The Protestant Reformation

The The Protestant Protestant

ReformationReformationEssential QuestionEssential QuestionHow did the Protestant Reformation impact the European continent and lead to conflicts within and against the Roman Catholic Church?SSWH9 The student will analyze change and continuity in the Renaissance SSWH9 The student will analyze change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation. and Reformation. (d)(d) Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation; include the ideas of Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation; include the ideas of

Martin Luther and John Calvin.Martin Luther and John Calvin.(e)(e) Describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the Describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the

Jesuits.Jesuits.(f)(f) Describe the English Reformation and the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Describe the English Reformation and the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

Setting the StageSetting the Stage

Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church (10th (10th Century)Century)

– Dominated religious life in Northern and Western Dominated religious life in Northern and Western EuropeEurope

– Still, the church does NOT have universal Still, the church does NOT have universal approval, as over the centuries, people begin to approval, as over the centuries, people begin to criticize the practices of the churchcriticize the practices of the church

Church leaders too interested in worldly pursuits Church leaders too interested in worldly pursuits (gaining wealth/political power)(gaining wealth/political power)

Prompted by ONE MAN, the criticisms would lead to Prompted by ONE MAN, the criticisms would lead to REBELLION!!REBELLION!!

Causes of the Causes of the ReformationReformation

SocialSocial PoliticalPolitical EconomicEconomic ReligiousReligiousThe The Renaissance Renaissance values of values of humanism and humanism and secularism led secularism led people to people to question the question the ChurchChurch

Powerful kings Powerful kings challenged the challenged the Church as the Church as the supreme power supreme power in Europein Europe

European European princes and princes and kings were kings were jealous of the jealous of the Church’s wealthChurch’s wealth

Some Church Some Church leaders had leaders had become worldly become worldly and corruptand corrupt

The printing The printing press helped press helped spread ideas spread ideas critical of the critical of the Church.Church.

Many leaders Many leaders viewed the viewed the pope as a pope as a foreign ruler foreign ruler and challenged and challenged his authorityhis authority

Merchants and Merchants and others resented others resented having to pay having to pay taxes to the taxes to the ChurchChurch

Many people Many people found Church found Church practices such practices such as sale of as sale of indulgences indulgences unacceptableunacceptable

Brainstorm: What are some of the aspects of the Church from the Middle Ages/Renaissance that could cause rebellion against the church?

Luther Starts the Reformation

LIST FOUR PROBLEMS that existed in the Catholic Church during the time of Martin Luther that he and others criticized and wished to reform:

Criticism of the Catholic Criticism of the Catholic ChurchChurch

Corrupt LeadershipCorrupt Leadership– Popes who ruled during the Renaissance patronized the Popes who ruled during the Renaissance patronized the

arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure, and arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure, and fought wars.fought wars.

– Many popes were too busy with worldly affairs to take Many popes were too busy with worldly affairs to take care of the spiritual duties care of the spiritual duties

(Pope Alexander VI: admitted to fathering many children)(Pope Alexander VI: admitted to fathering many children)

– Many kings/princes challenged the pope’s authorityMany kings/princes challenged the pope’s authority Issues in the Lower Clergy Issues in the Lower Clergy

– Many priests were poorly educated - they could scarcely Many priests were poorly educated - they could scarcely read,let alone TEACH people!!read,let alone TEACH people!!

– Some broke priestly vows by marryingSome broke priestly vows by marrying– Some drank to excess or gambledSome drank to excess or gambled

Calls for reform met with harsh punishmentCalls for reform met with harsh punishment

Martin LutherMartin Luther Who was Martin Who was Martin

Luther?Luther?– 1483-15461483-1546

– A monk and a teacher of A monk and a teacher of scripture at the University scripture at the University of Wittenbergof Wittenberg

– All he wanted to be was a All he wanted to be was a good Christian, not lead a good Christian, not lead a religious revolutionreligious revolution

– He wrote a document He wrote a document called the 95 Thesis which called the 95 Thesis which launched a movement launched a movement against the Catholic Churchagainst the Catholic Church

Martin LutherMartin LutherLuther went against the actions of a friar Luther went against the actions of a friar

Johann Tetzel (who rebuilt St Paul’s Johann Tetzel (who rebuilt St Paul’s Cathedral with money from indulgences)Cathedral with money from indulgences)

INDULGENCESINDULGENCES:: a pardon that a pardon that released a sinner from released a sinner from

performing the penalty that a performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins (buying priest imposed for sins (buying

their way into heaven!!)their way into heaven!!)

