlands acknowledged.

France gets Alsace, increasing its size and prestige.

France allowed to intervene at will in German affairs.

Pope denied the right to intervene in German affairs.

Portugal recognized as independent of Spain.

• France emerges as the dominant nation in Europe.• No longer is the Catholic Church the most powerful empire in Europe

Europe (mainly HRE)

Now Europe is looking more like the Europe you know

Why the Treaty of Westphalia is so important

Europe countries are recognized as sovereign polity - their own nations

• Imposes peace after century of ugly religious slaughter over points of christian doctrine

• Important because great Enlightenment philosopher John Locke says religion dangerous.

A quick review

Who changed the focus of the 30 Years War from religious to political?

a. HRE Charles Vb. Cardinal Richelieuc. Queen Elizabethd. King Gustavus Adolphus

Which dynasty approved of the Peace of Ausberg under HRE Charles V and always supported the Catholic Church?

a. Tudorb. Stuartc. Romanovd. Hapsburg

Which dynasty is which?

a. Tudor - Englishb. Stuart - Englishc. Romanov - Russiand. Hapsburg - Austrian Hungarian

And so it spreads....

England

Bloody Mary

Henry VIII has 3 kidsMary Elizabeth Edward