95 THESES95 THESES:: formal statements formal statements attacking these “pardon-attacking these “pardon-

merchants”merchants”

Martin LutherMartin Luther

October 31, 1517 - Luther October 31, 1517 - Luther posted these statements posted these statements on the door of the castle on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg and church in Wittenberg and invited other scholars to invited other scholars to debate him! debate him!

Luther’s Actions begin theLuther’s Actions begin the REFORMATION REFORMATION (movement for religious (movement for religious reform, leading to the reform, leading to the creation of churches NOT creation of churches NOT under the pope’s authority)under the pope’s authority)

Luther’s TeachingsLuther’s Teachings Three Main IdeasThree Main Ideas

People could win salvation only by faith People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness (the Church in God’s gift of forgiveness (the Church taught that faith and “good works” were taught that faith and “good works” were needed for salvation)needed for salvation)

All Church teachings should be clearly All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible (both the based on the words of the Bible (both the pope and Church traditions were false pope and Church traditions were false authorities)authorities)

All people with faith are equal (therefore, All people with faith are equal (therefore, people did not need priests to interpret people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them)the Bible for them)


In 1517, Luther posts his 95 Theses on the church doors at Wittenberg.

Luther attacks a monk named Tetzel for selling indulgences.

CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS

Above: The church doors At Luther’s church in Wittenberg. Other pics, Wittenberg, 2002.

Luther’s words are printed and spread all over Germany and attract many followers.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

Reaction to LutherReaction to Luther

1520 – Pope Leo X1520 – Pope Leo X – – excommunicatedexcommunicated Martin Luther from the Catholic Church. Martin Luther from the Catholic Church. (or cut him off from the Church and (or cut him off from the Church and salvation) salvation)

1521 1521 – – Holy Roman Emperor Charles VHoly Roman Emperor Charles V summoned Luther to the summoned Luther to the Diet of WormsDiet of Worms to stand trial for to stand trial for heresyheresy (going against (going against the church). Luther was asked to the church). Luther was asked to denounce his beliefs, but Martin Luther denounce his beliefs, but Martin Luther refused.refused.

Reaction to LutherReaction to Luther

Edict of WormsEdict of Worms – Charles V declares – Charles V declares Luther an Outlaw and a Heretic.Luther an Outlaw and a Heretic.– No one could feed or house Martin Luther No one could feed or house Martin Luther

within the Holy Roman Empire.within the Holy Roman Empire.– Prince Frederick the Wise of SaxonyPrince Frederick the Wise of Saxony

hid Luther in his castle for a year.hid Luther in his castle for a year.– 1522 – Luther returns to Wittenberg and 1522 – Luther returns to Wittenberg and

saw that his teachings in practice -saw that his teachings in practice -LutheranismLutheranism

Response to LutherResponse to Luther

The Pope’s ThreatThe Pope’s Threat– 1520 - Pope Leo X issued a decree 1520 - Pope Leo X issued a decree

threatening Luther with threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back excommunication unless he took back his statementshis statements

– Instead, his students at Wittenberg Instead, his students at Wittenberg gathered around a bonfire and gathered around a bonfire and cheered as he threw the pope’s cheered as he threw the pope’s decree into the firedecree into the fire

– Leo excommunicated Luther Leo excommunicated Luther

Response to LutherResponse to Luther The Emperor’s OppositionThe Emperor’s Opposition

– Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (devout Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (devout Catholic) called Luther to the town of Worms in Catholic) called Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial, where Luther refused to 1521 to stand trial, where Luther refused to recant his teachingsrecant his teachings

– Charles issued an imperial order (The Edict of Charles issued an imperial order (The Edict of Worms) that declared Luther a heretic, and Worms) that declared Luther a heretic, and that no one was to give him food or shelter; all that no one was to give him food or shelter; all Luther’s books were also burnedLuther’s books were also burned

– However, Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony However, Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony disobeys the emperor’s orders and gives disobeys the emperor’s orders and gives Luther shelter and food (this is where Luther Luther shelter and food (this is where Luther translates the New Testament into German)translates the New Testament into German)

Response to LutherResponse to Luther LutheransLutherans:: a religious group who broke away a religious group who broke away

from the Catholic Church completely to follow from the Catholic Church completely to follow Luther’s ideas and teachingsLuther’s ideas and teachings

The Peasant’s RevoltThe Peasant’s Revolt– 1524 - German peasants, excited by reformers’ talk of 1524 - German peasants, excited by reformers’ talk of

Christian freedom, demanded an end to serfdomChristian freedom, demanded an end to serfdom– Bands of angry peasants went about the countryside Bands of angry peasants went about the countryside

raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burningraiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning– Luther horrified - wrote a pamphlet to the princes of Luther horrified - wrote a pamphlet to the princes of

Germany not to show rebels any mercyGermany not to show rebels any mercy– Princes respond, crushing the rebellion by killing around Princes respond, crushing the rebellion by killing around

100,000 people100,000 people– Many peasants rejected Luther's religious leadershipMany peasants rejected Luther's religious leadership

Luther Starts the Reformation;

SAXONY

Luther is sheltered by the prince of Saxony where he translates Bible into German.When he returns to Wittenberg, his followers have become a separate religious group – the Lutherans.

The Pope realizes Luther is a threat to papal authority.The H.R.E., is a devout Catholic, and also feels threatened by the uproar.

2. In 1520, Luther refuses to recant at Worms and is excommunicated. In 1521, he is declared an outlaw and heretic.

Charles VHoly Roman Emperor

Pope Leo X

Martin Luther

Frederick, Prince of Saxonyofferedprotection to Luther


Germany at WarGermany at War Many northern German princes supported Many northern German princes supported

Lutheranism Lutheranism (some for selfish reasons)(some for selfish reasons)– Saw teachings as good excuse to seize Church property Saw teachings as good excuse to seize Church property

and assert independence from Charles Vand assert independence from Charles V 1529 - German princes who remained loyal to the 1529 - German princes who remained loyal to the

pope agreed to join forces against Luther’s ideaspope agreed to join forces against Luther’s ideas– The princes who supported Luther signed a protest The princes who supported Luther signed a protest

against the agreementagainst the agreement– These protesting princes came to be known as These protesting princes came to be known as

PROTESTANTS!!PROTESTANTS!!

PROTESTANTPROTESTANT:: would eventually be applied to would eventually be applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churchesChristians who belonged to non-Catholic churches

Germany at WarGermany at War

1547 - Charles V defeats the Protestant 1547 - Charles V defeats the Protestant princes, but is unable to force them back to princes, but is unable to force them back to the Catholic Churchthe Catholic Church

– Tired of war, he calls princes (both Catholic and Tired of war, he calls princes (both Catholic and Protestant) to assemble in the city of AugsburgProtestant) to assemble in the city of Augsburg

PEACE OF AUGSBURGPEACE OF AUGSBURG:: religious religious settlement in which each prince would settlement in which each prince would decide the religion of his statedecide the religion of his state



The German peasants revolt in 1524.

Excited by Luther’s talk about “religious freedom,” peasants revolt hoping for social / economic freedom (an end to serfdom).

When the armies of German princes (at Luther’s request) brutally crush this revolt (killing thousands), previous supporters now turn against Luther.

Religious Wars begin between

Catholics and Protestants.

John CalvinJohn Calvin Grew up to study law and Grew up to study law and

philosophy at the philosophy at the University of ParisUniversity of Paris

1530’s - was influenced by 1530’s - was influenced by French followers of LutherFrench followers of Luther

While Calvinism is seen to While Calvinism is seen to be strict and grim, Calvin be strict and grim, Calvin taught that people should taught that people should enjoy God’s gifts enjoy God’s gifts – it should not be “forbidden to it should not be “forbidden to

laugh, or to enjoy food, or to laugh, or to enjoy food, or to add new possessions to old”add new possessions to old”

John CalvinJohn Calvin 1536 - published 1536 - published Institutes of the Christian Institutes of the Christian

ReligionReligion– Expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human Expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human

naturenature– Summary of Protestant Theology (religious beliefs)Summary of Protestant Theology (religious beliefs)– Believed men and women are sinful by natureBelieved men and women are sinful by nature– Humans cannot earn salvation, and God chooses a Humans cannot earn salvation, and God chooses a

very few people to savevery few people to save– Idea of Idea of PREDESTINATION PREDESTINATION (God knowing since the (God knowing since the

beginning of time who will be saved…the “elect”)beginning of time who will be saved…the “elect”) CALVINISM:CALVINISM: religion based on Calvin’s religion based on Calvin’s

teachings teachings

John Calvin’s IdealJohn Calvin’s IdealBelieved that the ideal government was a Believed that the ideal government was a THEOCRACYTHEOCRACY

(government controlled by religious leaders)(government controlled by religious leaders)

NOTENOTE:: Many Protestant churches today trace their roots to Many Protestant churches today trace their roots to Calvin (though many have softened his strict teachings over Calvin (though many have softened his strict teachings over

the years)the years)

Crimes(1) Rejecting the Trinity

(2) Rejecting the eternal Sonship of Christ

(3) Rejecting infant Baptism

(4) Endorsing Astrology

John Calvin's theology was in most respects similar to Luther's. Both reformers gave primary importance to the authority of the Bible and to the idea of predestination. This portrait of John Calvin is attributed to the German artist Hans Holbein the Younger (ca. 1497-1543). It was painted around 1538, when the 29-year-old reformer was at the beginning of his career in Geneva, where he stayed to participate in the reform of the city, and then remained for the rest of his life. (H. Henry Meeter Center for Calvin Studies, Calvin College and Calvin Theological Semnary)

John CalvinJohn Calvin

This painting, the Temple of Lyons, was attributed to Jean Perrissin (ca. 1565). The temple was constructed in 1564 on land near the town hall and paid for by the Protestant community of Lyons. This picture of a simple Calvinist service was probably brought to Geneva by a refugee, for the temple disappeared after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Although Calvin's followers believed in equality and elected officials administered the church, here men and women are segregated. Beside the pulpit an hourglass hangs to time the preacher's sermon.

Calvinist Calvinist worshipworship

Another great reformer, the Swiss Pierre Viret (1511-71) exercised his ministry at Orbe, Payerne, and Lausanne before taking refuge in Geneva. In this Limoges enamel plaque, Viret preaches before Calvin and others on the fourth petition of the Lord's Prayer, "Give us this day our daily bread." (Louvre/R.M.N./Art Resource, NY)

Pierre Virer preaching before Pierre Virer preaching before CalvinCalvin

Legacy of John CalvinLegacy of John Calvin

John KnoxJohn Knox Admiring visitor of Admiring visitor of

Calvin’s Geneva Calvin’s Geneva (Scottish preacher)(Scottish preacher)

Created a Scottish Created a Scottish theocracy where each theocracy where each community church was community church was governed by a group of governed by a group of laymen called elders or laymen called elders or presbyterspresbyters

PRESBYTERIANSPRESBYTERIANS followers of Knox followers of Knox

Legacy of John CalvinLegacy of John Calvin

HuguenotsHuguenots:: Calvin’s followers in Calvin’s followers in FranceFrance– Hatred between French Catholics and Hatred between French Catholics and

Huguenots would frequently lead to violenceHuguenots would frequently lead to violence

– Most violent clash (August 24, 1572) - Most violent clash (August 24, 1572) - Catholic feast of St. Bartholomew’s DayCatholic feast of St. Bartholomew’s Day

Catholics began hunting for Huguenots and Catholics began hunting for Huguenots and murdering themmurdering them

Massacred spread to other cities and lasted six Massacred spread to other cities and lasted six months (almost 12,000 Huguenots believed to months (almost 12,000 Huguenots believed to be killed)be killed)

Other Protestant ReformersOther Protestant Reformers Ulrich ZwingliUlrich Zwingli

– Swiss priestSwiss priest– Strongly influenced by Christian humanismStrongly influenced by Christian humanism

City Council in Zurich supported Zwingli’s Reformation:City Council in Zurich supported Zwingli’s Reformation:

– Stated that the Bible was the sole authorityStated that the Bible was the sole authority

– Condemned corruption of Roman Catholic ChurchCondemned corruption of Roman Catholic Church

– relics and images removed from churchesrelics and images removed from churches

– Traditional mass was replaced by scripture readings, Traditional mass was replaced by scripture readings, prayer, and sermonsprayer, and sermons

– Music was eliminated from church servicesMusic was eliminated from church services

– clerical celibacy and pope’s authority abolished. clerical celibacy and pope’s authority abolished. 1531 war erupted between the Swiss Protestant regions 1531 war erupted between the Swiss Protestant regions

and Swill Catholic regions. and Swill Catholic regions. – Zwingli killed on battlefield Zwingli killed on battlefield

Ulrich ZwingliUlrich Zwingli

& The Swiss & The Swiss ReformationReformation

Other Protestant Other Protestant ReformersReformers

As Christians interpret the Bible for As Christians interpret the Bible for themselves, new Protestant groups form themselves, new Protestant groups form

over differences in beliefsover differences in beliefs AnabaptistsAnabaptists:: “baptize again” “baptize again”

– Baptized only those who were old enough to decide to Baptized only those who were old enough to decide to be Christian on their ownbe Christian on their own

– Those baptized as children would need to be baptized Those baptized as children would need to be baptized again as adultsagain as adults

– Church and state should be separate (they refused to Church and state should be separate (they refused to fight in wars)fight in wars)

– Shared their possessions with one anotherShared their possessions with one another– Refused to swear oaths and bear armsRefused to swear oaths and bear arms

Anabaptists were persecuted by both Catholics and Anabaptists were persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants, but survived and became forerunners of the Protestants, but survived and became forerunners of the Mennonites and the Amish (influenced Quakers and Mennonites and the Amish (influenced Quakers and Baptists - split from the Anglican Church)Baptists - split from the Anglican Church)

England Becomes England Becomes ProtestantProtestant

King Henry VIII: In the King Henry VIII: In the Beginning…Beginning…– In 1521, Henry VIII In 1521, Henry VIII

writes an attack on writes an attack on Luther’s ideas, leading Luther’s ideas, leading the pope to give Henry the pope to give Henry the title “Defender of the title “Defender of the Faith”the Faith”

Political NeedPolitical Need:: Henry Henry VIII needed a male heir in VIII needed a male heir in order to prevent a civil order to prevent a civil war that took place when war that took place when his own father had taken his own father had taken over the throneover the throne

Henry VIII becomes Henry VIII becomes king of England in king of England in

15091509

King Henry VIII Wants a King Henry VIII Wants a SON!!SON!!

Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon Had a daughter Mary - but no Had a daughter Mary - but no

woman had successfully claimed woman had successfully claimed the English thronethe English throne

1527: Henry VIII convinced 1527: Henry VIII convinced Catherine would have no more Catherine would have no more children, and thus wanted to children, and thus wanted to divorce her and marry a younger divorce her and marry a younger womanwoman

ANNULANNUL:: setting aside the setting aside the marriage as long as proof could marriage as long as proof could be found it was never legal in the be found it was never legal in the first placefirst place

The The Reformation Reformation ParliamentParliament

1527:1527: Henry VIII asks Pope Clement VII for Henry VIII asks Pope Clement VII for annulment of marriage to Catherine of annulment of marriage to Catherine of Aragon, but the pope refusedAragon, but the pope refused

– The pope did not wish to offend Catherine’s The pope did not wish to offend Catherine’s powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor powerful nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VCharles V

– Henry VIII solved the problem himself - in 1529, Henry VIII solved the problem himself - in 1529, he called parliament into session to pass a set of he called parliament into session to pass a set of laws that laws that ended the pope’s power in Englandended the pope’s power in England

This Parliament was called the This Parliament was called the REFORMATION PARLIAMENT!!REFORMATION PARLIAMENT!!

The 1534 Act of The 1534 Act of SupremacySupremacy

Passed by Parliament, calling on people to take an Passed by Parliament, calling on people to take an oath oath recognizing King Henry VIII as the head recognizing King Henry VIII as the head of the Church of Englandof the Church of England…NOT the POPE!…NOT the POPE!

Treasons Act 1534Treasons Act 1534 was passed along with the was passed along with the Act of Supremacy, making it high treason, Act of Supremacy, making it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the King as the head of the Church of England (i.e. Sir King as the head of the Church of England (i.e. Sir Thomas More)Thomas More)

By the way…Henry VIII was By the way…Henry VIII was excommunicated from the Catholic excommunicated from the Catholic Church…in case you’re wondering…Church…in case you’re wondering…

This portrait of Henry VIII, painted by Hans Holbein the Younger in 1540, is the best known of all of Henry's portraits. Although the king is painted half-length, Holbein has successfully captured Henry's regal bearing, finely detailed dress, the impact of his 6′2" frame, and his imperturbable, aloof expression.

Holbein, Holbein, portrait of portrait of Henry VIIIHenry VIII

The Story of Henry’s The Story of Henry’s Wives…Wives…

Anne Boleyn (Second Wife)• One living daughter - Elizabeth - and had

several false pregnancies and miscarriages, one of a male child at 15 weeks

• Her inability to bear Henry a male heir was seen as betrayal, and she was eventually imprisoned in the Tower of London, then beheaded on the morning of May 19, 1536 at 8:00am

Jane Seymour (Third Wife)• The only Queen to bear a living male heir -

Edward VI - but difficulties caused her to die in childbirth

• Henry VIII considered Jane his “true wife” and would be buried beside her at his death in on January 28. 1547


Anne of Cleaves (4th Wife)• When Henry wished to marry again to secure his

succession, Anne Cleves was suggested• Holbein the Younger was told to paint her portrait,

which with complimentary descriptions given by courtiers, led to Henry’s agreement to marry her

• When she arrived, Henry found her unattractive, and never consummated the marriage, leading to an annulment of the marriage

Catherine Howard (5th Wife)• Married Henry VIII on July 28, 1540• Was said to have had an affair with a courtier she had

been informally engaged to even before Henry• When found out, she was executed on February 13,

1542 (she was between the ages of 17 and 22 at the time of her death)


Catherine Parr (6th Wife)• Wealthy widow Henry VIII married in 1543• Helped reconcile Henry with his first two

daughters, the Princess Mary and the Lady Elizabeth

• 1544, an Act of Parliament put the daughters back in the line of succession after Edward, Prince of Wales

So as the saying goes…

"King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was wedded: One died, one survived, two divorced, two beheaded.”

Misleading: Henry never divorced from any of his wives (his marriages to them were annulled…and four marriages ended in annulments!)

In this allegorical painting by an unknown artist, Henry VIII, on his deathbed, points to his heir, Edward, who is surrounded by Protestant worthies, as the wave of the future. The pope collapses, monks flee, and through the window iconoclasts knock down statues, symbolizing terror and superstition. Since the new order lacked broad popular support, propagandistic paintings like this were meant to sway public opinion. (Reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees, National Portrait Gallery, London)

Henry VIII on death-bedHenry VIII on death-bed

Consequences of Henry’s Consequences of Henry’s

ChangesChanges Edward VIEdward VI - became king at 9 years old - became king at 9 years old

– Being too young to rule, was guided by adult Being too young to rule, was guided by adult advisors (devout Protestants that introduced advisors (devout Protestants that introduced Protestant reforms to the English Church)Protestant reforms to the English Church)

– Reigned for 6 years before he died (constantly Reigned for 6 years before he died (constantly sick)sick)

MaryMary - daughter of Catherine of Aragon - daughter of Catherine of Aragon– Took the throne in 1553Took the throne in 1553

– Catholic - returned the English Church to the popeCatholic - returned the English Church to the pope

– Had many Protestants executed (thus, known as Had many Protestants executed (thus, known as “Bloody Mary”)“Bloody Mary”)

– Died in 1558Died in 1558

Queen Elizabeth IQueen Elizabeth I

Restored Restored ProtestantismProtestantism

1559 - Parliament follows 1559 - Parliament follows her wishes and set up the her wishes and set up the Church of England, or Church of England, or ANGLICAN CHURCHANGLICAN CHURCH, with , with Elizabeth as the headElizabeth as the head

Decided to establish a state Decided to establish a state church that moderate church that moderate Catholics and moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might both Protestants might both acceptaccept

Brought a level of religious Brought a level of religious peace to Englandpeace to England

Queen Elizabeth I“The Most Dread Sovereign Lady”

Queen Elizabeth IQueen Elizabeth I Religion still remained a problemReligion still remained a problem

– Protestants wanted further reformsProtestants wanted further reforms

– Catholics tried to overthrow her and replace her Catholics tried to overthrow her and replace her with her cousin, Catholic Mary Queen of Scotswith her cousin, Catholic Mary Queen of Scots

– Also faced threats from Philip II, the Catholic Also faced threats from Philip II, the Catholic King of SpainKing of Spain

Money ProblemsMoney Problems– Late 1500’s - England begins to think about an Late 1500’s - England begins to think about an

American colony to build a new source of American colony to build a new source of incomeincome

– Would strengthen England economically, but Would strengthen England economically, but did not enrich Elizabeth directly - led to to bitter did not enrich Elizabeth directly - led to to bitter arguments with Parliamentarguments with Parliament

England and the Church England and the Church

In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul, or cancel, his marriage.

The pope refused Henry’s request.

Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and created the Church of England.

Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant reforms to England.

Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She had English Protestants burned at the stake.

Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between Protestants and Catholics.

4

King Henry VIII of England [1491-1547]

He broke England’s ties to the Roman Catholic Church for

political and personal reasons, not religious ones like Luther.

Henry needed a male heir and his Catholic Spanish Queen

Catherine of Aragon was not able to produce one.

Catherine of Aragon1509-1533(divorced)

Anne Boleyn1533-1536(beheaded)

Daughter will be “Bloody” Mary I1553-1558 (Catholic).

Daughter Elizabeth I1558-1603(Protestant).

Jane Seymour1536-1537

(died)

Son Edward VI 1547-1553(sickly)

Anne of Cleves1540

(divorced)

Kathryn Howard1540-1542(beheaded)

Kathrine Parr1543-1548(survived)

England becomes Protestant

Henry’s Six

Wives :

Henry closes all English monasteries; seizes their lands and other Catholic holdings in England; thereby increasing his royal power, as well as his own personal wealth.

Henry VIII needed to annul his marriage to Catherine so he could remarry in order to get a male heir. The Pope would not allow.So Henry calls Parliament into session and passes the Act of Supremacy.

English Parliament approves the Act of Supremacy in 1534.


The Act of Supremacy made the ruler of England the official head of the Church of England – no longer the Catholic Pope.

Today, the Act of Supremacy remains in effect –Queen Elizabeth II of England is officially the head of the Anglican Church.

England becomes Protestant -


The Anglican church becomes the only legal church in England and people were required to attend. Elizabeth tried to create a church that both moderate Catholics and Protestants could accept.

Henry’s daughter Mary had tried to restore Catholicism in England after her father’s break with the Pope.Elizabeth I restores Protestantism and asks Parliament to create a national Church of England.

Parliament establishes the Anglican Church

in 1559.


England becomes Protestant -


Elizabeth IThe “Virgin” QueenRuled England for 45 years!

After everything her father went through trying to get a male heir – even executing her own mother – it is ironic then that his daughter

Elizabeth would turn out to be one of the most politically skilled and well-remembered monarchs in England’s history.

She was a master at diplomacy with other European powers and at achieving compromises in her own kingdom

in order to maintain peace among squabbling religious groups.


England becomes Protestant

The Spanish Armadatries to invade England.

Philip II of Spain had been married to Mary I of England. A loyal Catholic,

he did not think Elizabeth was a legitimate heir to the English throne. He also believes Elizabeth is condoning her English navy’s piracy of his Spanish galleys. When England sides with the Dutch against Philip’s rule in the Netherlandsand Elizabeth has her cousin Mary (Queen of Scots) executed for treason, Philip decides to invade England.

Elizabeth I gives a rallying speech to British troops instilling confidence in her ability to rule as a woman.Bad weather and English “fire ships” destroy the Spanish Armada.


The “Protestant”

Wind ?

The Legacy of the Reformation

What were some effects of the Reformation?• Religion no longer unites Europe.• Church power declines; while the power of kings increased – paving the way for unified nation-states.• More people questioned the teachings of the Church they had always simply been indoctrinated into and began to pursue instead their own independent thinking, scientific study and other intellectual interests.

Documents

The Protestant Reformation